When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the sound of the combination, and the letter or letters which are not marked are to be regarded as silent; as in āim, clean, cēil, pēople, route, sõul, joûrnal, tōw, &c. The combined letters ce, ci, sci, se. si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a syllable immediately preceded by an accented syllable, are generally equivalent to sh; as in o'cean, ceta'ceous, so'cial, logi'cian, suspicion, auspl'cious, con'science, nau'seous, controversial, dissen'sion, ini'tial, ora'tion, ficti'tious, &c. Such syllables are not always respelled, as, in general, they will naturally be pronounced correctly by an English speaker. But in all exceptional, doubtful, or difficult cases, the appropriate respelling is used. *For an explanation of foreign sounds occurring in the Dictionary, see pp. 1634, 1635.

RESPELLING FOR PRONUNCIATION.—(1.) In respelling the French an, en, on, &c., the letters ng are not to be pronounced themselves, being designed simply to mark the vowel as nasal, that is, as pronounced through both the nose and the mouth at the same time. -(2.) The respelling of a word, when a number of related words follow, applies to all of them down to some other word which is respelled.

REFERENCES.—The figures which immediately follow certain words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding sections in the Principles of Pronunciation. ACCENT.-The principal accent is denoted by a heavy mark; the secondary, by a lighter mark; as in Su'perintend'ent. In the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides performing their proper office, supply the place of the hyphen, except in some compound and derivative words.

ADDITIONAL WORDS AND DEFINITIONS.

A.4.1 A1, The underwriter's registry mark for

sea-worthy vessels of the first or highest class. Other marks used, as A 2, A 24, indicate inferior grades. In the United States the term is colloquially applied to other things to imply superiority. Äard'-wolf, n. [D., earth-wolf.] (Zool.) A digitigrade carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), a native of South Africa, resembling in appearance a cross between the fox and the hyena. Ab'di-ea-ble, a. Capable of being abdicated; that may be abdicated. Åb'di-eant, a. [Lat. abdicans, p. pr. of abdicare. See ABDICATE, v. t.] Abdicating forsaking; renouncing; -followed by of. "Monks abdicant of their orders." Whitlock. Ab-dŏm'i-nal, n. [Add.] Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ring-like opening on each side of the abdo men, external and superior to the pubes;- called also inguinal ring. Ab-dom'i-no-tho-răç'ie, a. Relating to the abdo

men and to the thorax, or chest. Ab-hôr', v. t. [Add.] 2. To cause to shrink back from; to excite abhorrence in. [Obs.]

It doth abhor me now I speak the word. Shak. 3. (Canon law.) To protest against; to reject solemnly. [Obs.]

A.

solute temperature may be regarded as equivalent to | Ăç'ět-ǎm'ïde, n. [From acetyle and amide.] (Chem.)
-2730 centigrade, or 459.4° Fahrenheit.
Ab-sôrb'er, n. One who, or that which, absorbs.
Ab-stain', v. t. [See ABSTAIN, v. i.] To hinder; to
cause to keep away from.

Whether he abstain men from marrying, or restrain them in a marriage. Milton. Ab-strae'tum, n. [Lat.] (Metaph.) An attribute or relation conceived or treated as an entity; an abstract

noun.

A-bu'ti-lon, n. [Arab.] (Bot.) A genus of malva-
ceous shrubs of many species. It is found in the tor-
rid and temperate zones of both continents; - called
also Indian mallow.
Ae'a-çin, n. (See ACACIA.] The inspissated juice
Ae'a-çine, of various species of acacia: gum arabic.
A-ca'ci-ō (-shl-o), n.] A heavy, durable wood, of the
same family (Cedrelacea) with the red mahogany, but
darker and plainer: called also Acajou.
Weale.
Ae'a-na'ceous (-na'shus), a. The same as ACANTHA
A-can'tho-car'poŭs, a. [Gr. akavea, thorn, and kap-
Tós, fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with
spines.

CEOUS.

A-eǎn'tho-çeph'a-lan, n. [Gr. akavea, a spine,
thorn, and kepaλý, head.] (Zool.) One of a group of in-
testinal worms, having the proboscis armed with re-
curved spines.
A-can'tho-çeph'a-lous, a. Having a spiny head;
belonging to the acanthocephalans.
A-can'tho-pod, n. [See infra.] (Zool.) One of a
genus of coleopterous insects, including those species
which have spiny legs.
Brande.
A-can'tho-pō'di-oùs, a. [Gr. axavea, thorn, and
TоUS, Tоdós, foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles.

I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul Refuse you as my judge. Shak. Ab-hôr'rer, n. [Add ] 2. Specifically (Eng. Hist.), one of the church and court party in the time of Charles II., so called because they declared their deep abhorrence of those who sought to dictate to him as to the meeting of a new Parliament in 1680. At a later time they were known as Tories. Macaulay. A-bi'e tin, n. [Lat. abies, abietis, the fir-tree; Fr. Ae-ca'di-an, a. Pertaining to a race supposed to A-bi'e-tine, I abietine.] (Chem.) A resinous substance obtained from Strasburg or Canadian turpentine. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling

Watts.

point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether. A-bi'e-tite, n. [See supra.] 1. (Chem.) A substance resembling mannite, discovered by Rochleder in the leaves of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies pecti nata). Eng. Cyc. 2. (Paleon.) A genus of coniferous plants found in the wealden and greensand formations. Åb'i-o-gĕn'e-sis, n. [Gr. à priv., Bíos, life, and yeveats, yevos, origin.] The supposed production of living matter from matter not living; such genesis of living forms as does not involve a portion of living matter given off from another previously living form; spontaneous generation;-called also abiogeny.

