to a stake in the river, and used as occasion demanded, sometimes as a ferry-boat and sometimes in making short journeys.

Mrs. Juneau's influence over the Indians was almost as absolute as

that of her husband; they obeyed her as if she had been a veritable queen. An illustration of her power was when the final treaty was under consideration, which resulted in the extinguishment of the aboriginal title

to the land on which Milwaukee has arisen. The government had secured all the land north and east of the Milwaukee river through a treaty made with the Menomonees in 1831. It was not, however, until February, 1835, that a similar negotiation was concluded with the Pottawatomies for the district south of the river. These Indians received permission through the treaty to remain on the ground without molestation for a specified time. When the survey was made of the territory north of the river early in the autumn of 1835, the lines were made to cross the Pottawatomie precinct in order to secure a full township. The Indians regarded this as a premeditated wrong, and were terribly enraged. They planned immediately to massacre all the white people in the settlement. The news reached Mrs. Juneau, whose husband was at the time in Green Bay, and she went among the Indians personally, without a moment's delay, and remained in their village all night watching over them. They were excited to a most dangerous degree, and but for her would have consummated their fiendish purpose: yet they dared not strike a blow so long as she commanded peace. Only a few persons knew of the fate from which they had been rescued until the following day.

In Juneau's little picturesque home of tamarack poles, every trader, traveler, or new-comer, was made welcome and entertained as comfortably as its dimensions and the circumstances would permit. The great American Fur Company, founded by Mr. Astor, made Juneau its agent, a post which he filled creditably for more than two decades, accumulating riches rapidly. He was kind to every one in trouble, and he acted on the principle that all men are honest. Mr. Albert Fowler, the first justice of the peace in Wisconsin, describes his arrival at Milwaukee, November 18, 1833, as follows: "My three companions and myself took possession of an old log cabin where we lived during the winter of 183334, doing our own cooking, amusing ourselves as best we could, there being no other white men in the place during that winter excepting Solomon Juneau. In the early part of the month of January, 1834, Mrs. Juneau was taken exceedingly ill, and there being neither medicines nor physicians nearer than Chicago, I was started off by Juneau, on an Indian pony, clad in Indian moccasins and leggings and spare blanket, for medical aid. The journey in mid-winter, through eighty-five or ninety miles of wilderness, was one of great hardships, and one which I have never desired to undertake again. The Indians predicted that I would perish, but thanks to a vigorous constitution and a physique already inured to frontier life, I succeeded in reaching Chicago, obtaining the desired aid, and was rewarded with the double satisfaction of having assisted in relieving a

most kind and noble-hearted woman, besides the gift of a new suit of clothes from Mr. Juneau." Mr. Fowler was a native of Berkshire county, Massachusetts; his

father, Dr. Elijah Fowler, was a soldier in the Revolution, and a lineal descendant of William Fowler, one of the first settlers of New Haven in 1638. He opened the first real-estate office in Milwaukee in 1834, a

decidedly primitive affair; was a clerk for Juneau in the first post-office, was the first register of deeds, and a member of the constitutional convention. He married Emily, daughter of David Wilcox, of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in 1836. On his coming to Milwaukee in 1833, he drove the second wagon into the place. The first vehicle on four wheelsdrawn by civilized horses, so to speak-was driven into Milwaukee in 1830, by L. Goodrich Loomis. It was laden with Indian goods, and came from Detroit by way of Chicago. Loomis was accompanied by four adventurous young men, but he was the leader of the party. Night came on as they neared Milwaukee, and it was so dark he was obliged to camp out with his horses, while his companions on foot discovered the house of Juneau and were rendered comfortable. The Indians made the night hideous for Loomis, and stole some of his goods. In the morning he proceeded to Juneau's and sold what remained. Loomis and his party after a while returned to Detroit, but fourteen years later he became a permanent settler of Milwaukee.

Mr. Juneau, despite his isolation and inconveniences, did what he could for the education of his growing family. He had fifteen children, nearly all of whom lived to reach maturity. The first organized effort to establish a private school, however, distinguished the year 1835. A little frame building was erected, and a regular teacher employed. The first school district in Wisconsin was created soon after the territorial organization in 1836. Mr. Juneau had meanwhile outgrown his pioneer dwelling, and was living in a good frame house. "In his front yard," writes Mr. James S. Buck, "were two posts, about twelve feet high, to each of which a bear was chained, and I have spent many an hour in watching the gambols of those bears. They would climb to the top of the posts, place all of their feet close together, and from thence survey the crowd of loafers and idlers that were watching them with the greatest complacency. They were killed and eaten at a feast Juneau gave the Indians in 1837." The east or Juneau's side of the river grew much faster than the Kilbourn and Walker divisions of the new town, Juneau being able to offer special inducements to settlers and speculators. He was an interesting figure in this forming community. Mr. A. F. Pratt says: "My old friend Juneau was supposed to be worth at least $100,000. I have often seen him in those days go into his store after business hours were over and take from the drawers the money that his clerks had received during the day for goods and lots, amounting often to $8,000 or $10,000, and put it loose in his hat; and upon one occasion I recollect his hat being knocked off in a playful crowd, when $10,000 flew in various directions. In short, money seemed to be of no earthly use to

him. If a man called upon him to subscribe for a public improvement or a charitable object, he subscribed without asking the why or wherefore." George H. Walker first made Milwaukee his permanent abode in 1834,

Daniel Wells fr

building a little trading hut on the land which he had pre-empted-some one hundred and sixty acres-known as Walker's point, where he later on laid out the streets in the fifth ward. His claim was not actually recog