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ODE XV.-Dicolos distrophos: Metre-The Second Asclepiadean, of which the first verse is a Glyconian, and the second a Lesser Asclepiadean; thus

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SUBJECT-An advice to Chloris, a giddy old woman, to pursue employments consistent with her years and station. See Notes, Ode i. 25.

2. Fige modum-"set bounds." For fige, some MSS. give pone.

3. Famosisque laboribus-" and infamous practices."

6. Et, &c.-candidis-" and to spread a cloud over brilliant stars," ie., to diminish the sport, and obscure the beauty of your daughter and her companions.

7. Non-et te-decet-"it does not likewise become thee."

10. Thyias-"a female Bacchanalian."

Cp. Ode ii. 19, 9. Tympano-See Notes, Ode i. 18, 13.

14. Luceriam-Luceria, now Lucera, a city of Apulia, in the interior of Daunia, about twelve miles to the south-west of Arpi, and noted for the excellence of its wool.

15. Nec flos purpureus rosae-Alluding to the garlands worn at entertainments. Cp. Ode iv. 10, 4.

16. Faece tenus"down to the dregs." Cp. Ode i. 35, 27.

ODE XVI.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Third Asclepiadean, of which the three first verses are Lesser Asclepiadean, and the fourth a Glyconian: thus

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SUBJECT-Gold is more powerful than the thunderbolt; but it is not so much to be desired as contentment.

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4. Adulteris-amatoribus. 6. Pavidum -"timorous," because he was afraid of being put to death by his unborn grandson, Perseus.

7. After enim, supply sciebant.

8. Converso in pretium deo-"after the deity had transformed himself into a bribe," which is here given to the guard, but in Ovid, Am. iii. 8, 32, to Danaë herself.

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9. Ire-amat-"loves to make its way." Amat, Q, is much stronger than solet. Cp. Ode ii. 3, 10.

10. Saxa-"the strongest barriers." 11. Auguris Argivi-Amphiaraus, prophet of Argos, was betrayed by his wife Eryphyle, for the golden necklace and peplus of Harmonia. For these also Eryphyle was murdered by Alcmæon, and Alcmeon by the brothers of his wife Arsinoë or Alphesiboa, the daughter of Phegeus, King of Psophis, in Arcadia.

14. Vir Macedo, the Maxsdav avne of Demosthenes-Philip, King of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the Great, used to assert that any city might be taken, into which an ass laden with gold could enter, (Cicero ad Att. i. 16); and Plutarch, in his life of Lucius Paulus Æmilius (cap. 12), says, that it was not Philip, but Philip's

gold that took the cities of the Greeks, such as Olynthus, Potidæa, Amphipolis, Pydna, &c. Emulos-His rivals for the throne of Macedonia were Pausanias, Argæus ii., Arrhybas, Chersobleptes, Euthycrates, and Lasthenes.

15. Munera navium, &c. - Horace is thought to allude here to Menas or Menodorus, who was noted for frequently changing sides in the war between Sextus Pompeius and the triumvirs.

16. Saevos-"rough," or "fierce." Some, however, make it here equivalent to fortes. 18. Majorumque (opum) fames-"and a desire for more extensive possessions." For majorum, a prose author would most likely have used pluris.

19. Late, &c.-tollere-"to raise the far conspicuous head," i.e., to raise the head, so as to attract extensive notice. Cp. Ode i. 18, 15.

20. Equitum decus-See Notes, Ode i 20, 5.

22. Plura tanto plura-"the more." Nil cupientium, &c.-The rich and the contented are here made to occupy two opposite encampments.

23. Nudus-"unarmed," for the acquisition of riches.'

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25. Contemptae, &c.-rei-" more glorious as the owner of a despised (or unenvied) estate."

26. Arat-"reaps," usually "ploughs." The final syllable is lengthened by cæsura. See Notes, Ode iii. 5, 17. To avoid this,

some prefer non piger, which is found in a few MSS. for impiger "industrious." For the quantity of the first syllable of Apulus, see Notes, Ode iii. 4, 9.

27. Occultare "to hoard." Cp. Ode i.

1, 9.

