were at peace with the Indians. When Gates arrived in May, 1610, six months afterward, all this had been changed through the lack of Smith's management.

This is the sad recital: "Now wee all found the want of Captaine Smith, yea his greatest maligners could then curse his losse. Now for corne, provision, and contribution from the salvages; wee had nothing but mortal wounds with clubs and arrowes. As for our hogs, hens, goats, sheep, horse, or what lived; our commanders and officers did daily consume them; some small proportions (sometimes) we tasted, till all was devoured. Then swords, arrowes, pieces, or anything we traded to the salvages; whose bloody fingers were so imbrued in our blood, that what by their crueltie, our Governours indiscreation, and the losse of our ships; of 500, within 6 months after there remained not more than 60 most miserable and poore creatures. It were too vild to say what we endured: but the occasion was only our owne, for want of providence, industrie, and government." Gates, in despair, took the miserable remnant aboard, and abandoning the colony set sail for England. Fortunately Lord Delaware met him in the river, having come over with a fresh supply of men and ample provisions, and, turning them about, again took possession of the deserted settlement and gave the colony a fresh impulse.

As the truthfulness of the Oxford Tract is doubted by Mr. Brown, it will interest the reader to note some of its statements which are corroborated by other writers who were not considered friendly to Smith. Wingfield, in his defense of his administration, known as A Discourse of Virginia, says: "The councillors, Master Smyth especially, traded up and downe the river with the Indyans for corne; which releved the collony well." He confesses that he "did also proffer to furnish them with 100 li towards the fetching home of the collonye, if the action was given over." He also tells us that he was fined "two hundred pounds damages for slaunder" by a jury, at the suit of Smith, "for that I had said hee did conceale an intended mutany." Mr. Brown states the charge against Smith, but fails to mention his vindication. The complete subjection of the Indians is shown, by their allowing the whites to live among them during the scarcity of provisions in the summer of 1609 before the crops matured. This fact is stated by Archer in his letter in 1609, in which he says: "The people of our colonie were found all in health (for the most part) howbeit when Captaine Argall came in, they were in much distresse, for many were dispersed in the Savage Townes, living upon their almes for an ounce of copper a day." These were the savages who murdered every white man they could find as soon as Smith left the colony. In the tract printed by the

council in London in 1610, entitled "A True & Sincere Declaration," after stating why they changed their charter, they say that they had sent over the new governor with a fleet and 500 colonists, and also a small ship to discover a shorter passage across the ocean than the one they had been sailing, which was too far south. They add: "Hitherto, untill the sending of this Avisall for experience, and Fleeta for setling the government, appeares no distaste, nor dispaire; so that whatsoever wound or Palsie this noble action hath gotten and the sickness under which it seemes to faint, must needs arise out of the successe of these two."

They then go on to state the dispersion of the fleet by a storm and the confusion consequent on some reaching Virginia without the new charter, and the dreadful condition to which the colony was reduced afterward.

Mr. Arber, after reviewing the contemporaneous authorities, has come to a conclusion the opposite of Mr. Brown. He says: "To what one single cause, under God, can be assigned the preservation of the James River Settlement, after the early death of Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold on 22 August, 1607, but to the fortunate presence of this English captain, so self-denying, so energetic, so full of resources, and so trained (by his conflicts and captivity in Eastern Europe) in dealing with the savage races? . If Smith had died, or left earlier than he did, the James river settlement must have succumbed; for manifestly he was the life and energy of the whole plantation."

I find among

Mr. Brown claims descent from Simon Codrington. Smith's soldiers and friends John Codrington, one of the colonists who came with the second supply. I doubt not he was a kinsman, and I commend to Mr. Brown his testimonial to the truthfulness of Smith's writings. He says:

"That which wee call the subject of all storie,

Is truth which in this worke of thine gives glorie
To all that thou hast done. Then scorne the spight
Of Envie; which doth no mans merits right.
My sworde may helpe the rest: my pen no more
Can doe, but this; I 'ave said enough before."

William Werk Henry.

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

A BUNDLE OF SUGGESTIVE RELICS

PARTISANSHIP IN THE OLDEN TIME

I have had in my possession for over half a century a bound volume of pamphlets, some dating as far back as 1790, containing a history of the battle of Breed's Hill by Major-Generals William Heath, Henry Lee, James Wilkinson, and Henry Dearborn, "Compiled by Charles Coffin. Portland: D. C. Colesworthy, Printer, 1835."

Reading the more partisan of these old publications, one cannot avoid the impression that there was quite as much personal abuse and vituperation between the federal and republican (or democratic) parties in those early times as we see between the two dominant political parties of the present day. The federalists called the republicans jacobins, anarchists, and the allies of France; and, in turn, the republicans denounced the federalists as tories and the apologists of Great Britain, then at war with France. Washington, Hamilton, Jay, and other prominent leaders on one side, and Jefferson, Madison, and their immediate supporters on the other, came in for a liberal share of epithets and abuse.

