Drusus, as well as to Marcellus, Mæcenas, 16. Merebere "thou shalt earn," is humorously employed for redimes" thou shalt purchase." Cp. Catullus, 13, in reference to Fabullus, who was to bring their supper and receive perfumes. 17. Nardi parvus onyx-"a small alabaster box of spikenard." This perfume was obtained from the Nardus Indica, and was very costly. Cp. John xii. 3 and 5, and the opposition between parvus and cadum. Onyx is from the Greek ovu, which properly denotes the finger-nail, the talon of a bird of prey, or the hoof of a quadruped, and is applied to an agate, whose ground colour resembles that of the lunated spot at the base of the human nail. Here it is equivalent to alabastrum, which signifies a vase of calcareous alabaster for holding perfumes. This was usually made in the shape of a pear or rosebud, as represented in the first of the preceding illustrations. Scent-bottles (unguentaria) were also frequently made of glass, and were of various shapes and sizes, as seen in the second illustration. 18. Qui, &c.-horreis-"which is now stored in the Sulpician cellars." See Notes, Ode iii. 28, 7. Sulpician is said by Porphyrion to refer to a certain Sulpicius Galba, a well-known merchant of the day. 19. Donare largus-A Grecism for largus donandi, or ad donandum. Amara curarum = amaras curas-"bitter cares,' an imitation of the Greek idiom, τὰ πικρὰ Tay μegrav. Cp. Ode iv. 4, 76; Sat. ii. 2, 25; and Ars Poet., 49. 21. Cum tua-merce-See Notes, Ode i. 31, 12. 22. Non ego, &c.-in domo-"I do not intend to moisten thee, with my cups, Scotfree, as the rich man does in his well-stored abode." 23. Immunem årúμßoλov, which Terence has Latinized, (Phorm. ii. 2, 25). Tingere=τέγγειν, oι βρέχειν. 26. Nigrorumque memor―ignium—“ and mindful of the gloomy fires of the funeral pile," i.e., of the shortness of existence. Cp. Virg. Æn. xi. 186, and Ovid, Fast. ii. 559. Dum licet is to be connected with misce. 27. Misce, &c.-in loco-"blend a little folly with thy worldly plans: it is delightful to give loose on a proper occasion." 28. Desipere properly signifies "to play the fool," and hence "to indulge in festive enjoyment," "to unbend," "give loose," &c. Cp. furere, Ode ii. 7, 28, and paivoμαι. In loco=ἐν καιρῷ. ODE XIII.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Fourth Asclepiadean, of which the two first verses are Lesser Asclepiadean, the third a Pherecratean, and the fourth a Glyconian; thus 1, 2. 3. 4. Yor or- ཅཅ| SUBJECT-An address to Lyce, who is now advanced in years. Cp. Ode iii. 10. 5. Tremulo alludes to the failure of the voice through age and inebriety. 7. Doctae psallere, a Grecism for doctae psallendi, or in psallendo -"skilled in music and in song." Psallo is from the Greek Váλaw, which signifies, in the earlier authors, to play on a stringed instrument with the fingers, instead of with ང the plectrum, and, in later ones, it also means to sing to the sound of a harp or psaltery. Here, however, psallere probably means both to sing and play. Chiae-With Chia, as a proper name, compare Lesbia and Delia. 8. Excubat-"keeps watch," as if to captivate the beholder. Cp. Soph. Antig. 796, Ερως--ὃς ἐν μαλακαῖς παρειαῖς νεανίδος ἐννυχεύεις. 9. Importunus-"the wayward youth." Aridas quercus-"withered oaks=yspávSeva "old hags." Cp. Ode i. 25, 19. 10. Luridi-"discoloured;" more literally "black and yellow." 12. Capitis nives - "the snows of thy head," i.e., thy locks, whitened with the snow of years. 18. Illius, illius -"of that Lyce, that Lyce." 20. Surpuerat-For this syncopated form, see Notes, Ode i. 36, 8. 21. Felix, &c.-facies-" who wast happy after the death of Cinara, and also a wellknown personation of pleasing accomplishments," but that was long ago. See Notes, Ode iv. 1, 3, and compare Epist. i. 7, 28; 14, 33. Bentley makes artium depend on nota, as in Ode ii. 2, 6, but this gives facies the signification of "person," which is of doubtful authority. 13. Nec Coae, &c.-volucris dies-"now neither thy Coan purple dresses nor thy sparkling jewels bring back to thee the moments, which the fleeting day has once recorded, and shut up in the public registers," and consequently it is impossible for thee to conceal thy age. Coae-Cos (Stanco), or Coos, anciently Meropis, or Nymphæa, one of the Sporades, off the south-all the crows of her time." Cp. also you west coast of Caria, had a town of the same name in the N.E., and was famous for the manufacture of light silk dresses, which were almost transparent, like gauze, and styled Coae vestes. Cp. Sat. i. 2, 101; Tibullus, ii. 3, 56, and ii. 4, 29. 