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drill with a hoe, about four inches deep, in which place the nuts about four inches distant, with their eye uppermost; then draw the earth over them with a rake, and make a second drill a foot distance from the former, proceeding as before, allowing three or four rows in each bed. In April these nuts will appear above ground; keep them clear from weeds, especially while young: in these beds they may remain for two years, when you should remove them into a nursery at a wider distance. The best time for transplanting these trees is in October, though some prefer the end of February; the distance these should have in the nursery is three feet between, and one foot in the rows. If these trees have a downright tap root, it should be cut off, especially if they are intended to be removed again; this will occasion their putting out lateral shoots, and render them less subject to miscarry when finally removed. The time generally allowed them in the nursery is three or four years, according to their growth; but the younger they are transplanted, the better they will succeed. Young trees of this sort are very apt to have crooked stems; but when they are transplanted out and have room to grow, as they increase in bulk they will grow more upright, and their stems will become straight' Hanbury recommends that the young plants, a year after they have been planted in the nursery, be cut down to within an inch of the ground; which, he says, will cause them to shoot vigorously with one strong and straight stem.' There is one material objection against sowing chestnuts in drills, that they serve as guides to the fieldmouse, who will run from one end to the other of a drill without leaving a single nut: we rather recommend setting them with a dibble, either promiscuously, or a quincunx, at about six inches distance. Evelyn says, that coppices of chestnuts may be thickened by layering the tender young shoots but adds that such as spring from the nuts and marrons are best of all.' There is a striped-leaved variegation which is continued by budding; and the French are said to graft chestnuts for their fruit; but Miller says, such grafted trees are unfit for timber. The chestnut-tree will thrive almost upon any soil which lies out of the water's way; but disaffects wet moorish land. It sometimes grows to an immense size. The largest in the known world are those which grow upon Mount Etna in Sicily. At Tortworth, in Gloucestershire, is a chestnut tree fifty-two feet round. It is proved to have stood there ever since 1150, and was then so remarkable that it was called the great chestnut of Tortworth.' It fixes the boundary of the manor, and is probably near 1000 years old. As an ornamental, the chestnut is well worthy the gardener's attention. Its uses have been highly extolled. As a substitute for the oak, it is preferable to the elm: for door-jambs, window-frames, and some other purposes, it is nearly equal to oak itself; but there is a deceitful brittleness in it which renders it unsafe to be used in beams, or in any other situation where an uncertain load is required to be borne. It is excellent for liquor casks; not being liable to shrink, nor to change the color of the liquor it is also recommended as an underwood for hop-poles, stakes, &c. Its fruit too is

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valuable; not only for swine and deer, but as a human food: bread is said to have been made of it.