I shall term the... . doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis. Huxley, 1870.

Åb'i-õġ'e-nīst, n. One who believes that life can be
produced independently of antecedent life.
Abi-og'e-ny, n. Same as ABIOGENESIS.
Ab-ir'ri-tāte, v. t. (Med.) To diminish the sensibil-
ity of; to debilitate.
Ab-ir'ri-ta'tive, a. (Med.) Characterized by absence
or defect of irritation, or by debility.
Ab'le-gate (45), n. [Lat. ab and legatus, from legare,
to send with a commission; Fr. ablegat.] (Rom. Cath.
Church.) A legate charged with the duty of bringing
to a newly elected cardinal his insignia of office.
Ab/nor-măl'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being ab-
normal; abnormity; variation.
Darwin.
A-bôr'ti-çide, n. [Lat. abortus, p. p. of aboriri, from
ab, from, and oriri, to rise, to be born, and cædere, to
kill.) (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the
womb; feticide.
A-brā'dant, n. [Lat. abradere, to scrape off. See
ABRADE.] That which abrades, especially a material,
usually in powder, adapted for grinding and polishing.
Ab'ro-gative, a. Tending or designed to abrogate; as,
an abrogative law.

Ab'sey-book, n. An A-B-C book; a primer for teach-
ing the elements of reading, and sometimes including

a catechism.

Shak.

Ab-sin'thate (45), n. (Chem.) A combination of absinthic acid with a base.

have lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest
(about 1300 B. C.).

Ae-çent'u-a-ble, a. Capable of being accented.
Ae-cent/u-a'tion, n. [ddd.] In ecclesiastical music,

Shak

the pitch or modulation of the voice used in reciting
various portions of the liturgy.
Ae-çept', n. Acceptance; assent. [Obs.]
We will suddenly
Pass our accept and peremptory answer.
Ae-çep'tant, n. One who accepts; an accepter.
Ae-çessive, a. Additional; added.
Ae-eli'ma-ta-ble, a. Capable of being acclimated.
Ae-eli'ma-ta'tion, n. [See ACCLIMATE.] The act or
process of becoming accustomed to a new climate; ac-
climatization.

Ac-elive', a. [See ACCLIVITY.] Rising with a slope;
acclivous. [Obs.]
Ae-eòm'pa-ni-er, n.
Ae-count'a-ble, a. [Add.] 2. Capable of being ac-
One who accompanies.
counted for; admitting of rational explanation or vin-
dication. [See Note under RELIABLE.] [Rare.]
True religion. . . . intelligible, rational, and accountable,
-not a burden, but a privilege.
B. Whichcote.
Ae'ere-men-ti'tial, (-tish'al), a. [See infra.] (Phys-
iol.) Developing a new individual by natural increase.
Ae'ere-men-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. accrementum,
from accrescere, to grow larger, to increase.] (Physiol.)
A term applied to that process of generation, in which
an organic part breaks the bonds which unite it to the
individual by which it has been formed, and with which
it constitutes originally only one being, and develops
itself into an individual distinct form, yet in all re-
spects like that from which it proceeds. This process
takes place in many vegetables and lower animals.
Accrescimento (äk-kresh/she-men'to), n. [It.] (Mus.),
The increase of a sound by one half its original dura-
tion, represented by a dot placed after a note.
Ac-euū'mu-lā'tor, n. [Add.) 2. That which accu-
mulates: as, a powerful electrical machine, which
generates or accumulates electric currents of high ten-
sion; a fly-wheel or a spring of India rubber which
accumulates force; (Hydrostat.) a reservoir which ac-
cumulates water for the working of machinery.
A-çeph'a-lo-cyst, or Aç'e-phǎl'o-çýst, n. [Gr.
aképalos, without a head, and Kvors, bladder.]
(Zool.) A species of entozoon in the form of a subglob-
ular or oval vesicle, or hydatid, sometimes found in
the cellular tissue of man and some of the lower ani-
mals, and filled with fluid;- so called from the absence
of a head or visible organs on the vesicle.

A white crystalline solid, derived from ammonia by replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyle. A-çet'y-lene, n. [From acetyle.] (Chem.) A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas, having a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is often produced in considerable quantity in the imperfect combustion of a Bunsen's gas-burner, the flame of which has retreated down the tube, and burns at the base. Watts. Aeh'age (45), n. The state of having aches.

The Pope could dispense with his cardinalate and his achage. Tennyson. A-chet'a-dæ, n. pl. [Lat. from acheta, a cricket; Gr. nxérns, shrill, from xn, a sound.] (Entom.) A family of leaping insects. The term is used by some authorities as equivalent to gryllida, or crickets.

Harris.

Achilles Ten'don. (Anat.) The strong tendon
formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in
the calf of the leg, and inserted into the bone of the
heel; so called from the mythological account of
Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the
River Styx.
Ach'la-myd'e-oùs, a. [Gr. å priv. and xdaμús, xdaμú-
Ach'o-loŭs, a.
dos, a short cloak.] (Bot.) Having no calyx or corolla.
[See ACHOLIA.] (Med.) Lacking bile;
deficient in bile.

A-chrō'ma-ti-za'tion,

n.

[Fr. achromatisation. See ACHROMATIC.] The act of achromatizing; deprivation of color. A-chro'ma-top'sy, n. [Gr. à priv., xp@ua, color, and os, sight.] Inability to distinguish colors; color-blindness; Daltonism.

Dana.

