the present generation, and the old Beekman carriage which figured in New York at an early period is shown in the illustration. The movingwagons in America, drawn sometimes by horses and sometimes by four or six yokes of oxen, are similar to those of old England. They were built before the times of railroads to transport goods and families to the West, and are still used in wilderness regions where public conveyances have not yet penetrated. A chapter might be written on the old stage-coaches of early America and on the modern carriage, but neither comes within the scope of this paper and must be reserved for a future study.

Carannel Offences

RALEIGH'S SETTLEMENTS ON ROANOKE ISLAND *

AN HISTORICAL SURVIVAL

The English race has had three homes. Old England was to be found amid the primitive forests of Germany; Middle England is Britain; New England is America. We revere the region which nourished our ancestors during the childhood of the race and developed in them the qualities of bravery, purity, and patriotism. No spot in Britain, remarks

an English historian, can be so sacred to Englishmen as that which first felt the tread of English feet; and to Americans no spot should be so sacred as Roanoke Island in Dare county, North Carolina, within sight and sound of the stormy Atlantic, where the first English settlement in the new world was made. Here landed in 1585 the first forerunners of * Evidence from tradition and history in regard to the colony of 1587.

the English-speaking millions now in America; here was turned the first spade of earth to receive English seed; here the first English house was built; and here on the 18th of August, 1587, Virginia Dare, the first of Anglo-Americans, was born.

In the spring of 1584, under a patent from the queen, Sir Walter Raleigh sent out two ships to make discoveries. They reached the coast of North Carolina in July, made some explorations, and returned with two natives and flattering reports to England. In April, 1585, a fleet of seven vessels under the command of Sir Richard Grenville sailed for America. A settlement was made on Roanoke Island and Ralph Lane was placed in command. The colonists explored almost the whole coast of the state. They traversed the whole length of Pamlico and Albemarle sounds. They explored the Chowan and Roanoke rivers and penetrated Virginia nearly as far as the site of Norfolk. In June, 1586, because of trouble with the Indians, shortness of provisions, and the gloomy prospect of affairs in Europe, the whole colony returned to England with the fleet of Sir Francis Drake. Thus ended the first English settlement in America.

In 1587 Raleigh sent out a second colony under the command of John White. The settlement was fixed on the site occupied by the first colony and White returned to England at once for further supplies. He did not then revisit the colony, nor was the effort to reach it in 1588 successful. The war for religious liberty was now coming on; Protestant England was struggling against Catholic Spain, and all the valor of Raleigh, Grenville, and Lane was needed by their royal mistress to meet the Invincible Armada.

The colony was forgotten for the time, but in February, 1590 (1591), through the influence of Raleigh, White secured the release of three merchantmen bound for the West Indies, then detained by an embargo, on condition that they bear supplies and passengers to Virginia. These conditions were not fulfilled. White went out alone, unaccompanied by even a servant. The vessels sailed March 20, 1591, but the seamen thought more of plundering than planting. They cruised for some months in the Spanish main, took a number of rich prizes, and reached Virginia in August. Here they encountered heavy gales and lost seven of their best seamen in trying to reach Roanoke. At last a boat was anchored off the fort. They sounded a trumpet call and many familiar English tunes, but received no answer. At daybreak they landed; as they stepped upon the sandy beach they saw carved in the very brow of a tree the "fair Romah letters C. R. O." They advanced to the fort. The houses had been taken down, and the place 'had been inclosed with a palisado of

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great trees. They saw many bars of iron, two pigs of lead, iron fowlers, iron-locker shot, and similar heavy things scattered here and there and overgrown with grass. They found where some chests had been buried and then dug up again, their contents spoiled and scattered. White saw some of his own chests broken open, his books torn from their covers, his pictures and maps rotten from the rain, and his armor almost eaten through with rust. One of the principal posts at the right side of the entrance to the fort had the bark taken off, and five feet above the ground, in "fair capital letters, was graven CROATOAN." No other memorials remained. The colonists had vanished. White returned to the ships, bidding a sad farewell to his colony, to his daughter, and his grandchild. The captain agreed to carry him to Croatan, but after delays he plead shortness of supplies and sailed to the West Indies. The colony left on Roanoke Island in 1587 was seen no more by Europeans.

Such was the unfortunate end of the efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh to found a new empire in the western world. His patent had cost him £40,000 and had not paid him a shilling. His fairest hopes ended in sadness and disappointment; but his failure even gained him immortality, and to-day the capital city of the fair commonwealth that is proud to have been the scene of his labors bears the honored name of Raleigh.

It is now believed that the colonists of 1587 removed to Croatan soon after the return of Governor White to England, that they intermarried with the Croatan or Hatteras Indians, that their wanderings westward can be definitely traced, and that their descendants can be identified to-day. There can be no doubt that the colonists removed to Croatan; when White left them they were already preparing to remove from Roanoke. He agreed with them that they should carve in some conspicuous place the name of the section to which they went, and if they went in distress a sign of the cross was to be carved above. The name Croatan was found, but there was no sign of distress. The colonists must have gone on the invitation of Manteo and his friends, and the fact that their chests. and other heavy articles were buried, indicates that it was their intention to revisit the island of Roanoke at some future time. Where was Croatan? Croatan, or more properly Croatoan, is an Indian word, and was applied by the Hatteras Indians to the place of their residence. Here Manteo, who had been carried to England by the first explorers in 1584, and who always remained the firm friend of the English, was born, and here his relatives were living when he first met the English; the latter soon began to apply the name to the Indians themselves. The island of Roanoke was not at that time regularly inhabited, but was used as a hunt