2. F. pumila, the dwarf chestnut tree, or chinkapin, rises eight or ten feet high, with a branching shrubby stem, and oval spear-shaped and acutely serrated leaves, hoary on the under side. It is propagated from seeds, brought from America. These should be planted in drills, as soon as they arrive, in a moist bed of rich garden mould. If good, they will come up pretty soon in the spring. After they appear, they require no trouble, except keeping them clean from weeds, and watering them in dry weather. They may stand in the seed-bed two years, and be afterwards planted in the nursery ground, a foot asunder, and two feet between the rows. When strong, they are fit for any purpose. 3. F. sylvatica, the beech tree, rises sixty or seventy feet high, and has a proportionable thickness, branching upward into a fine regular head, garnished with oval serrated leaves, with flowers in globular catkins, succeeded by angular fruit called mast. It is very easily raised from the mast or seed. For woods,' says Evelyn, the beech must be governed as the oak: in nurseries, as the ash; sowing the mast in autumn, or later, even after January, or rather nearer the spring, to preserve them from vermin. They are likewise to be planted of young seedlings to be drawn out of the places where the fruitful trees abound. Millar says, the season for sowing the mast is any time from October to February, only observing to secure the seeds from vermin when early sowed. The sooner they are sown the better, after they are fully ripe.' Hanbury orders a sufficient quantity of mast to be gathered about the middle of September, when they begin to fall; these are to be spread upon a mat in an airy place ix days to dry; and after that you may either sow them immediately, or put them up in bags to sow them nearer the spring; which method,' says he, I would rather advise, as they will keep very well, and there will be less danger of having them destroyed by mice or other vermin.' They must be sown in beds properly prepared, about an inch deep. In the first spring many of the young plants will appear, whilst others will not come up till the spring following. Having stood two years in the seminary, they should be removed to the nursery, where they may remain till wanted. In stateliness and grandeur the beech vies with the oak. Its foliage is peculiarly soft and pleasing; its branches are numerous and spreading; and its stem waxes to a great size. The bark is remarkably smooth, and of a silvery cast; which, added to the splendor and smoothness of its foliage, gives a striking delicacy to its general appearance. The beech, therefore, standing singly, and suffered to form its own natural head, is highly ornamental; and its leaves, varying their hue as the autumn approaches, render it still more desirable. In point of use the beech follows next to the oak and the ash; it is almost as necessary to the cabinet-makers and turners, as the oak is to the ship-builder, or the ash to the plough and cart-wright. Evelyn, however, observes, that where it lies dry, or wet and dry,

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it is exceedingly obnoxious to the worm, but being put ten days in water, it will resist the worm. The natural soil of the beech is upon dry, chalky, or limestone heights. It grows to a great size upon the hills of Surry and Kent; upon the declivities of the Cotswold and Stroudwater hills of Gloucestershire, and upon the bleak banks of the Wye, in Hereford and Monmouth shires; where it is much used in making charcoal. The mast, or seeds, yield a good oil for lamps; and are a very agreeable food to squir rels, mice, and swine. The fat of swine fed with them, however, is soft, and boils away, unless hardened by some other food. The leaves gathered in autumn, before they are injured by the frosts, make much better matrasses than straw or chaff; and last for seven or eight years. The nuts occasion giddiness and head-ache; but when well dried and powdered, they make wholesome bread. They are sometimes roasted and substituted for coffee. The poor in Silesia use the expressed oil instead of butter. "The purple beech,' says Mr. Nicholls, is a fine ornamental variety, and even promises to become fit for the decoration of the park, although it has hitherto been chiefly confined to the pleasure-ground. A tree of the purple variety in the gardens of Messrs. Telfords, within the walls of the city of York, and another in the pleasure-ground at Enville, have assumed such tree-like forms, each being fully thirty feet high, that such an expectation may reasonably be entertained; and the more especially, as we know of several even in Scotland from twenty to thirty feet high. It must, however, be observed, that the purple beech plants most proper for the park or the lawn, or indeed for any situation where it is required that they grow to a great size, are such as are grafted or budded on the common sort. Those raised by layers grow more dwarf; and therefore should be planted in situations where dwarf trees, or bushes, are required.

FAHLUN, a mining town of Sweden, the Somecapital of the province of Dalecarlia. times the whole province is called by the name of Fahlun. It stands in a small plain, is surrounded by hills, and consists of several parallel streets, crossing others at right angles. It is chiefly built of wood, and the population has diminished from above 7000 to a little above 4000, the copper mines of the vicinity having become less productive. They still yield an annual supply of ochre and vitriol, together with small portions of silver and gold. It is 110 miles N. N. W. of Stockholm.

FAHRENHEIT, a celebrated experimental philosopher, born at Hamburgh in 1686. He improved the thermometer, by making use of mercury instead of spirit of wine, and formed a new scale for the instrument, grounded upon the most accurate experiments. This scale has been generally adopted by the English, but the French prefer that of Reaumur. Fahrenheit wrote a dissertation on thermometers. He died in 1736. See THERMOMETER.