Aç'id-if'ie, a. [Lat. acidus, sour, and facere, to make.]
Producing acidity; converting into an acid.
A-çid'u-lent, a. Having a somewhat acid tendency;
sour; cross. "With anxious, acidulent face." Carlyle.

A'çier-age, n. [Fr., from acier, steel.] The process or

act of coating a metal plate with iron by means of vol-
taic electricity; - applied especially to stereotypes or
engraved copper-plates, so as to render them more dur-
able.

Ae'o-log'ie, a. Pertaining to acology.
Ae'o-lyc'tine, n. (Chem.) A base obtained from the
roots of the Aconitum lycoctonum, whence the name.
It is a white powder, of a bitter taste and alkaline re-
action, and neutralizes acids.
Eng. Cyc.

A-con'dy-lous, a. [Gr. à priv. and κóvdudos, joint.]
Being without joints.
Ae'o-nit'ie, a. Obtained from, or relating to, aco-

nite.

Ae'o-ni'tum, n. [Lat. See ACONITE.] The poisonous herb aconite; wolf's-bane; monk's-hood.

As aconitum or rash gunpowder. A'corn-shell, n. (Zool.) A balanoid; one of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle. Owen. A-eous'tie-al-ly (-kow'stik-), adv. In a manner adapted to acoustics; in relation to sound or hearing. The day was acoustically clear. Ae'ous-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. Tyndall, [Fr. acousticien.] One Tyndall. Ae'ri-to-ehrō'ma-cy, n. [Gr. akρiтos, undistinguishable, from a priv. and κpível, to separate, distinguish, and xpwμа, Xpúμaros, color.] Inability to discriminate between colors; color-blindness; Daltonism. Ae/ro-cärp'oùs, a. [Gr. axpos, extreme, highest, and Káρmos, fruit.] (Bot.) Having a terminal fructificaAe'ro-dŏnt, a. [Gr. aκpos, summit, and odous, odóvTOS, tion; having the fruit at the end of the stalks. a tooth.] Having the teeth soldered firmly to the salient part or ridge of the jaw-bone, as in some of the lacertians.

e'ro-dyn'i-ȧ, n. [Gr. ăxpos, extreme, highest, and ódúvn, pain; Fr. aerodynie.] (Med.) Acute rheuma tism of the extremities, especially of the feet. Ae'ro-nye'tous, a. [Gr. axpos, extreme, and vút, VUKTÓS, night.] (Astron.) Appearing at sunset and Ae'ro-pŏl'i-tan, a. Pertaining to an acropolis. disappearing at sunrise, as stars. A-eros'tie, n. [Add.]

Ab-sin'thic, a. (Chem.) Relating to absinthium, or
common wormwood, or to an acid obtained from it.
Ab'so-lute, a. [Add.] Absolute temperature, the tem-
perature as measured on a scale determined by certain Aç'er-ate, n. [See ACERIC.] (Chem.) A combination of Ae'ro-tism, n.
general thermo-dynamic principles. The zero of ab- I

ā, ē, i, ō, ū, ÿ, long; ă, e, i, o, u, y, short; câre, fär, låst, fall, what; thêre, veil, tèrm; pïque, fîrm; dône, fôr, do, wolf, food, foot; fûrl, rude, push; e, i, o, silent; ç as s; ch as sh; e, eh, as k; ġ as j, g as in get; s as z; x as gz; n as in linger, link; th as in thine.

Copyright, 1879, by G. & C. MERRIAM.

Aet'a-ble, a. That may be put into action. Tennyson.
Aet'ing, p. a. Performing the part or discharging the
duties of another; as, an acting superintendent.
Ïe1ti-no-zō'à, n. pl. [Gr. ȧKTís, aκTivos, a ray, and
wov, an animal.] (Zool.) A group of Calenterata,
comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea-
anemone is a familiar example.
Äe/ti-no-zō'an, n. One of the actinozoa.
Ae'tion (ak'shun), n. [Add.) 9. (Music.) The mechani-
cal contrivance by means of which the impulse of the
player's finger is transmitted to the strings of a piano-
forte or to the column of air in an organ-pipe.
Aet'u-al (akt/yyal), n. (Finance.) Something actu-
Grove.
ally received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts.
[Cant.]

The accounts of revenues supplied were not real re-
ceipts; not, in financial language "actuals but only Egyp-
tian budget estimates of the amounts which it was calculated
ought to be received.
Fortnigtly Review.
Aet'ū-al-ist, n. [See ACTUAL.] One who deals with
or considers actually existing facts and conditions,
rather than fancies or theories; opposed to idealist.
J. Grote.
Ae-tü'ri-ençe, n. [A desiderative form, from Lat.
agere, actum, to put in motion, do, act.] Desire of ac-
tion; tendency or impulse to act. [Kare.]

Acturience, or desire of action, in one form or another, whether as restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of something desirable, is quite as much a fact of human nature, as any kind of want or need. J. Grote.

Ăe'u-min'u-late, a. (Bot.) Somewhat acuminate or tapering.

of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the |Ăg'a-mo-ge-nět'ie, a.
time of publication.

Ad-vançed', p. p. Progressive; imbued with novel
ideas, as opposed to the traditional or commonly re-
ceived; as, advanced opinions, advanced thinkers.
Ad-vèrb'i-al-īze, v. t. To give the force or form of
an adverb to.

Æg'i-păn (ēj'-), n. _ [Gr. aïs, aiyós, goat, and IIáv, the
god Pan.] (Art.) That type of the god Pan which rep-
resents him as having the legs and thighs of a goat. The
older types are purely human.
E'o-lo-trop'ie, a. [Gr. aióλos, changeful, and τроný,
a turning, from Tpérew, to turn.] Not isotropic; un-
equally elastic in different directions.
Sir W. Thomson.
A'er-hy'drous, a. [Gr. anp, air, and dwp, water.] A
term applied to minerals which contain water in their
cavities.

