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perform the duties of their offices until their successors shall have been inducted into office.

ART. 126. The Legislature shall have power to extend this Constitution and the jurisdiction of this State over any territory acquired by compact, with any State, or with the United States, the same being done by consent of the United States.

ART. 127. None of the lands granted by Congress to the State of Louisiana for aiding in constructing the necessary levees and drains, to reclaim the swamp and overflowed lands of the State, shall be diverted from the purposes for which they were granted.

ART. 128. The Legislature shall pass no law excluding citizens of this State from office for not being conversant with any language except that in which the Constitution of the United States is written.

ART. 129. No liability, either State, parochial or municipal, shall exist for any debts contracted for, or in the interest of the rebellion against the United States government. ART. 130. The seat of government shall be and remain at New Orleans, and shall not be removed without the consent of a majority of both Houses of the General Assembly.

ART. 131. The Legislature may determine the mode of filling vacancies in all offices. for which provision is not made in this Constitution.

ART. 132. The Legislature shall pass no law requiring a property qualification for office.

TITLE VIII.

CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS.

ARTICLE 133. The citizens of the city of New Orleans shall have the right of appointing the several public officers necessary for the administration of the police of said city, pursuant to the mode of elections which shall be prescribed by the Legislature ; Provided, That the Mayor and Recorders shall be ineligible to a seat in the General Assembly; and the Mayor and Recorders shall be commissioned by the Governor as Justices of the Peace. and the Legislature may vest in them such criminal jurisdiction as may be necessary for the punishment of minor offenses and as the police and good of said city may require.

The city of New Orleans shall maintain a police which shall be uniformed with distinction of grade, to consist of permanent citizens of the State of Louisiana, to be selected by the Mayor of the city, and to hold office during good behavior, and removable only by a police commission composed of five citizens and the Mayor, who shall be President of the Board. The commission to be appointed by the Governor of the State for the term of two years, at a salary of not less than one thousand dollars per annum ; a majority of whom shall remove for delinquencies. Members of the police when removed shall not again be eligible to any position on the police for a term of one year. Interfering or meddling in elections in any manner will be a sufficient cause for instant dismissal from the police by the Board.

The Chief of the Police shall give a penal bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars lieutenants of police, five thousand dollars; sergeants and clerks, each three thousand dollars; corporals, two thousand dollars; and privates one thousand dollars; with good and solvent security, as the law directs, for the faithful performance of their duties. The various officers shall receive a salary of not less than the following rates:

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ARTICLE 134. The Legislature may establish the price and pay of foremen, mechanics, laborers and others employed on the public works of the State or parochial or city governments; Provided, That the compensation to be paid all foremen, mechanics, cartmen and laborers employed on the public works, under the government of the State of Louisiana, city of New Orleans, and the police juries of the various parishes of the State, shall not be less than as follows, viz.: Foremen, $3.50 per day; mechanics, $3.00 per day; cartmen, $3.50 per day; laborers, $2.00 per day.

ART. 135. Nine hours shall constitute a day's labor for all mechanics, artisans and laborers employed on public works.

TITLE X.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

ARTICLE 136. There shall be appointed by the Governor a State Engineer, skilled in the theory and practice of his profession, who shall hold his office at the seat of government for the term of four years. He shall have the superintendence and direction of all public works in which the State may be interested, except those made by joint-stock companies or such as may be under the parochial or city authorities exclusively and not in conflict with the general laws of the State. He shall communicate to the General Assembly, through the Governor, annually, his views concerning the same, report upon the condition of the public works in progress, recommend such measures as in his opinion the public interest of the State may require, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. His salary shall be five thousand dollars per annum, until otherwise provided by law. The mode of appointment, number and salary of his assistants shall be fixed by law. The State Engineer and assistants shall give bonds for the performance of their duties as shall be prescribed by law.

ART. 137. The General Assembly may create internal improvement districts, composed of one or more parishes, and may grant a right to the citizens thereof to tax themselves for their improvements. Said internal improvement districts, wheu created, shall have the right to select Commissioners, shall have power to appoint officers, fix their pay and regulate all matters relative to the improvements of their districts, provided such improvements will not conflict with the general laws of the State.

ART. 138. The General Assembly may grant aid to said districts out of the funds arising from the swamp and overflowed lands, granted to the State by the United States for that purpose or otherwise.

ART. 139. The General Assembly shall have the right of abolishing the office of State Engineer, by a majority vote of all the members elected to each branch, and of substituting a Board of Public Works in lieu thereof, should they deem it necessary

TITLE XI.

PUBLIC EDUCATION.