FAIFO, or HAIFO, an old town of Cochin China, situated on a navigable river falling into the bay of Turon, about ten miles from the sea. It was formerly of considerable size, the streets

were regular, and the houses built of brick; but it was destroyed during the late wars, and is now but slowly regaining its importance. FAIL, v. n., v. a. & n. s. FAILING, n. s. FAILURE.

Fr. faillir; Teut. fehlen; Wel.faeln; Belg. faalen, from Goth. fela; Lat. fallo; Gr onλew, to deceive. To be lacking or deficient; to cease; sink; be borne down; decay; miss; not succeed; die. As an active verb, to desert; forsake; omit duty; disappoint; deceive. As a substantive it signifies, miscarriage; non-success; omission; want : and failing and failure are used in these last senses.

And he side to hem, whanne I sente you without sachel and scrippe and schoon, wher ony thing failide to you? Wiclif. Luk. xxii.

He will without fail drive out from before you the Canaanites. Jos. iii. 10. The waters fail from the sea, and the flood decayeth and drieth up. Job xiv. 11. Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth; for the faithful fail from among the children of men.

Psalm xii. 1.

Let him complayne who hathe been deceyved; let him despayre to whom his promised hopes have fayled; let him confesse it whom I shall ever call; let him vaunt whom I shall admit. But let him not call me cruell or an homicide, whom I never promised, deceyved, called, or admitted. Spelman.

But little may such guile thee now avail,
If wonted force and fortune do not much me fail.
Spenser.

I am enjoined, by oath, if I fail,
Of the right casket, never in my life
To woo a maid in way of marriage.

Shakspeare.

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Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen. Like friends, too, we should return to them again and again-for, like true friends, they will never fail us— never cease to instruct--never cloy. Joineriana, 1772.

It is more disgraceful never to try to speak (in public) than to try it, and fail; as it is more disgraceful not to fight, than to fight and be beaten. Johnson. Canst thou be too well fortified against the terrors of that day? And art thou sure that the props which support thee now will not fail thee then? Mason.

Timidity and irresolution were his predominant failings; the one occasioned by his natural constitution, and the other arising from a consciousness that his abilities were not equal to his station.

Robertson's History of Scotland.
They never fail who die

Byron.

In a great cause: the block may soak their gore; Their heads may sodden in the sun; their limbs Be strung to city gates, and castle wallsBut still their spirit walks abroad. FAIN, v. n., adv. & adj. Į Sax. Fægn; Goth. FA'INLY, adv. faginon, or fagn; Swed. fagna; Icel. feigin, to be glad. To desire; wish. As an adjective, the old sense is fond; glad; desirous; afterwards it was used for desirous of one evil in preference to a greater:

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I was fain to forswear it; they would else have married me to the rotten medlar. Shakspeare.

When Hildebrand had accursed Henry IV. there were none so hardy as to defend their lord; wherefore he was fain to humble himself before Hildebrand. Raleigh's Essays.

emulation, than this principality of Israel; a people

There cannot be conceived an honour less worth

that could give nothing;-a people whom their leader was fain to feed with bread and water. Bp. Hall's Contemplations. The learned Castalio was fain to make trenchers at Baste, to keep himself from starving. Locke.

Why wouldest thou urge me to confess a flame I long have stifled, and would fain conceal.

Addison.

The plebeians would fain have a law enacted to lay all men's rights and privileges upon the same level.

Teach me too early taught by thee!
To bear, forgiving and forgiven:
On earth thy love was such to me;
It fain would form my hope in Heaven.

Swift.