-ē'ri-al-ly, adv. Like, or from, the air; in an aërial

manner.

A murmur heard aërially.
Tennyson.
A'er-o-dy-năm'ie, a. [See AERODYNAMICS.] Pertain-
A'er-og'no-sy, n. [Gr. áýp, air, and yvwois, knowing,
ing to the force of air in motion.
knowledge, from ytyvwoke, yvwvas, to know; Fr.
aérognosie.] The science which treats of the proper-
ties of air, and of the part it plays in nature.
A'er-og'ra-pher, n. One who writes upon the prop-
erties of the air; one versed in acrography.
A'er-o-graph'ie, a. Pertaining to aerography;|
A'er-o-graph'ie-al, aërological.

[See supra.] Reproducing without the union of male and female sexual organisms.

All known agamogenetic processes end in a complete return to the primitive stock. Huxley. Ag-gressive-ly, adv. In an aggressive or hostile

manner.

Ag/lu-ti'tion, n. [Gr. à priv. and Lat. glutire, glutitum, to swallow.] (Pathol.) Inability to swallow. Ag'mi-na/ted, a. [From Lat. agmen, agminis, a train, a crowd, from agere, to drive.] Crowded; closely packed.

Agminated glands (Anat.), & collection of follicles in the small intestine. Ag-nos'tie, a. [Gr. à priv. and yvwσrikós, knowing, from yуvwoke, to know.] Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic assertion; leaving a question or problem still in doubt; pertaining to, or involving, agnosticism.

Ag-nŏs'tie, n. [See supra.] One who professes igno-
rance, or refrains from dogmatic assertion; one who
supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the
existence of a personal Deity.
Ag-nos'ti-çişm, n. [See supra.] That doctrine which,
professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies; specifi-
cally, in theology, the doctrine that the existence of a
personal Deity can be neither asserted nor denied,
neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary
limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon
Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency
of the evidence furnished by psychical and physical
data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by
the school of Herbert Spencer); opposed alike to dog-
matic skepticism and to dogmatic theism.
A-grăph'i-å, n. [Gr. à priv. and ypáper, to write.]
The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas
by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.
a current of air. It is a symptom often accompanying A-gra'ri-an, a. [Add.] 3. (Bot.) Wild;-
Grove.
hydrophobia, and sometimes accompanying hysteria and
- said of
plants growing in the fields.
other nervous affections.
A-grin', adv. [See a and grin.] In the act or state of
grinning.

Ae'u-pression (-presh'un), n. [Lat. acus, a needle, A'er-o-kli'no-scope, n. [Gr. anp, air, λive, to turn,
Ae/u-pressure (-prèsh'r), S and premere, pressum,

to press. (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage re-
sulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing
a needle under the divided vessel, and leaving the ends
exposed externally on the cutaneous surface.
A-da'ji-el'to, a. [It. Dim. of adagio, slow movement.]]
(Mus.) Somewhat less slow than adagio.
A-da'gi-ět'to, n. [See supra.] (Mus.) A short adagio.
Adam's-apple, n. [Add.] 3. (Bot.) A perennial
herbaceous plant, a species of banana (Musa paradisi-
aca). It attains a height of 20 feet or more. Paxton.
Ad'der, n. One who, or that which, adds; an abacus.
Ad'di-son's Dis-ease'. [Named from Thomas Addi-
son, M. D., of London, who first described it.] A mor-
bid condition of the supra-renal capsules (two ductless
glands in front of the upper end of each kidney), caus-
ing the skin to assume a deep bronze color; it is called
also bronzed skin disease, and is usually fatal.

A-deem', v. t. [Lat. adimere. See ADEMPTION.] (Law.)
To revoke or take away, as a legacy, grant, or the like.
Ad'e-lo-pod', n.
Chitty.
[Gr. aônλos, invisible, and moûs,
Todós, foot.] (Zool.) An animal having feet that are
not apparent.
Ad'e-ni'tis, n. [Gr. åôýv, a gland.] (Med.) Inflam-
mation of the lymphatic glands.
A-de'no-çele, n. [Gr. adýv, a gland, and Kýàŋ, a tu-
mor.] (Med.) A morbid growth in the female breast,
closely resembling in its tissue that of the breast itself.
Ad'e-no-graph'ie, a. Pertaining to adenography, or
the anatomy of the glands.
Ad'e-no-tom'ie, a. Pertaining to adenotomy, or
}
Ad'e-no-tŏm'ie-al, dissection of the glands.
Ad'es-my, n. [Gr. adeouos, unfettered, from à priv.
and deduós, a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or splitting
of an organ which is usually entire.
Ad-he'sive-ness, n. [Add.] 2. (Phren.) An organ
which is held to be the seat of that feeling which

causes men to associate with each other, and to take
pleasure in bestowing and receiving friendship; ten-
dency to social or personal attachment.
Ad/i-po-çer'i-fôrm, a. [N. Lat. adipocera, and Lat.
forma, form. See ADIPOCERE.] Having the appearance
of adipocere; as, an adipoceriform tumor.

A-dip'sous, a. [Gr. ados, from a priv.

and dia, thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits. Ad-joûrn'al, n. Adjournment. [Rare.] "An adjour

nal of the Diet." Sir W. Scott. Ad-la'tus, n. [Lat. p. p. from afferre, to bring to, to assist.] An attendant; a personal supporter; an aidde-camp.