17. Venus "thy loveliness." Cp. Epist. i. 6, and Ars Poet., 42. Color--Cp. Ode iv. 10, 4. Decens-motus-"thy graceful deportment." 24. Servatura, &c.-Lycen-" intending to preserve Lyce for a long time, though already equal to the age of an old crow." See Notes, Ode iii. 17, 13. Martial (x. 67, 5) in like manner speaks of an old woman as Jam cornicibus omnibus superstes-"having survived Texógavov, Anth. Græc. Orelli, and others, however, explain parem in connection with servatura --" until she rival." 28. Dilapsam in cineres facem-" a torch that had crumbled to ashes." Observe the opposition between this and juvenes fervidi. The ashes of this once burning beauty would be unlike those of other torches which are dispersed as they are produced. ODE XIV.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus SUBJECT The victories of Drusus and Tiberius over the German tribes are ascribed to the wisdom and fostering care of Augustus, who is eulogized as the conqueror of the world. For the date and other circumstances, see Notes, Ode iv. 4 and 9. 1. Quae cura Patrum-"what zeal on the oras-"the habitable regions," as oixou-n part of the Fathers." 2. Plenis honorum muneribus-"by ade-vn, for "the Roman world." quate presents of honours," i.e., by the bestowal of adequate honours. Many, however, regard honorum as governed by plenis -"full of honours"-honorificentissimis. 3. In aevum, an adverbial expression, "for ever," is implied in aeternet "can perpetuate." 4. Titulos "public inscriptions," on the pedestals of statues, on arches, triumphal monuments, coins, &c. Memoresque fastos -"and commemorative records." See Notes, Ode iii. 17, 4. 5. Aeternet-This verb is found only here and in a fragment of Varro, as quoted by Nonius (ii. 57), "Litteris ac laudibus aeternare." For aeternet, a prose author would probably have used extendat. Habitabiles- 7. Quem-"in regard to whom," a Greek accusative, said to be used by attraction, instead of the nominative tu. This construction is common in French, and not unfrequent in Terence and Plautus. Cp. Ego illum nescio gui fuerit, Ter. Eun. iv. 3, 15. Legis expertes Latinae-"hitherto free from Roman sway." Didicere-sensere, as in Ode iv. 4, 25. 8. Vindelici-See Notes, Ode iv. 4, 18. 10. Genaunos, implacidum genus, Breunosque veloces-The poet here substitutes for the Ræti and Vindelici of the fourth Ode, their allies, the Genauni and Breuni, Alpine nations dwelling in their vicinity, apparently with the view of amplifying the victories of the young Neros, by increasing the number of the conquered nations. The Genauni or Genaunes are understood by some to have occupied the Valle di Non, between Lake Maggiore (Verbanus) and Lake Como (Larius), and by others, the Val d'Agno. Some place the Breuni or Briones in the neighbourhood of Brunecken, others in the Val di Bregna. Implacidum" a warlike," or "savage" is not found in any extant author before Horace. 11. Arces-Cp. Epist. ii. 1, 252. 13. Dejecit acer (= acriter) "bravely overthrew. Plus vice simplici-plus quam vice simplici "with more than a simple requital," ie., "with great vengeance." This is the meaning assigned to the words by Porphyrion and others, but many, after Lambinus, take them in the sense of "in more than one instance," or "more than once." 14. Major Neronum-"the elder of the Neros," Tiberius, the future emperor. 15. Immanesque, &c.— secundis - "and under thy favouring auspices drove back the ferocious Ræti." By the Ræti in the text are meant the united forces of the Ræti, Vindelici, and their allies, whose strength had already been broken by Drusus. In the time of the republic, when the consul performed anything in person, he was said to do it by his own conduct and auspices (ductu, vel imperio, et auspicio suo); but if his lieutenant, or any other person, did it by his command, it was said to be done auspicio consulis, ductu legati, under the auspices of the consul, and the conduct of the legatus. In this manner the emperors were said to do everything by their own auspices, although they remained at Rome. Cp. line 34. 17. Spectandus, &c.—ruinis—“giving an illustrious proof in martial conflict, with what destruction he could weary out bosoms devoted to death in the cause of freedom," i.e., of men who would die for freedom rather than live in subjection to a foreign power. The cæsura is omitted on the fifth syllable, as in Ode i. 37, 5 and 14. 