Byron. FAINT', v. n., v. a. & adj. From Fr. faner, FAINT HEARTED, to fade, says Dr. FAINTHEARTEDLY, adv. Johnson; but Mr. FAINTHEART'edness, n. s. Horne Tooke says it is the past partiFAINTING, FAINT'ISH, adj. >ciple of the Saxon FAINT ISHNESS, n. s. Fynizean, to grow FAINT LING, adj. musty; to spoil. FAINT'LY, adv. To decay; waste FAINT NESS, n. s. or wear away; lose FAINT'Y, adj. vigor, or muscular strength; grow feeble or dejected. Shakspeare only (as we find) uses it in an active sense for to enfeeble: faint, as an adjective, means weak in any sense, and is applied to light, color, sound, objects of taste, &c.: faintly follows this variety of acceptation: faintish is slightly, or beginning to grow, faint: fainty is an obsolete and poetical synonyme of faint: faintling, timorous; feebleminded. The other compounds seem not to require explanation.

They will stand in their order, and never faint in their watches. Eccles. xliii. 10. Fear not, neither be fainthearted. Isaiah vii. 4. Consider him that endured such contradiction against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds. Heb. xii. 3.

- Sooth it is said, and tried in each degree, Foint friends when they fall out, most cruel foe-men be. Spenser. This evil proceeds rather of the unsoundness of the counsels, or of faintness in following and effecting the same, than of any such fatal course appointed of God. Spenser. If the prince of the lights of heaven, which now as a giant doth run his unwearied courses, should through a languishing faintness begin to stand. Hooker. Loth was the ape, though praised, to adventure; Yet faintly 'gan into his work to enter.

Hubbard's Tale. Should they resolve the next day, as victorious conquerors, to take the city, or else there, as fainthearted cowards. to end their days.

The paleness of this flower

Knolles.

Bewrayed the faintness of my master's heart.

It faints me

To think what follows.

Shakspeare.

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Villain, stand off! base, groveling, worthless wretches,

Mongrels in faction; poor fainthearted traitors.
Addison.

How while the fainting Dutch remotely fire,
And the famed Eugene's iron troops retire.

Smith. The blue compared with these is a faint and dark colour, and the indigo and violet are much darker and fainter. Newton.

The length of the image I measured from the faintest and utmost red at one end, to the faintest and utmost blue at the other end, excepting only a little penumbra. Id. Opticks.

A certain degree of heat lengthens and relaxes the fibres; whence proceeds the sensation of faintishness and debility in a hot day. Arbuthnot on Air. There's no having patience, thou art such a faintling silly creature. Arbuthnot. History of John Bull. These faintings her physicians suspect to proceed from contusions. Wiseman's Surgery. Words pronounced at length, sounded faint and languid. Swift.

From her naked limbs of glowing white, In folds loose floating fell the fainter lawn.

Thomson.

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Faint o'er her couch in scintillating streams Pass the thin forms of fancy and of dreams. Darwin.

Lifts proud Anteus from his mother-plains
And with strong grasp the struggling giant strains;
Back falls his fainting head, and clammy hair,
Writhe his weak limbs, and flits his life in air. Id.
His brow was pale, his blue eyes sunken in,
And blood-drops sprinkled o'er his yellow hair

Showed that his faintness came not from despair,
But nature's ebb.

Byror.

FAIR, adj., adv. & Sax. Fægen; Gothic, FAIRLY, adv. [n. s. fæigr or fager; Sw. faFAIR NESS, n. s. ger, Dan. faur, formed FAIR-SPOKEN, adj. from the old verb fey, to cleanse, or Swedo-Goth. and Icel. fagia; Teut. fegen, to purify. Minsheu says, from Gr. paɛpo. shining; Heb. 83, pheer, beauty. This adjective has, throughout its various applications, the its adverb al use, it preserves the same idea. As sense of clear or bright, literal or figurative. In a substantive, it is principally used for women, collectively or individually; for honesty in transactions; and the quality of fairness in things or persons.

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Thou art a fair woman to look upon. Gen. xii, 11.
Feir weather cometh out of the north.
Job.