29. Puræ rivus aquae-The Digentia (Licenza). Cp. Epist. i. 16, 12, and 18, 104.

30. Segetis certa fides meae-"a sure reliance on my crop," ie., the certainty of a good crop.

32. Fallit (eum) sorte beatior = avrov λανθάνει ὀλβιώτερον ὄν—_“ yield a pleasure unknown to him," lit., "escape his notice as being more blessed by fate." Fallit, in this construction, like avoάves, may usually be translated adverbially, unawares, secretly, unseen, or unknown, and the participle made the principal verb. In a free translation also the accusative of the person may become the nominative in English. Some erroneously place a full stop after fallit, and explain sorte beatior (sum) as “ Happier in lot am I." This is equivalent to taking tamen, line 37, in the sense of since, a meaning which it never has.

33. Calabrae, &c.-An allusion to the honey of Tarentum. Cp. Ode ii. 6, 14.

34. Nec Laestrygonia, &c.—mihi—“ nor wine ripens (lit., begins to weaken) for me in a Læstrygonian (or Formian) jar." Formiae was regarded by the ancients as having been the abode and capital of the Læstrygones. See also Notes, Ode i. 20, 11; and Hom. Odyss. x. 82.

35. Gallicis-pascuis-"in the pastures of Cisalpine Gaul."

See

37. Importuna tamen Pauperies-"still pinching (or vexatious) poverty." Notes, Ode i. 12, 43.

39. Contracto, &c.-continuem-"I shall extend more wisely my humble income by contracting my desires, than if I were to join the realm of Alyattes to the Mygdonian plains," i.e., than if Lydia and Phrygia were mine. Alyattes was king of Lydia, and father of Croesus. Alyatii is a poetic genitive like Achillei and Ullixei. See Notes, Ode i. 6, 7. For the epithet, "Mygdonian" applied to Phrygia, see Notes, Ode ii. 12, 22.

43. Bene est (ei) &c.-manu-"happy is the man on whom the deity has bestowed with a sparing hand what is sufficient for his wants."

ODE XVII.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus

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SUBJECT The crow bodes rain, prepare for a festival, and give the slaves a holiday. Addressed to Ælius Lamia. See Ode i. 26.

1. Vetusto nobilis ab Lamo-"nobly descended from the ancient Lamus," son of Neptune, king of the Læstrygones, and founder of Formiæ. See last Öde, 34.

2. Quando (=quoniam or siquidem, Schol.) is understood to depend upon the previous line. Et priores, &c.-fastos "they say (i.e., it is said) both that the earliest Lamiæ and the whole race of their descendants throughout the recording family registers were named from him." Some have included the words from line 2 to 6 within brackets, as savouring strongly of interpolation, from their awkward position; but they appear to be in all the MSS. The Fasti consulares were public registers or chronicles, under the care of the Pontifex Maximus and his college, in which were marked from year to year what days were fasti, and what nefasti, as well as the names of the magistrates, particularly of the consuls, and an account of the triumphs that were celebrated, &c. The Fasti here referred to, however, were probably family registers, as none of the Lamiæ appear in the Fasti

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consulares except this Lamia, and that not till A. D. 3, which was fully 11 years after the death of Horace.

5. Auctore, &c.— originem qui-"thou derivest thy origin from the (lit., authority) person who." Though ducis is the reading of all the MSS., Heinsius and others give ducit to agree with genus.

6. Formiarum-See Notes, Ode iii. 16, 34. 7. Et innantem, &c. Lirim-"and to have possessed the Liris (Garigliano) where it flows (lit. flowing) to the shores of Marica." Lamus therefore ruled, not only over Formiæ, but also over the Minturnian territory, where the nymph Marica had a grove and a temple in the S. of Latium. The country around abounded with marshes. and Marica is by some supposed to have been the mother of Latinus, and by others regarded as Circe.

9. Late tyrannus, sugungsiwv,-"a monarch of extensive sway."

12. Aquae augur" harbinger of rain." Cp. Ode lii. 27, 10, and Ovid, Am. iL 6, 34, Pluviae graculus augur aquae.

13. Annosa-Hesiod (Fragm. 50) assigns to the crow the duration of nine ages of men. Dum potis (es) is potes, which is also found.

14. Cras genium mero curabis-"to-morrow, thou shalt indulge thy genius with wine." According to the popular belief of antiquity, every individual had a genius (daipav) or tutelary spirit, which was supposed to take care of the person during the whole of life. Those belonging to males (Genii) are depicted as boys with the wings of a bird; those to females (Junones) as girls, with those of a bat or a moth. See Notes, Epist. ii. 2, 187. As curare is more

suggestive of a feast than a sacrifice, curabis is understood to have been put here humorously in place of the usual term placabis"thou shalt propitiate." Cp. Sat. ii. 5, 38; Epist. i. 4, 15; Ars Poet., 210, and the phrases Genio indulgere, and curare corpus, "to regale one's self."

