The Politics of Unfunded Mandates: Whither Federalism?Georgetown University Press, 1998 M12 3 - 264 páginas This book is the first comprehensive analysis of the politics behind the use of mandates requiring state and local governments to implement federal policy. Over the last twenty-five years, during both liberal and conservative eras, federal mandates have emerged as a resilient tool for advancing the interests of both political parties. Revealing the politics that led to the policies, Paul L. Posner explores the origins of these congressional mandates, what interests and needs they satisfy, whether mandate reform initiatives can be expected to alter their use, and their implications for federalism. This book reveals how mandates have changed the way policy is formed in the United States and the fundamental relationship between the federal government and the state and local governments. |
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... percent of state and local budgets . The highly restrictive nature of the over 500 grant programs accom- panied by prescriptive administrative conditions prompted intergov- ernmental concerns ; one scholar noted that the seemingly ...
... percent of locally raised revenues.14 Methodological concerns have been raised about these estimates , notably that they include costs that would have been paid anyway under state and local laws , but it is difficult to deny their ...
... percent of state general revenues in 1993.16 State and local officials argue that mandates distort state and local priorities by encumbering resources for federal needs , which crowds out the capacity to respond to the unique ...
... percent in the Senate in 1960 to about 55 percent in 1968.30 These trends have prompted Theodore Lowi to write that the growth of the national state was " no longer a partisan matter " because both parties were equally willing to use ...
... percent of grant dollars to the states , and although only one major block grant was passed for welfare , this new block grant devolved major responsi- bility to the states.51 Passage of unfunded mandate reform became an early ...
Contenido
HOUSESENATE NEGOTIATIONS | 115 |
A LEGISLATIVE POSTSCRIPT ON COSTS | 117 |
IMPLICATIONS | 118 |
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 | 120 |
Education for Preschool Handicapped Children | 126 |
THE GROWTH OF THE FEDERAL PRESENCE IN SPECIAL EDUCATION | 127 |
PASSAGE OF THE 1975 MANDATE | 130 |
CONSENSUS DISSOLVES DURING IMPLEMENTATION | 131 |
30 | |
32 | |
36 | |
98TH THROUGH 101ST CONGRESSES | 39 |
IMPLICATIONS | 54 |
The Rush toward Consensus | 57 |
SIGNIFICANT MANDATES PASSED WITH BROAD SUPPORT | 58 |
MANDATES IN THE 99TH CONGRESS | 60 |
IMPETUS FOR THE MANDATES OF THE 99TH CONGRESS | 61 |
DISARMING THE CONSTRAINERS | 66 |
IMPLICATIONS | 74 |
State and Local Government Interest Group Behavior | 78 |
STATE AND LOCAL GROUPS MIXED VIEWS ON MANDATES | 81 |
SOURCES OF STATE AND LOCAL AMBIVALENCE | 83 |
FEATURES OF MANDATES THAT LIMIT STATE AND LOCAL INFLUENCE | 86 |
IMPLICATIONS | 89 |
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 | 91 |
Asbestos and the Politics of Consensus | 94 |
THE POLITICAL EXTRAPOLATION OF SCIENCE | 95 |
TARGET FOR REGULATORY EXPANSION | 96 |
EARLY FEDERAL POLICY ACTION FOLLOWS THE INCREMENTAL MODEL | 97 |
REGULATION BEGETS REGULATION | 101 |
MANY ROADS LEAD TO WASHINGTON | 102 |
A NEW CONGRESSIONAL CHAMPION EMERGES | 105 |
THE POLITICS OF UNANIMITY | 107 |
THE AMBIVALENT POSITION OF THE SCHOOLS | 111 |
A REPUBLICAN SENATE ENACTS A STRONGER BILL | 113 |
PRESCHOOL HANDICAPPED COVERAGE MAKES THE AGENDA | 133 |
THE SENATE PASSES A PRESCHOOL MANDATE | 138 |
THE BILL BREAKS THROUGH TO THE HOUSE AGENDA | 144 |
THE SCHOOLS AWAKEN TO THE COST IMPACTS OF THE SENATE BILL | 147 |
THE POLITICS OF CONSENSUS | 150 |
THE POISONED CARROT? | 153 |
IMPLICATIONS | 154 |
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 | 155 |
The Politics of Mandate Reform | 160 |
IMPLICATIONS | 175 |
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 | 176 |
The Impact of Mandate Reform | 180 |
OVERVIEW OF MANDATES ENACTED IN 1996 | 181 |
MANDATE RESTRAINT AND MODIFICATION | 182 |
THE MARCH OF MANDATES CONTINUES | 185 |
MANDATE ROLLBACKS | 187 |
THE POLITICS OF FEDERAL MANDATES REVISITED | 189 |
OTHER INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS | 202 |
IMPLICATIONS | 206 |
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9 | 207 |
Conclusions | 211 |
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND MANDATES | 215 |
WHITHER FEDERALISM? | 222 |
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 | 229 |
Appendix 1 | 233 |
Index | 239 |