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on either of these days, as die may be here ing in the vicinity of this stream. See Notes, employed generically for tempore. Ode ii. 9, 23.

36. Vacuam-aulam refers to the retreat of Antony and Cleopatra into the monument, where they put themselves to death. 37. Lustro-See Notes, Ode ii. 4, 22. 39. Laudemque, &c. - arrogavit (tibi)· "and (lit. claimed for) added to thee the praise and glory that had been desired, thy military expeditions (lit. military commands) being now completed."

41. Cantaber-See Notes, Ode ii. 6, 2. 42. Medusque-See Notes, Ode i 2, 51, and 26, 3. Indus-Cp. Ode i. 12, 55. Profugus-See Notes, Ode i. 35, 9, and iii. 24, 9. Scythes-See Notes, Ode ii. 11, 1, and iii. 8, 23.

43. Tutela praesens-See Notes, Ode iii. 5, 2.

44. Dominae-"mistress of the world."

45. Fontium qui celat origines Nilus-The sources of the Nile, the largest and most celebrated river of the old world, have not even yet been fully explored.

46. Ister "the Danube." The poet alludes to the victories of Augustus over the Dacians, and other barbarous tribes dwell

46. Rapidus Tigris-The reference is to Armenia, over which Tiberius, by order of Augustus, B.C. 20, placed Tigranes as king. The Tigris is a very swift stream, and its great rapidity, the natural effect of lccal circumstances, has procured for it the name of Tigr in the Median tongue, Diglito in Arabic, and Hiddekel in Hebrew; each of which denotes the flight of an arrow.

47. Belluosus-"teeming with monsters." Cp. Ode iii. 27, 26, and μɛyaxŃτns, “monstrous."

48. Britannis-See Notes, Ode i. 21, 15; 35, 10; and iii. 5, 3.

49. Non paventis funera Galliae-Lucan (1. 454, &c.) ascribes the contempt of death which characterized the Gauls, to their belief in the metempsychosis as taught by the Druids. Cp. Cæsar, Bel. Gal. vi. 14.

50. Audit-" obeys." Hiberiae-Cp. Ode iv. 5, 28.

51. Sygambri-See Notes, Ode iv. 2, 36. 52. Compositis (=depositis) armis—“their arms being laid aside.'

ODE XV - Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus

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SUBJECT-An encomium on Augustus, whose glorious administration had checked immorality, made Rome the mistress of the world, and restored peace, prosperity, and the ancient virtues to the empire. Written, probably, soon after the Emperor's return from Gaul. See Notes, Ode iv. 5.

1. Phoebus, &c.—darem-" Phœbus, by means of the lyre, sternly warned me, when wishing to talk of battles and subjugated cities, not to spread my little sails over the surface of the Tuscan sea." Augustus must therefore be satisfied with an ode in praise of his victories, since Apollo, his favourite divinity, would not inspire the bard to sing a heroic poem, which the poet compares to a broad tempestuous ocean, and his own feeble genius to a little bark. See Notes, Ode i. 3.

2. With increpuit lyra, compare Ovid, Ars Amat. ii. 493; Virg. Ecl. vi. 3; and Propertius, iii. 3, 13. The Scholiasts and others, however, connect lyra with loqui.

3. With parva, &c.-darem, compare Ode iii. 3, 72; Virg. Geo. ii. 41; and Ovid, Trist.

ii. 328.

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Jove." The standards, though they were in reality dedicated by Augustus to Mars Ultor, are here said to have been restored to Jupiter Capitolinus, as the guardian deity of Rome. Cp. Epist. i. 18, 56; ii 1. 251, &c., and see Notes, Ode i. 26, 3, and 3, 5.

The

8. Postibus-"door-posts," by synecdoche for templis. Cp. Ode iii. 5, 18. Et vacuum &c.-clausit-"and has closed the temple of Janus, the god of Quirinus (lit. Quirinus's Janus), as being free from wars." temple of Janus, which was open in war and closed in peace, was founded by Numa, and apparently at first merely an arched passage, with a door at each entrance, and situated at the lower extremity of the Argiletum, (ad infimum Argiletum, Livy, i 19,) which was to the north-east of the Forum. Some idea of the appearance of the temple in the time of Nero may be formed from the following illustration, which is taken from a large brass of that emperor. Previous to the reign of Augustus it had