15. For porco, Cunningham reads porca, as in Ovid, Fast. vi. 158, Extaque de porca cruda bimestre tenet;-pro parvo victima parva cadit; and for bimestri, several MSS. give bimenstri.

16. Operum solutis, óvov λeλvμévois, a Grecism for ab opere solutis-" released from their labours."

ODE XVIII. -Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus

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4.-1 SUBJECT-A hymn addressed to Faunus. 3. Lenis incedas-"mayest thou walk benignantly." Abeasque, &c.-alumnis -"and mayest thou depart propitious to the young offspring of my flocks." Faunus appears to have spent the summer in Italy and the winter in Arcadia. Cp. Ode i. 17, 1. 5. Pleno-anno-"at the close of every year," on the Nones of December.

6. With veneris sodali-craterae, compare Ode i. 2, 34.

7. Vetus ara-On which sacrifices have been made to Faunus for many a year. 11. Festus-pagus-"the village (ie.,

See Notes, Ode i. 4, 11.

Mandela, Bandela, near the poet's farm) enjoying thy festal day."

13. Audaces-The lambs are bold, under the protecting care of the god.

14. Spargit, &c.-frondes-It was customary among the ancients, to scatter leaves and flowers on the ground, in honour of distinguished personages. Cp. Virg. Ecl

5, 40, Spargite humum foliis. 15. Invisam-fossor-The labourer (lit. ditcher) hates the source of his toil when he is bent on waltzing.

16. With ter pede, compare tripudium and tripudiare.

ODE XIX.-Dicolos Distrophos: Metre The Second Asclepiadean, of which the first verse is a Glyconian, and the second a Lesser Asclepiadean; thus

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Supposed to have been recited to a party of friends who had met to arrange a supper in honour of the appointment of Murena, the brother-in-law of Augustus, to the office of Augur. See Introduction to Notes on Ode ii. 10. It is, however, more particularly addressed to Telephus, who would appear to have had a greater interest in matters of chronology, than in making preparations for the approaching banquet. Telephus, which is probably a fictitious name, occurs also in Ode i. 13, 1, and iv. 11, 21; but whether it is applied to the same individual in each case is very doubtful

1. Inacho Codrus-Inachus is said to have founded the kingdom of Argos in 1856, and Codrus, the last, and self-devoted king of Athens, to have been slain in 1070 B.C. The interval, therefore, would be 786 years.

3. Genus Aeaci- The acidæ, or descendants of Æacus, were Peleus, Telamon, Achilles, Teucer, Ajax, &c.

5. Chium-cadum"a cask of Chian wine." Cp. Ode i. 9, 7, and iii. 16, 34. The

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6. Mercemur- we may buy." Quis aquam temperet ignibus-Alluding to the hot drinks so customary among the Romans. 7. With quota, supply hora.

8. Pelignis caream frigoribus -"I may be freed from Pelignian cold," by a hot bath. The territory of the Peligni was separated from that of the Marsi, on the

west, by the Apennines, and notorious for the coldness of its climate.

9. After da supply poculum, and for the construction of the genitives lunae, noctis, auguris, see Notes, Ode iii. 8, 13. Lunaenovae-"in honour of the new moon," which may be supposed to have been seen at the time, or the party may be understood to have met on the Kalends, with which the

new moon (vouunvía) was associated long

after the lunar months were discontinued. Cp. Ode iii. 8, 23.

10. Noctis mediae-"in honour of midnight," as a pledge that they did not mean to leave till morning. Cp. Óde iii, 28, 16.

11. Tribus, &c.-commodis-"goblets are usually mixed with three or with nine full cups of wine. Commodus is compounded of com, for cum, and modus, and is here taken in its literal sense-having full measure. For the shape, use, and size of the cyathus, see Notes, Ode i. 20, 12, and iii. 8, 13. From tribus aut novem compared with tres supra, line 15, it is inferred that the pocula, each, held a sextarius, or twelve cyathi, so that one party drank one-fourth wine and three-fourths water, another, three-fourths wine and one-fourth water. The enraptured poet (attonitus vates, BgovrnTos) likes the odd number of Muses (Musas amat impares), i.e., the Nine.