20. For indomitas Bentley suggests indomitus, as the idea of "untamed " is more strictly applicable to Auster, which represents Tiberius, than to Undas, which represents the conquered Raeti. In this he is supported by one MS., though the objection is rather hypercritical, since the context limits the epithet to time, and makes it equivalent to furentes-"raging." Prope, as here, and in Sat. ii. 3, 268, is seldom used in Latin comparisons, though its equivalent oxidov, or adóv T, is common in Greek. 21. Exercet "agitates," lit. "exercises." Gesner, Doering, and others, would translate it "tames.' Cp. Ode i. 1, 15, and 3, 16. Pleiadum choro scindente nubes-"when the dance of the Pleiades is severing the clouds." The Pleiades are seven stars in the neck of the bull, which, in Italy, rise heliacally in the end of April, and set in the beginning of November. They are said to have been sisters of the Hyades, and daughters of Pleione and Atlas, whence they are also called Atlantides ('Arλayeveis). Latin writers generally call them Vergiliae, from their rising above the Vernal Equinox. The appellation of Pleiades is supposed to come from λw, "I sail," because their rising marked the season when the storins of winter had departed, and everything favoured the renewal of navigation. Some, however, derive the name from síoves, because they appear in a cluster, as implied in chorus, and thus also we find Manilius calling them "sidus glomerabile." It is doubtful whether their rising or setting is referred to in the text, as both are accomThose who are in panied with storms. favour of the former would translate scindente, "dispersing," or "clearing." 24. Medios per ignes-"through the midst of fires," i.e., "through the hottest of the fray," or "through the midst of danger." Cp. Sil. Ital. xiv. 175; xv. 41; Ŏvid, Met. viii. 76; and the Greek dia rugós. 25. Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus"thus the bull-formed Aufidus (lit. is rolled) rushes along." See Notes, Ode iv. 9, 2. Tauriformis is a translation of Taugóμogos, which is applied by Euripides (Ion. 1261) to the Cephisus, in consequence, probably, of the roaring and impetuosity of its waters. Cp. Hom. Il. xxi. 237; v. 87; and Virg. Geo. iv. 371, and Æn. viii. 77. 26. Praefluit-Cp. Ode iv. 3, 10. 28. Meditatur-minitatur, which is found in several MSS. 29. Agmina ferrata · -"the iron-mailed ranks." Virg. Æn. x. 518, and Sil. Ital. iv. 464. 31. Metendo-"by mowing down." Cp. 32. Sine clade "without loss to himself," i.e., with trifling injury to his own army. 33. Consilium et tuos-divos-"thy counsel and thy favouring gods," i.e., thy counsel, and thy auspices. Cp. Suet. Aug. 21. 34. Nam tibi, &c.-exitus-"for, at the close of the third lustrum from the day on which the suppliant Alexandria opened to thee her harbours and deserted court, propitious Fortune again gave a favourable issue to the war." Alexandria was taken, according to one account, on the 1st, and according to another, on the (iv. Kal. Sept.) 29th of August, B.C. 30, and the war with the Ræti and Vindelici was brought to a close B.C. 15, but it must not be inferred from this passage, that this event happened on either of these days, as die may be here | ing in the vicinity of this stream. See Notes employed generically for tempore. Ode ii. 9, 23. 36. Vacuam-aulam refers to the retreat of Antony and Cleopatra into the monument, where they put themselves to death. 37. Lustro-See Notes, Ode ii. 4, 22. 39. Laudemque, &c. - arrogavit (tibi) "and (lit. claimed for) added to thee the praise and glory that had been desired, thy military expeditions (lit. military commands) being now completed." 41. Cantaber-See Notes, Ode ii. 6, 2. 42. Medusque-See Notes, Ode i 2, 51, and 26, 3. Indus-Cp. Ode i. 12, 55. Profugus-See Notes, Ode i. 35, 9, and iii. 24, 9. Scythes-See Notes, Ode ii. 11, 1, and iii. 8, 23. 43. Tutela praesens-See Notes, Ode iii. 5, 2. 44. Dominae-"mistress of the world." 45. Fontium qui celat origines Nilus-The sources of the Nile, the largest and most celebrated river of the old world, have not even yet been fully explored. 46. Ister "the Danube." The poet alludes to the victories of Augustus over the Dacians, and other barbarous tribes dwell 46. Rapidus Tigris-The reference is to Armenia, over which Tiberius, by order of Augustus, B.C. 20, placed Tigranes as king. The Tigris is a very swift stream, and its great rapidity, the natural effect of lccal circumstances, has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median tongue, Diglito in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; each of which denotes the flight of an arrow. 