ARTICLE 140. There shall be elected a Superintendent of Public Education, who shall hold his office for the term of four years. His duties shall be prescribed by law, and he shall receive a salary of four thousand dollars per annum until otherwise provided by law; Provided, That the General Assembly shall have power by a vote of a majority of the members elected to both Houses, to abolish the said office of Superintendent of Public Education, whenever, in their opinion, said office shall be no longer necessary.

ART. 141. The Legislature shall provide for the education of all children of the State, between the ages of six and eighteen years, by maintenance of free public schools by taxation or otherwise.

ART. 142. The general exercises in the common schools shall be conducted in the English language.

ART. 143. A University shall be established in the city of New Orleans. It shall be composed of four Faculties, to wit: one of Law, one of Medicine, one of the Natural Sciences, and one of Letters; the Legislature shall provide by law for its organization and maintenance.

ART. 144. The proceeds of all lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use or purpose of the public schools, and of all lands, which may hereafter be granted or bequeathed for that purpose, and the proceeds of the estates of deceased persons to which the State may become entitled by law, shall be and remain a perpetual fund on which the State shall pay an annual interest of six per cent, which interest together with the interest of the trust funds, deposited with the State by the United States, under the act of Congress, approved June 23, 1836, and all the rents of the unsold lands shall be appropriated to the purpose of such schools and the appropriation shall remain inviolable.

ART. 145. All moneys arising from the sales which have been, or may hereafter be made of any lands heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a specific seminary of learning, or from any kind of a donation that may hereafter be made for that purpose, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which at six per cent per annum shall be appropriated to the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, and no law shall ever be made diverting said funds to any other use than to the establishment and improvement of said seminary of learning; and the General Assembly shall have power to raise funds for the organization and support of said Seminary of learning in such manner as it may deem proper.

ART. 146. No appropriation shall be made by the Legislature for the support of any private school or institution of learning whatever, but the highest encouragement shall be granted to public schools throughout the State.

TITLE XII.

MODE OF REVISING THE CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE 147. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in the Senate or House of Representatives, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each House, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. Such proposed amendment or amendments shall be submitted to the people at an election to be ordered by said Legislature, and held within ninety days after the adjournment of the same, and after thirty days' publication according to law; and if a majority of the voters at said election shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, the same shall become a part of the Constitution. If more than one amendment be submitted at a time, they shall be submitted in such manner and form, that the people may vote for or against each amendment separately.

TITLE XIII.

SCHEDULE.

ARTICLE 148. The Constitution adopted in 1852 is declared to be superseded by this Constitution; and in order to carry the same into effect, it is hereby declared and ordained as follows:

ART. 149. All rights, actions, prosecutions, claims and contracts, as well as of individuals as of bodies corporate, and all laws in force at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, and not inconsistent therewith, shall continue as if the same had not been adopted.

ART. 150. In order that no inconvenience may result to the public service from the taking effect of this Constitution, no officer shall be superseded thereby; but the laws of this State relative to the duties of the several officers, executive, judicial and military, except those made void by military authority, and by the ordinance of emancipation, shall remain in full force, though the same be contrary to this Constitution, and the several duties shall be performed by the respective officers of the State, according to the existing laws, until the organization of the government under this Constitution, and the entering into office of the new officers to be appointed under said government, and no longer.

ART. 151. The Legislature shall provide for the removal of all causes now pending in the Supreme Court or other courts of the State under the Constitution of 1852, to courts created by or under this Constitution.

TITLE XIV.

ORDINANCE.

ARTICLE 152. Immediately after the adjournment of the Convention, the Governor shall issue his proclamation directing the several officers of this State, authorized by law to hold elections, or in default thereof such officers as he shall designate, to open and hold polls in the several parishes of the State, at the places designated by law, on the first Monday of September, 1864, for the purpose of taking the sense of the good people of this State in regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution; and it shall be the duty of said officers to receive the suffrages of all qualified voters. Each voter shall express his opinion by depositing in the ballot-box a ticket whereon shall be written "The Constitution accepted," or, "The Constitution rejected." At the conclusion of the said election, the officers and commissioners appointed to preside over the same shall carefully examine and count each ballot as deposited and shall forthwith make due return thereof to the Secretary of State, in conformity to the provisions of law and usages in regard to elections.

ART. 153. Upon the receipt of said returns, or on the third Monday of September, if the returns be not sooner received, it shall be the duty of the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Attorney-General and the State Treasurer, in the presence of all such persons as may choose to attend, to compare the votes at the said election for the ratification or rejection of this Constitution, and if it shall appear at the close, that a majority of all the votes given is for ratifying this Constitution, then it shall be the duty of the Governor to make proclamation of the fact, and thenceforth this Constitution shall be ordained and established as the Constitution of the State of Louisiana. But whether this Constitution be accepted or rejected it shall be the duty of the Governor to cause to

be published the result of the polls, showing the number of votes cast in each parish for and against this Constitution.