15. Tres prohibet supra-(nos) tangere"forbids us to touch the three more," i.e., to drink it undiluted (merum) the three above nine leaving no room for water. Tres supra is frequently, though improperly translated "more than three."

16. Gratia, &c.-sororibus-"the elder Grace, in conjunction with her naked sisters," is here figuratively used for propriety. The Graces, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, were often represented as naked, and joined hand in hand. Cp. Ode i. 30, 5, and iv. 7, 5.

18. Insanire juvat (me)-"I delight to revel madly." Cp. Ode ii. 7, 28, and iv. 12, 28. Berecyntiae-See Notes, Ode i. 18, 13. The Berecyntian or Phrygian flute was of a crooked form, whence it is sometimes called cornu. The following representation of a cornicen shows both its shape and the manner in which it was used.

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ODE XX.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus

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Addressed to Pyrrhus, a beautiful boy, who was a candidate, along with a jealous girl, for the affections of Nearchus.

1. Moveas

to remove."

amoveas-" thou art trying

2. Gaetulae-See Notes, Ode i. 23, 10. 3. Inaudax, äroλμos, is a raž λeyóμενον for timidus.

6. Insignam (forma)-" conspicuous for beauty." 7. After certamen, supply erit utrum. Tibi, &c.—an illi-"whether a greater share of the booty may go to thee or to her." For illi some read illa (sit) -"whether the prize may come to thee, or she be superior."

11. Arbiter, Beaßeurns-Nearchus, from what follows, appears to enjoy the contest, and to be indifferent about bestowing the palm of victory on either.

15. Nireus-The handsomest of the Greeks

who fought against Troy, except Achilles. Cp. Epod. 15, 22, and Hom. Il. ii. 673. Aquosa raptus ab Ida-Ganymede. With aquosa, compare the Homeric 'In oλuidag, dnsora. See also Notes, Ode iv. 4, 4.

ODE XXI-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus

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SUBJECT-An address to an amphora of old wine, when Marcus Messala Corvinus was to sup with the poet.

Messala was an intimate friend of Horace and Tibullus, and, like the former, abandoned the cause of the republican party for that of Augustus. He is referred to again in Sat. i. 6, 42; i. 10, 85, and Ars Poet., 371.

1. Consule Manlio-"in the consulship of Manlius," i.e., in B.C. 65, when L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus were consuls. If, as is frequently conjectured, the Ode was written in 35, the wine and Horace would then be 30 years of age. See Notes, Ode ii. 11, 15.

2-4. These verses indicate the effects of wine on different individuals. 4. Pia testa -"kindly jar," testa being figuratively used for the wine which it contains, and pia denoting the brotherly affection which it may be supposed to entertain for the poet who was its coeval.

5. Quocunque-nomine-"for whichever purpose," i.e., whether for exciting complaints, mirth, quarrels, intrigues, or sleep. It is literally "in whichever name." Massicum-See Notes, Ode i. 1, 19.

7. Descende-"come down," from the apotheca. See Notes, Ode i. 37, 6.

8. Languidiora vina-"the more mellowed wines." Cp. Ode iii. 16, 35.

9. Quamquam Socraticis madet sermonibus-"though he is deeply imbued with the tenets of the Socratic school," i.e., has drunk deep at the streams of philosophy. Madet contains a figurative allusion to the subject of the Ode.

10. Sermonibus-The method of instruction pursued by Socrates assumed the form of familiar conversation. The expression Socraticis sermonibus, however, refers more particularly to the tenets of the Academy, as given in the Symposia of Plato and Xenophon. Horridus -"sternly," lit., "roughly."

11. Et prisci Catonis-virtus-"the virtue even of old Cato," i.e., of Cato the censor, or as he is often styled, Cato the elder, in contradistinction to Cato Uticensis.

13. Tu lene, &c.-duro-"thou appliest a gentle pressure to the usually unyielding disposition," and thereby makest it relax. 16. Lyaeo-See Notes, Ode i. 7, 22.

18. Et addis cornua pauperi-" and impartest confidence to the man of humble means." See Notes, Ode i. 1, 18, and ii. 19, 29.

19. Post te-" after tasting of thee." Cp. Ode i. 18, 5. Iratos-regum apices-iratororum regum apices. 20. Apices tiaras," ie., the power. Cp. Ode i. 34, 14. The following illustration of a Tiara Recta is from a Syrian medal, representing Tigranes, king of Armenia.

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