47. Belluosus-"teeming with monsters." Cp. Ode iii. 27, 26, and μɛyaxŃτns, “mon strous." 48. Britannis-See Notes, Ode i. 21, 15; 35, 10; and iii. 5, 3. 49. Non paventis funera Galliae-Lucan (1. 454, &c.) ascribes the contempt of death which characterized the Gauls, to their belief in the metempsychosis as taught by the Druids. Cp. Cæsar, Bel. Gal. vi. 14. 50. Audit-" obeys." Hiberiae-Cp. Ode iv. 5, 28. 51. Sygambri-See Notes, Ode iv. 2, 36. 52. Compositis (=depositis) armis-"their arms being laid aside." ODE XV-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus SUBJECT-An encomium on Augustus, whose glorious administration had checked immorality, made Rome the mistress of the world, and restored peace, prosperity, and the ancient virtues to the empire. Written, probably, soon after the Emperor's return from Gaul. See Notes, Ode iv. 5. 1. Phoebus, &c.-darem-" Phoebus, by means of the lyre, sternly warned me, when wishing to talk of battles and subjugated cities, not to spread my little sails over the surface of the Tuscan sea." Augustus must therefore be satisfied with an ode in praise of his victories, since Apollo, his favourite divinity, would not inspire the bard to sing a heroic poem, which the poet compares to a broad tempestuous ocean, and his own feeble genius to a little bark. See Notes, Ode i. 3. 2. With increpuit lyra, compare Ovid, Ars Amat. ii. 493; Virg. Ecl. vi. 3; and Propertius, iii. 3, 13. The Scholiasts and others, however, connect lyra with loqui. 3. With parva, &c.-darem, compare Ode iii. 3, 72; Virg. Geo. ii. 41; and Ovid, Trist. ii. 328. 5. Fruges-uberes-"abundant harvests," alluding to the revival of agriculture. Cp. Ode iv. 5, 18. 6. Et signa nostro restituit Jovi-"and has restored the Roman standards to our Jove." The standards, though they were in reality dedicated by Augustus to Mars Ultor, are here said to have been restored to Jupiter Capitolinus, as the guardian deity of Rome. Cp. Epist. i. 18, 56; ii. 1, 251, &c., and see Notes, Ode i. 26, 3, and 3, 5. The 8. Postibus-"door-posts," by synecdoche for templis. Cp. Ode iii. 5, 18. Et vacuum, &c.-clausit-"and has closed the temple of Janus, the god of Quirinus (lit. Quirinus's Janus), as being free from wars." temple of Janus, which was open in war and closed in peace, was founded by Numa, and apparently at first merely an arched passage, with a door at each entrance, and situated at the lower extremity of the Argiletum, (ad infimum Argiletum, Livy, i. 19,) which was to the north-east of the Forum. Some idea of the appearance of the temple in the time of Nero may be formed from the following illustration, which is taken from a large brass of that emperor. Previous to the reign of Augustus it had " 15. Porrecta (est)-dilata, or propagata, (est)-"has been extended." 16. Ab Hesperio cubili-"from its restingplace in the west." 17. Custode rerum Caesare-"while Cæsar is guardian of the empire." Cp. Ode iii. 14, 14, and iv. 1, 5. 18. Exiget otium-"shall drive away repose." 20. Inimicat inimicas inter se reddit"embroils." 21. Non qui, &c.-bibunt refers to the nations dwelling along the borders of the Danube, such as the Germans, Ræti, Dacians, &c. Cp. Ode ii. 20, 20. 22. Edicta-Julia-"the Julian edicts," are the laws imposed on vanquished nations by Augustus, a member of the Julian line. Getae-See Notes, Ode iii. 24, 11. 23. Seres-See Notes, Ode iii. 29, 27. Florus (iv. 12, 61) states that the Seres sent an embassy with valuable gifts to Augus1us. Infidive Persae-"or the faithless Parthians." See Notes, Ode i. 2, 22. 24. Tanain prope flumen orti allude to the Scythians, who also sent an embassy to Augustus when he was in Syria. on common and on sacred days." Cp. Sat. 25. Et profestis lucibus et sacris-"both ii. 2, 116, and see Notes, Ode ii. 3, 6. 26. Jocosi munera Liberi-See Notes, Ode i. 18, 7, and iii. 21, 15. voked," is not found except here and in 28. Apprecati precati- "having inApuleius (Met. iv.). 29. Virtute functos-"that have displayed courage." More patrum-Cp. Cicero, Tusc. i. 2, and iv. 2, Soliti sunt canere in epulis ad tibicinem de clarorum hominum virtutibus. 30. Lydis remixto carmine tibiis-"in song, accompanied with the Lydian flutes." There were three measures (Modi, Tovo,) -Lydian, Dorian, and Phrygian. The first was the most animated, and suitable either for banquets or for the field of battle. Both among the Greeks and Romans, one person |