Take fire, and bere it into the derkest hous
Betwix this and the Mount of Caucasus,
And let men shette the dores, and go thenne,
Yet wol the fire as faire lie and brenne
As twenty thousand men might it behold.
Chaucer. Cant. Tales.
Ey flattering fortune, loke thou neuer so fayre,
Or neuer so pleasantly begin to smile,
As though thou wouldst my ruine all repayre,
During my life thou shalt not me beguile.

Sir T. More. He only fair, and what he fair hath made, All other fair like flowers untimely fade. Spenser. All the lords came in, and, being by fair means wrought thereunto, acknowledged king Henry.

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But she would spell him backward; if fair faced,
She'd swear the gentleman should be her sister:
If black, why, nature, drawing of an antick,
Made a foul blot. Id. Much Ado about Nothing.
Yourself, renowned prince, stood as fair
As any comer I have looked on yet,
For my affection.

Id. Merchant of Venice.

Well, you must now speak sir John Falstaff fair. Shakspeare.

O, princely Buckingham, I'll kiss thy hand, In sign of league and amity with thee: Now fair befall thee and thy noble house! Thy garments are not spotted with our blood. Id. Hereby, upon the edge of yonder coppice,

A stand where you may make the fairest shoot. Id. Our love is not so great, Hortensio, but we may blow our nails together, and fast it fairly out. Id. Taming of the Shrew. Carry him gently to my fairest chamber, And hang it round with all my wanton pictures.

But if greatness be so blind, As to trust in towers of air, Let it be with goodness joyned, That at least the fall be fair.

Shakspeare.

Bacon.

A standard of a damask-rose, with the root on, was set in a chamber where no fire was, upright in an earthen pan, full of fair water, half a foot under the

water.

Id.

There is due from the judge to the advocate some commendation and gracing where causes are fairly pleaded.

Id.

He through his virtue was as free from greediness, as through his fair livelihood, far from neediness. Carew. Careth the world, thou love, thou live, or die? Careth the world how faire thy fuire one bee? Bp. Hall's Satires. About three of the clock in the afternoon the weather was very fair and very warm. Clarendon.

The king did so much desire a peace, that no man need advise him to it, or could divert him from it, if fair and honourable conditions of peace were offered o him.

Id.

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His doom is fair,

Milton.

Id.

That dust I am, and shall to dust return. Not only do'st degrade them, or remit To life obscured, which were a fair dismission; But throw'st them lower than thou didst exalt them high. Id. Agonistes.

Let us look upon men in several climates: the Ethiopians or black, flat-nosed, and crisp-haired: the Moors tawny; the northern people large, and fair complexioned. Hale.

That which made her fairness much the fairer was that it was but an ambassador of a most fair mind.

Sidney.

After all these conquests he passed the rest of his age in his own native country, and died a fair and natural death. Temple.

For still, methought, she sung not far away:
At last I found her on a laurel-spray :
Close by my side she sat, and fair in sight,
Full in a line, against her opposite.

Dryden.

In this plain fable you the' effect may see Of negligence, and fond credulity; And learn besides of flatterers to beware, Then most pernicious when they speak too fair.

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Id. Fables. When fair words and good counsel will not prevail upon us, we must be frighted into our duty. L'Estrange.

He that attacks received opinions, with any thing but fair arguments, may, I own, be justly suspected not to mean well, nor to be led by the love of truth; but the same may be said of him too who so defends them. Locke.

He who fair and softly goes steadily forward, in a course that points right, will sooner be at his journey's end, than he that runs after every one, though he gallop. Id. Gentlemen who do not design to marry, yet pay their devoirs to one particular fair. Spectator. Addison on Italy

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I am not much for that present; we'll settle it between ourselves; fair and square, Nic, keeps friends together. Arbuthnot. This nutritious juice, being a subtile liquor, scarce obtainable by a human body, the serum of the blood is fairly substituted in its place. Id. on Aliments. I looked for the jugular veins, opened the fairest, and took away a dozen ounces of blood. Wiseman. Virtuous and vicious every man must be, Few in the' extreme, but all in the degree;

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