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been closed only twice: first by Numa, in 714, and a second time some six years after the conclusion of the first Punic War, in 235 B.C. Under Augustus it was closed thrice: once in 25, after the overthrow of Antony; again in 15, after the reduction of the Cantabri; and the third time after the subjugation of the Dacians, Dalmatians, and some of the German tribes, by Tiberius and Drusus, in 10, or, as some would have it, in 6, B. C. Janus presided over entrances, or beginnings of every description, and was one of the deities introduced by Romulus; hence he is here, probably, called Janus Quirini. For Janum Quirini, however, most editors read, in imitation of Suetonius (Oct. 22) and Macrobius (Sat. i. 9), Janum Quirinum, which some explain as "Janus the warrior;" others as "Janus of the Quirites." But as the former is the reading of all the MSS., it should be explained rather than altered. Bentley considers the genitive of the substantive as equivalent to Quirinum as an adjective. Janus is also taken generically for "an arched gateway," as in Epist. i. 1, 54, and Sat. ii. 3, 18. Janus, from always being represented with two faces, as shown on the Roman As, at the end of the Notes on this Ode, is styled Bifrons, or Geminus; and his temple, from having two doors, is designated by Plutarch as veus dieugws. For clausit, one MS. gives

clusit.

9. Et ordinem, &c.-injecit-"and has put restraints upon licentiousness, when deviating from the right course." Cp. Ode iii. 24, 29, and see Notes, Ode iv. 5, 21.

12. Veteres-artes-"the ancient virtues," such as prudence, fortitude, justice, tempe

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18. Exiget otium-"shall drive away repose."

20. Inimicat-inimicas inter se reddit"embroils."

21. Non qui, &c.-bibunt refers to the nations dwelling along the borders of the Danube, such as the Germans, Ræti, Dacians, &c. Cp. Ode ii. 20, 20.

22. Edicta-Julia-"the Julian edicts," are the laws imposed on vanquished nations by Augustus, a member of the Julian line. Getae-See Notes, Ode iii. 24, 11.

23. Seres- See Notes, Ode iii. 29, 27. Florus (iv. 12, 61) states that the Seres sent an embassy with valuable gifts to Augus1us. Infidive Persae-"or the faithless Parthians." See Notes, Ode i. 2, 22.

24. Tanain prope flumen orti allude to the Scythians, who also sent an embassy to Augustus when he was in Syria.

25. Et profestis lucibus et sacris-"both on common and on sacred days." Cp. Sat. ii. 2, 116, and see Notes, Ode ii. 3, 6.

26. Jocosi munera Liberi-See Notes, Ode i. 18, 7, and iii. 21, 15.

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28. Apprecati precati - "having invoked," is not found except here and in Apuleius (Met. iv.).

29. Virtute functos-"that have displayed courage." More patrum-Cp. Cicero, Tusc. i. 2, and iv. 2, Soliti sunt canere in epulis ad tibicinem de clarorum hominum virtutibus.

30. Lydis remixto carmine tibiis-"in song, accompanied with the Lydian flutes." There were three measures (Modi, Tovo,) -Lydian, Dorian, and Phrygian. The first was the most animated, and suitable either

for banquets or for the field of battle. Both among the Greeks and Romans, one person

had usually two pipes. These were sometimes equal in length and pitch (pares), and sometimes unequal (impares), and though not always, were often passed through a bandage of leather, (capistrum, pagsiά,) for compressing the cheeks, as in the preceding illustration, from a painting at Pompeii, of a Tibicen, arrayed in a long robe, in the act of beating time with his left foot, and seated on a raised altar (thymele) in the theatre. Cp. Ars Poet., 202, &c. When the pipes were unequal, they appear to have been distinguished by the Greeks (Herod. i. 17) into auλoì avdgnia, "male

(or bass) pipes," and auλoi yuvainio, "female (or treble) pipes," and by the Romans into tibiae dextrae, "right hand pipes," and tibiae sinistrae or laevae, "left hand pipes." The former, from taking the lead, were also styled incentivae, and the latter, from following immediately after, succentivae.

31. Almae progeniem Veneris-An allusion to Augustus, who had passed by adoption into the Julian family, and consequently claimed descent with that line, from Ascanius, or Iulus, the grandson of Anchises and Venus. Cp. Ode iv. 5, 31, &c.

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Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus

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SUBJECT-An address to Apollo and Diana and the other tutelary deities of Rome, supplicating the welfare of the Empire, and eulogizing the Government of Augustus. Cp. Ode iv. 6.