Åd'mi-rā'tion, n. [Add.] 2. A prodigy; something to excite wonder. [Poet.]

Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration. Shak. Ad-na'tion, n. [See ADNATE.] (Bot.) The consolidation of different floral verticils or sets of organs. A-dō'nis, n. [Add.] 1. The name comes from its deep red color, which suggested the idea of its being stained by the blood of Adonis.

2. An elegant young man. A-dopt'a-ble, a. Capable of being adopted; worthy of being adopted; as, this opinion is not adoptable. A-dŏp'tion, n. [Add.) 4. (Theol.) The special act of God's grace by which men are received into his family on justification by faith. A'dri-an-ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) (a.) One of a sect that adopted the errors of Simon Magus. (b.) A follower of Adrian Hamstedius, who lived in the 16th century, and held that the body of the Saviour was formed wholly from the substance of Mary, his mother. Åd'u-lâ'ri-å, n. (Min.) A transparent or translucent variety of feldspar, found especially at St. Gothard, Switzerland. The finest specimens are from a high peak called Adula, whence the name. Ad-vȧnçe', a. [Add.] Advance sheets (Print.), pages

and σkожеiv, to examine.] A piece of apparatus so con-
trived as to show, in connection with its turning on a
pivot, the direction of the wind, and the differences of
barometric pressure.
A'er-o-phō'bi-ȧ, Įn. Gr. anp, air, and póßos, fear;
A'er-oph'o-by, Fr. acrophobie.] (Med.) Dread of

'rose, a. [Lat. ærosus, from æs, æris, brass, copper.] Coppery; of the nature of copper; resembling copper His hard features were revealed, all agrin and ashine with A'er-o-sid'er-ite, n. [Gr. anp, air, and σidnpirns, σid-A-gros'to-graph'ie, or brass. glee. C. Bronté. npiris, of iron, from σídnpos, iron.] (Meteor.) A mass A-gros'to-grăph'ie-al, raphy, or a description of a. Pertaining to agrostog'er-o-sphere', n. [Gr. anp, air, and opaîpa, sphere: A-gros to-log'ie, the grasses. Fr. acrosphere. The mass of air which surrounds the A-gros to-logie-al,}

of meteoric iron.

globe; atmosphere.

grasses.

A'er-o-stat'ie, a. [Add.] Aerostatic press, a kind of
air-pump for extracting the coloring matter from dye-
woods, and the like.
Es/the-si-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. aio@nois, sensation, from
Es'eu-line (es'-), n. See ESCULINE.
aioláveolai, to perceive, and μérpov, a measure; Fr.
esthésiomètre.] An instrument to measure the degree A hôrse'bǎck, adv.
of sensation, by determining at how short a distance
two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished,
and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile]
sensibility is normal or altered.

Es/the-so'die, a. [Fr. esthésodique, from Gr. aioen-
σis, sensation, from aio@áveobat, to perceive, and òdós,
a way.] Conveying sensation; - a term applied to the
portion of the spinal cord which conveys sensation.
Es-ti-va'tion, n. [Add.] 2. The dormant state of
Es'tu-ous (est'y-us), a. [Lat. astuosus, from æstus,
some animals during the hot season.
fire, glow, from æstuare, to be agitated, to burn.]
Glowing; scorching.

male.

}

a. Pertaining to agrostology, the knowledge of the

or

Agryp-not'ie, n. [Gr. aypurvos, sleepless, from apa,
a chase, and vos, sleep.] Anything which prevents
sleep, as strong coffee or tea.
Ag'y-nous, a. [Gr. à priv. and yový, woman.] (Bot.)
Having fecundating, but not fruit-bearing, organs;
[Prefix a and horseback.] On
A-hri'zoùs (-ri'-), a. [Gr. à priv. and pica, root.] (Boi.)
Thackeray.
Being without radicles, as certain acotyledonous plants
A-hun'gered, a. [Prefix a and hungered.] Wanting
which are reproduced by sporules.

horseback.

food.

C. Bronte.

Ai-guïlle' (a'gweel'), n. (Fr., Sp. aguja, It. aguglia, from Lat. acicula, dim. of acus, a needle.) A sharp needle-like summit of a mountain.

Eth'o-gen (eth'o-jen), n. [Gr. aitos, fire, light, and
yevos, birth.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and
boron, which, when heated before the blow-pipe, gives
a brilliant phosphorescent light; boric nitride.
Affet tu-o'so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a tender man-Air-cross'ing, n.
ner; with feeling.
Af-fil'i-a-ble, a. Capable of being affiliated.

Af-fin'i-ty, n. [Add.] 6. (piritualism.) A man or Âir'-lamp, n.

woman for whom one of the opposite sex feels a strong
attachment, amounting to a passion. The word some-
times implies a supposed spiritual relation of the sexes,
higher and holier than that of marriage. [Cant.]
A-flame', adv. [Prefix a and flame.] In flames; glow-
A-low', adv. [Prefix a and flow.] Flowing. "Their
ing with light. George Eliot (Mrs. G. H. Lewes).
founts aflow with tears."
Aft'er-dǎmp, n.
R. Browning.
An irrespirable gas which is some-
times found in mines; choke-damp. Its most impor-
tant constituent is carbon-dioxide, or carbonic acid
Aft'er-eye, v. t. To look after; to keep in view. [Obs.
gas, produced by the explosion of fire-damp.
or poet.]
Shak.
After-glow, n. A kind of second twilight, often seen
a short time after sunset. The phenomenon is due, in
Sir John Herschel's opinion, to a second reflection of
Ag'a-lã e'ti-à (-shl-ȧ), n. [Gr. å priv. and yáda, yáλak-
solar light in the atmosphere.
TOS, milk (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of
Ag'a-mi, n. (Ornith.) A bird (Psophia crepitans), of
milk after childbirth.
the interior of Guiana, called also the gold-breasted
trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant,
Ag'a-mo-gen'e-sīs, n.
but its legs are much longer.
[From Gr. ayaμos, unmar-
ried, from a priv. and yάuos, marriage, and yéveσis,
generation, from yiyveo@ai, to be born.] [Add.] Re
production without the union of the whole or parts of
two distinct organisms for the formation of offspring.