ART. 154. As soon as the general election can be held under this Constitution in every parish of the State, the Governor shall, by proclamation, or in case of his failure to act, the Legislature shall, by resolution, declare the fact, and order an election to be held on a day fixed in said proclamation or resolution, and within sixty days from the date thereof, for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State. Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Superintendent of Education. The officers so chosen shall, on the fourth Monday after their election, be installed into office; and shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed in this Constitution, counting from the second Monday in January next preceding their entering into office in case they do not enter into office on that date. The terms of office of the State officers elected on the 22d day of Feb. ruary, 1864, shall expire on the installation of their successors as herein provided for: but under no state of circumstances shall their term of office be construed as extending beyond the length of the terms fixed for said offices in this Constitution; and, if not sooner held, the election of their successors shall take place on the first Monday 01 November, 1867, in all parishes where the same can be held, the officers elected on that date to enter into office on the second Monday in January, 1868.

ART. 155. This Constitution shall be published in three papers to be selected by the president of the Convention, whereof two shall publish the same in English and French and one in German, from the period of the adjournment of the Convention until the election for ratification or rejection on the first Monday of September, 1864.

(Signed)

O. W. AUSTIN.
JOHN T. BARRETT,
JOSEPH G. BAUM,

E. H. DURELL,

President of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Louisiana

RAPHAEL BEAUVAIS,

ROBERT BRADSHAW BELL,

YOUNG BURKE,

EMILE COLLIN,
A. CAZABAT,
TERRENCE COOK,
F. M. CROZAT,
R. KING CUTLER,
JOHN L. DAVIES,
JAMES DUANE,
JOSEPH DUPATY,
H. C. EDWARDS,
JAMES ENNIS,
W. R. FISH,

G. H. FLAGG,

PATRICK HARNAN,

EDMOND FLOOD,
JOHN FOLEY,

G. A. FOSDICK,

JAMES FULLER,

GEORGE GEIER,
JOS. GORLINSKI,
JEREMIAH J. HEALY,
JOS. H. BALCH,
EDWARD HART,
THOMAS ONG,

JOHN HENDERSON, JR.,

ROBERT W. BENNIE,
ALFRED C. HILLS,
JOHN SULLIVAN,

WILLIAM H. HIRE,

GEORGE HOWES,

M. D. KAVANAGH,

P. A. KUGLER,

WILLIAM DAVIS MANN,
XAVIER MAURER,

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CONSTITUTION OF MAINE. 1820.

WE, the people of Maine, in order to establish justice, insure tranquillity, provide for our natural defense, promote our common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of liberty, acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Sovernign Ruler of the Universe in affording us an opportunity so favorable to the design; and imploring his aid and direction in its accomplishment, do agree to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the style and title of the State of Maine, and do ordain and establish the following Constitution for the government of the same;

ARTICLE I.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

SECTION 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.

§ 2. All power is inherent in the people; all free governments are founded in their authority, and instituted for their benefit; they have, therefore, an unalienable and indefeasible right to institute government, and to alter, reform, or totally change the same, when their safety and happiness require it.

§ 3. All men have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and no one shall be hurt, molested or restrained in his person, liberty or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, nor for his religious professions or sentiments, provided he does nor disturb the public peace, nor obstruct others in their religious worship;-and all persons demeaning themselves peaceably, as good members of the State, shall be equally under the protection of the laws, and no subordination nor preference, of any one sect or denomination to another, shall ever be established by law, nor shall any religious test be required as a qualification for any office or trust under this State; and all religious societies in this State, whether incorporate or unincorporate, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting with them for their support and maintenance.

§ 4. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of this liberty. No laws shall be passed regulating or restraining the freedom of the press; and, in prosecutions for any publication respecting the official conduct of men in public capacity, or the qualifications of those who are candidates for the suffrages of the people, or where the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libels, the jury, after having received the direction of the court, shall have a right to determine, at their discretion, the law and the fact.

§ 5. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures; and no warrant to search any place, or seize any person or thing, shall issue without a special designation of the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.

§ 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a right to be heard by himself and his counsel, or either, at his election; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, and have a copy thereof;

To be confronted by the witnesses against him;

To have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;

To have a speedy, public, and impartial trial; and, except in trials by martial law or impeachment, by a jury of the vicinity. He shall not be compelled to furnish or give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of his life, liberty, property or privileges, but by judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.

§ 7. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases of impeachment, or in such cases of offenses as are usually cognizable by a Justice of the Peace, or in cases arising in the army or navy, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war or public

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