Composed by order of the Emperor, and chaunted in the Campus Martius, B.C. 17, by a chorus of 54 noble youths-27 boys and 27 girls (Notes, Ode iv. 6, 31)-at the celebration of the Secular games (Ludi Seculares), by which Augustus, from political motives, inaugurated the second period of ten years (B.c. 17-8), during which he held the government. According to the Quindecemviri, these games had previously been solemnized once every 110 years:-1. in 456; 2. in 346; 3. in 236; 4. in 26, B.C. This, however, does not appear to have been the case, for they came in place of the Ludi Tarentini, or Taurii, which had been held in honour of Dis and Proserpine, as the averters of evil, and, according to Valerius Antias, had been celebrated in 509, 449, 249, 149, or, according to

Piso, Gellius, and Hemina, in 146, B.C. Augustus therefore is believed to have partly changed their nature as well as their name, and it was disputed whether they ought to be kept every 100 or every 110 years. But to show that it was the Emperor, and not the Quindecemviri, that regulated the time of their celebration, it may be observed that, according to the latter, they should now have been held in 16, and not, as they were, in 17, B.C., and that they were next solemnized, by Claudius, in 47; 7. by Domitian, in 88; 8. by Severus, in 204; 9. by Philippus, in 247; and 10. by Honorius, in 404, A.D. The people were solemnly invited to them by a herald (praeco), in the following terms:Convenite ad Ludos spectandos, quos neque spectavit quisquam, nec spectaturus est. Cp. Suetonius, Claud. 21.

From audi pueros, and audi puellas, many have inferred, but apparently without good reason, that this is an Amoebaan Carmen, consisting of stanzas to be sung alternately by the boys and girls. Of these, Steiner seems to give the most feasible, though by no means an unobjectionable, arrangement:-Stanzas 1 and 2 are supposed to have been sung by boys and girls together; 3 to 8 by boys and girls alternately; 9 halt by boys and half by girls; 10 to 15 by boys and girls alternately; and the remaining three by both together.

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9. Curru, &c.-nasceris-"who with thy radiant chariot unfoldest and hidest the day, and arisest another, and yet the same."

11. Possis visere, &c.— "mayest thou visit," &c. Cp. Ode iv. 2, 37.

13. Rite, &c.-matres-"O Ilithyia, propitious in producing, according to thy custom, the ripened births, protect mothers." For rite, see Notes, Ode iii. 24, 10, and for lenis with the infinitive, see Notes, Ode i.

24, 17. Ilithyia (Elívia) is a Greek epithet of the goddess of childbirth, and apparently equivalent to Lucina. Cp. Hom. II. xi. 270; xvi. 187; and xix. 103.

16. Genitalis is not found elsewhere in this sense, and is probably an imitation of Γενετυλλίς. Bentley conjectures Genityllis, which is open to the same objection, tom of addressing deities by different titles, and opposed to all the MSS. For the cuscompare Sat. ii. 6, 20. Regarding the cæsura, see Notes, Ode i 10, I.

17. Producas sobolem "prolong (or inline 68. Patrum-"of the senate." crease) our offspring." Cp. proroget, in

18. Super (=de) jugandis, &c.—maritaabout the matrimonial law, intended to "about uniting women in marriage and bring forth a new progeny." The object of these laws, which have been referred to in Ode iii. 6, 17, and iv. 5, 21, was to promote morality and repair the loss occasioned by the carnage of the civil wars.

21. Certus, &c.— frequentes —"that the stated cycle, throughout each ten times eleven years, may bring back the hymns and games, celebrated by crowds thrice in the bright day, and as often in the pleasing night."

22. Referatque-See Notes, Ode i. 30, 6. 23. Ter-See Notes, Ode iii. 22, 3.

25. Vosque, &c.-fata-"and do you, ye Fates, truthful in predicting what has been once determined, and what the fixed event of things will confirm, join favourable destinies to those already past." Veraces cecinisse is a Grecism for veraces in canendo. Semel, xaláxağ—“once for all." For dictum est stabilisque rerum, Bentley conjectures dictum stabilis per aevum. In line 27, nearly all the MSS. give servet, but most editors prefer servat. For their difference of meaning, after the relative, see Notes Ode i. 1, 3. Dillenburger takes veraces cecinisse absolutely, as "who are truthful in prophesying," and places quod semel dictum

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