Ai'no, n. [Said to be the native word for man.] One of a tribe inhabiting Yezo, Saghalien, and the Kurile Islands, and supposed to have been the progenitors of the original inhabitants of Japan. Âir'-brake, n. (Mach.) A contrivance for stopping the motion of a car-wheel, by the use of compressed atmospheric air as a means of applying the brakes. Knight. A passage for air in a mine. Âir'-flue (-flu), n. A tube in which air is conveyed, as from a stove to various parts of a building. A pneumatic machine, by the operation of which an inflammable gas, being lighted by electricity, produces a flame which may be reduced or continued at will. Air'-stōve, n. A stove for heating a current of air Air-tight (-tit), n. which is directed against its surface by means of pipes. and which is then distributed through the building. An air-tight stove; a small stove for burning wood, so constructed that the draft can be Air'-trunk, n. almost entirely shut off. [Colloq. U. S.] A ventilating shaft, opened from the ceiling of a room to the roof of the building. Air'y, a. [Add.] 8. Having an artificial or affected manner; being in the habit of putting on airs. Ait, n. [See OAT] Oat. [Scottish.] Al'a mo-dǎl'i-ty, n. [See ALAMODE.] The state or condition of being in accordance with the prevailing mode or fashion; used jocosely. Al'a-nine, n. (Chem.) A white crystalline base, derived from aldehyde-ammonia and hydrocyanic acid. Albert-ite, n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of Albert, New Brunswick. It is regarded as an inspissated and oxygenated petroleum.

Albert-type, n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, of Munich.] (Photog.) A photographic process in which the picture is taken upon a layer of albumen and gelatine impregnated with bichromate of potash. By suitable treatment this becomes capable of taking ink and giving impressions like a lithographic stone; also, the picture made by this process.

ā, ē, i, ō, ū, ÿ, long; ă ̧č,, I, ŏ, ŭ, ỹ, short; câre, fär, låst, fall, whạt; thêre, veil, term; pïque, fîrm; done, fôr, dg, wolf, food, foot;

anic acid and a base.

loxan.

Al-bes'çençe, n. [See ALBESCENT.] The act of be- | Al-lõx'a-nate, n. (Chem.) A combination of allox-
coming white or whitish.
Al'bi-cant, a. [Lat. albicans, albicantis, p. pr. of al-Allox-ǎn'ie, a. Pertaining to alloxan ; - applied to an
bicare, to be white, from albus, white.j Growing or
acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on al-
becoming white.
Ăl'bi-nîşm, n. [Add ] 2. (Bot.) A pale or whitish Allox-ǎn'tin, n. (Chem.) A substance produced
condition of leaves and other parts of plants, owing to Allox-an'tine, by acting upon uric acid with warr:
the absence or the non-development of chlorophyl.
3. An abnormally white condition of the plumage
of birds, or the fur or hair of mammals.
Al/bi-nist'ie, a. Presenting the phenomena of albin-

ism.

Ål'bo-lith, n. [Lat. albus, white, and Gr. Aídos, stone.]
A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting
chietly of magnesia.
Albu-min'i-form, a. [Lat. albumen, albuminis, and
forma, form.] Formed like, or resembling, albumen.
Al-bü'mi-nim'e-ter, n. Lat. albumen, albuminis,
and Gr. μérpov, measure; Fr. albuminimètre.] An in-
strument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen
contained in a liquid.

Al bū'mi-nine, n. (Chem.) The substance of the
cells which inclose the white of birds' eggs.
Watts.
Al'eo hòl-işm, n. (Med.) A diseased condition of the
system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic
liquors.

Al'e-thi-ŏl'o-gy, n. [Gr. åλý@ela, truth, and Aóyos,

discourse.] The science which treats of the nature of
truth and evidence.
Sir W. Hamilton.

A-leth'o-scope, n. [From Gr. áλnons, true, and
Oxoneir, to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures
by means of a lens, so as to present them in their nat-
ural proportions and relations.

A-lex'i-py-ret'ie, a. [Gr. àλége, to ward off, and

uperós, burning heat, fever, from up, fire.] (Med.)
Serving to drive off fever; febrifuge; antifebrile.
Alfalfa, n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A perennial plant, allied
to the clover family, which is cultivated in California
and Texas for fodder. It seems to be the same as the
European lucern (Medicago sativa).
Alga-ro-villa, n. The product of a species of acacia
(Juga Murtha), found in parts of South America, and
valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye.
Al'goid, a. [Lat. alga, sea-weed, and Gr. eldos, form.]
Resembling sea-weed.

Al-gōn'kin, Įn. One of a widely spread family of
Al-gon'quín, Indians, including many distinct

tribes, which formerly occupied most of the northern
and eastern parts of North America. The name was
originally applied to a group of Indian tribes north of
the River St. Lawrence.