In opening this antique volume we find "An address delivered before the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association at the celebration of the ninth triennial festival, October 10, 1833, by Nathaniel Greene," followed with a hymn written for the occasion by Mrs. L. H. Sigourney. Thus the compiler of the volume evidently counted from his time backward. We next observe the "Proceedings of the National Republican Convention of Young Men," which assembled in the city of Washington on the 7th of May, 1832, and passed resolutions "cordially concurring in the nomination of Henry Clay for President, and of John Sergeant for Vice-President of the United States, nominations made by the National Republican Convention at Baltimore, December 12, 1831. On invitation Mr. Clay entered the hall and addressed the convention, composed of over three hundred young men, in a patriotic speech, saying: “Should I be called by the people of the United States to the adminis tration of their executive government, it shall be my earnest endeavor to fulfill their expectations, to maintain with firmness and dignity their interests and honor abroad, to eradicate every abuse and corruption at home, and to uphold with vigor and equality and justice the supremacy

of the Constitution and the laws." The members of this convention visited the tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon, where they received a cordial welcome from John A. Washington; and a committee of sixteen, Brantz Mayer of Maryland, chairman, called upon and presented an address to the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton, "who declared himself highly gratified by this expression of the feelings of the young men of the United States, and hoped that they might enjoy uninterruptedly through life, and transmit unimpaired to posterity, the noble institutions of this happy land."

This pamphlet is followed by "An address before the Workingmen's Society of Dedham, Massachusetts, delivered on the evening of September 7, 1831, by Samuel Whitcomb, Jr.; published by request of the Society." Next is "An oration delivered at Minot, Maine, on 4th of July, 1814, by William Ladd, Esq.," strongly denunciatory of the administration of Madison and the republican or democratic party. On the 5th of July, 1813, was delivered at Brookfield, Massachusetts, an intensely bitter federal poem by Charles Prentiss, whose brother John Prentiss was so long the distinguished editor of the Keene Sentinel, New Hampshire. The following are its closing lines:

"Union is dear: Reserve the blessing ever-
Union is dear: Oh may we ne'er dissever-

But, if by Union we must bondmen be,

Let the cord snap-NEW ENGLAND SHALL BE FREE."

Under date of 1811 is published "the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, on the subject of a national bank, read in the house of representatives, December 15, 1790." It bears date the 13th of that month. On the 16th of February, 1808, Timothy Pickering, a senator of the United States from Massachusetts, addressed an open letter to Governor James Sullivan, "exhibiting to his constituents a view of the imminent danger of an unnecessary and ruinous war;" and in the following month of December we have from him, also, a long speech in the senate on the embargo laws, and a reply to the same by Senator William Giles.

In turning the leaves we presently come to one of the most interesting pamphlets in the collection, and perhaps the only one of the kind extant, entitled "An Anniversary Address delivered before the Federal Gentlemen of Concord and vicinity, July 4, 1806, by Daniel Webster. From the Press of George Hough, Concord, New Hampshire, 1806." It consists of twenty pages, on one of which is the correction, doubtless made by the author, of a word in ink. I have looked for this oration among

Webster's speeches, where it would not be out of place, but could not find any reference to it. I quote from it these concluding sentences: "A genuine patriot, above the reach of personal considerations, with his eye and his heart on the honor and happiness of his country, is a character as easy and satisfactory to himself, as venerable in the eyes of the world. While his country enjoys freedom and peace, he will rejoice and be thankful; and if it be in the counsel of Heaven to send the storm and the tempest, he meets the tumult of the political elements with composure and dignity. Above fear, above danger, above reproach, he feels that the last end which can happen to any man never comes too soon, if he fall in defense of the law and liberty of his country."

On the 4th of July, 1805, a statesmanlike oration was "pronounced at Paris, Oxford county, Maine, in commemoration of American independence, by Nathaniel Howe. "From the Argus Press, Portland, N. Willis, Jr. [father of N. P. Willis], 1805." Merely mentioning two political addresses "To the People of Massachusetts," in 1805, and a stirring brochure of ten discolored pages, entitled "A word to all true Americans, and to those who love the memory of Washington," we pass to an elaborate document of one hundred and fifty-six pages, the first two leaves of which, including its title, are unfortunately missing. It was evidently published in the first term of Madison's administration, and is a comparative review of the administrations of Washington, the elder Adams, Jefferson, and Madison. Two sentences will serve to indicate its general characteristics. Says the author, "We shall say nothing of the private or personal, of the moral or religious character of these respective chiefs;" adding in the next paragraph on the same page: "Our religious friends will excuse us, therefore, if we do not make a contrast between the moral and religious qualities of Washington and those of the patron, the publick, open, and profligate patron, of Thomas Paine."

One very rare pamphlet is dated 1804, and contains "The speeches at full length of Mr. Van Ness, Mr. Caines the attorney-general, Mr. Harrison, and General Hamilton, in the great cause of the people against Harry Croswell, on an 'Indictment for a libel on Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States.' New York: Printed by G. & R. Waite, No. 64, Maiden-Lane, 1804. [Copyright secured.]" Another pamphlet of interest of an earlier date is "An oration, pronounced at Biddeford on the anniversary of American Independence, 1798. At the request of the gentlemen of that and the adjoining town of Pepperellboro'; by whose desire this hasty production is submitted to the public, by Cyrus King. Printed by E. A. Jenks, Portland."