Al'ien-a'tor (al'yen-), n. One who alienates, conveys to another, makes indifferent or adverse, or estranges. Ål'kal-ǎm'ide, n. [Alkali and amide.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia, in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by positive, and another part by negative, atoms or radicals.

Alka-net, n. [Add.] 2. (Bot.) The hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens), belonging to the borage family.

Al'kar-sine, n. (Chem.) A spontaneously inflamma-
ble liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of
cacodyle and its oxidation products; -called also Ca-
det's fuming liquid.

All, n. [Add.] All told, all counted; in all; including
the whole number, as actually counted.
Allan-īte, n. [From Thomas Allan, who first distin-
guished it as a species.] (Min.) A silicate containing
a large amount of cerium, found in Greenland, also in
Virginia. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is
related to epidote in form.
Allanto-ine,n. (Chem.) Same as Allantoic acid.
Alle-gör'i-zā'tion, n. The act of turning into alle-
gory, or of understanding in an allegorical sense.
Alle-mande', n. [Add.] 2. (Cookery.) The white
sauce known as velouté, thickened with cream and
whites of eggs, and seasoned with nutmeg and lemon
juice.

All-fools'-day, n. The first day of April.
All-hāil, v. 1. To salute; to greet. [Poet.]

the king, who all-hailed me, "Thane of Cawdor." Al'liçe, or Ål'lis. See ALOSE.

Shak.

and very dilute nitric acid.
All'-thing, adv. Altogether; quite. [Obs.]

If he had been forgotten,
It had been as a gap in our great feast,
And all-thing unbecoming.

like that of horse-radish.

Shak.

Ally1, n. [Lat. allium, garlic, and Gr. van, wood, mat-
ter, element, base.] (Chem.) An organic radical, ex-
isting especially in garlic and mustard. It is a very
volatile liquid, with a peculiar pungent odor, somewhat
Watts.
A'lōse, n. [Fr., from Lat. alosa.] (Ichth.) The
American shad (Alosa sapidissima).
A-lqu'chï, or A-lu'chi, n. A compound resin ob-
tained from Madagascar. It has an aromatic, peppery,
bitter taste.
Alt-ǎz'i-muth, n. [From Lat. altus, high, and Eng.
azimuth.] An instrument for taking azimuths and
altitudes simultaneously, the form most generally
used being that called the theodolite. Stormonth.
Al-ter'nate, a. [Add.] Alternate generation (Biol-
ogy), a form of reproduction in which development
from eggs alternates with that from buds, the individ-
uals arising in the two methods differing to a certain
extent from one another; metagenesis.
Al-the'ine, n. [Sec ALTHEA.] (Chem.) An alkaline
substance discovered in the marsh-mallow; asparagine.
Alt'hôrn, n. [See ALT and HORN.] (Mus.) An instru-
ment of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in mili-
tary music, often replacing the French horn. Grove.
Al'try-ism, n. [Lat. alter, other; Fr. altruisme.] Re-
gard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to
the interests of others; unselfishness; - opposed to
egotism. [Recent.]

Whatever nomenclature we use, whether we are content-
ed with those old terms, good-heartedness, brotherly kind-
ness, charity, humanity, benevolence, beneficence, generosity,
which sufficed for the writers and speakers of the New Testa-
ment, and were not found lacking by Chaucer and Shakespeare,
or whether we must coin ourselves the not very beautiful word
altruism, we all practically agree that the man who fervently and
disinterestedly works for the benefit of his brother men is the
good man.
London Spectator.

Al'try-ist'ie, a. Displaying altruism; showing a re-
gard for others; unselfish.

Al ve-ŏl'i-fôrm, a. [Lat. alveolus, q. v., and forma,
form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets,
cells, or cavities.

4-lyssum, n. [N. Lat., from å priv. and Aúσơa, raging
madness; because it was supposed to cure madness.]
(Bot.) A genus of plants, belonging to the Crucifera,
or mustard family. The sweet alyssum (A. maritimum,)
cultivated for boquets, bears small, white, sweet-scented
flowers.

A-mål'ga-mā'tor, n. A machine for separating pre-
cious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in
contact with a body of mercury with which they form
an amalgam (whence the name).

4-măr'a-cus, n. [Lat., and Gr. àμápakos.] (Bot.) A
plant of the genus Origanum; marjoram.

of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

acid combined with a base.

Am'ni-o-tāte, n. [See AMNION.] (Chem.) Amniotic
A-mœ'bi-form (-mē'-),Įa. [amœba and Lat. forma,
A-moe'boid,
or Gr. eldos, form.] Re-
sembling an amœba.
Amphi-ar-thrō'sis, n. [Gr. ȧupi, around, and ap-
Opwois, a jointing, from apopov, a joint.] (Anat.) A
form of articulation in which contiguous osseous sur-
faces are connected by disks of flattened cartilage.
Am-phib'i-o-lite, n. [Gr. du Bios, amphibious, and
Aidos, stone.] (Paleon.) The fossil remains of an am-
phibious animal.

Am'phi-co/lous, a. The same as AMPHICŒLIAN.
Am'phi-gör'ie, a. [See infra.] Nonsensical; absurd;
pertaining to an amphigory.
Am-phig'o-ry, n. [Fr. amphigouri, of uncertain der-
ivation, perhaps Gr. dubi, around, and yupos, a circle.]
Nonsense verses; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning,
which on further attention proves to be meaningless.
Am-phil'o-ġy, n. [Add.] 2. A partial truth; a truth
so stated that its opposite might seem equally true.
J. Grote.

Am'phi-ox'us, n. [Gr. audí, on both sides, or both
ends, and ofús, sharp (Ichth.) A fish (Amphioxus
lanceolatus [or branchiostoma]), two or three inches
long, found in temperate seas; also called the lance-
let. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest
and most conservative of the vertebrates.

Am-phis'to-mous, a. [Gr. audí, on both sides or
both ends, and σróua, mouth.] Having a cup at each
extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they
adhere to the intestines.
Am'phi-thē'a-ter, n. [Add.] 3. The highest gallery
in a theater, containing low-priced seats.
A-myg/da-lif'er-oŭs, a. [Lat. amygdalus, amygda
lum, almond, and ferre, to bear.] Producing almonds;
- applied to a geode with a movable kernel.
Am'y-late, n. [Lat. amylum, starch.) (Chem.) A
compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and one
Am'y-lene, n.
or more positive atoms or radicals.
(Chem.) A hydrocarbon possessing
anaesthetic properties. It is a transparent, colorless,
very thin liquid, having a faint but offensive odor.
Am'y-loid, a. [Add.} Amyloid degeneration (Pathol.),
a discased condition of various organs of the body, pre-
duced by the deposit of an albuminous substance,
giving a blue color with iodine and sulphuric acid.
A-năb'a-sis, n. [Add.] 2. (Med.) The first period,
or increase, of a disease or paroxysm.
An'a-bǎt'ie, a. Pertaining to anabasis.
An-ach'a-ris, n. [Lat., from Gr. ává, as if for av priv.,
and xápis, grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the
frogbit family (Hydrocharidacea), native to America.
It is sometimes a forcible obstruction to navigation; -
called also waterweed.
An'a-ery'sis, n. [Gr. ȧváκpovσis, from ȧvakpovεiv, to
push up or back, from ává, up, and κpovew, to strike.]
(Pros) A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to
a verse beginning with an accented syllable.
An'æ-mot'ro-phy, n. [Gr. av priv., alua, blood, and
Tpoon, nourishment, from 7pépei, to nourish.] (Med.)
A deficiency of sanguineous nourishment. Dunglison.
(Med.) Entire or partial loss of feeling or perception:
a state of insensibility produced by disease or by the
inhalation of sulphuric ether, nitrous oxide gas, etc.
An-a môr'phism, n. [Gr. àvá, again, and popoń,
form.] A progression from one type to another; ana-
morphosis.
Huxley.
An-ăph'ro-dĭş'i-à (-dīzh'I-å), n. [Gr. av priv. and
adpodioia, sexual pleasures, from 'Aḍpodirŋ, the god-
dess of love.] (Physiol.) Impotence; inability to have
sexual intercourse; also, absence of the venereal ap-
petite.
An'a-plăs'tie, a. Pertaining to anaplasty.
An'a-plás/ty, n. [Gr. àvá, again, and λáoσev, to
form.] (Surg.) The art of restoring lost parts or the
normal shape.

Am'a-rine, n. [Lat. amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) A crys-An'as-the'şi-a (-the'zhl-å), n. [See ANESTHESIS.]
talline substance, produced by the action of ammonia
on oil of bitter almonds.
A-mass'a-ble, a. Capable of being amassed.
Am'au-rot'ie, a. Pertaining to amaurosis.
Am'a-zon-īte, n. (Min.) A variety of feldspar,
Am'a-zon-stone, having a verdigris-green color,
found near the Amazon River, also in the Ural moun-
tains, in Siberia, and also in Colorado. It is opaque,
and takes a fine polish.
Am-blyg'o-nīte, n. [Gr. außλús, blunt, obtuse, and
yovia, angle.] (Min.) A phosphate of alumina and
lithia, containing fluorine; usually massive, sometimes
imperfectly crystallized; color pale green or white;
found at Penig, Saxony; also at Hebron, Maine (He-
bronite).

An'a-po-deie'tie, a. [Gr. av priv. and ȧmodeLKTIKós,

Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from Am'bu-lā'eri-fôrm, a. [Lat. ambulacrum, an alley, and forma, form.] Having the form of ambulacra. demonstrable, from amodelкvivai, to point out, to show A-men'o-mā'ni-à, n. [Lat. amanus, pleasant, and by argument, from ȧnó, from, and deckvúval, to show.] mania, madness, from Gr. pavía, from uaiveσbai, to That can not be demonstrated; undemonstrable. Al-lin'e-āte, v. t. [See ALIGN.] (Surv.) To adjust to rage.] A kind of insanity in which the patient has de- Ăn'a-tine, a. (Lat. anatinus, from anas, anatis, a a line; to align. Sir J. Herschel. lusions of an agreeable character. Allo-ca'tion, n. [Add.] 2. Apportionment; allot-A-men'or-rhæ'à (-rēꞌà), n. duck.] Pertaining to the duck; duck-like. ment; assigninent to a place or location. (Gr. à priv. and unv, A-nat'o-mişm, n. [Fr. anatomisme.] The application month, and peir, to flow.] (Pathol.) Absence or stop- of the principles of anatomy, as in art. The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its page of the menstrual discharge. The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e.. the successive inhabitants. A. P. Stanley. A-měr'i-can, a. [Add.] American ivy. See VIRGINIA French] great figure-painters. The London Spectator. Al-loch'rous, a. [Gr. alos, other, and xpóa, color.] CREEPER. - American party (U. S. Politics), a party, An'cient-ry (ān'shent-ri), n. [Add.] 2. Gentry; aris. Of various colors, as a mineral. from 1854, which opposed the influence of foreign-born tocracy. Wronging the ancientry" Shak. Allo-phyl'i-an, a. [Gr. aλλópulos, of another tribe, citizens, and those supposed to owe allegiance to a for-An'de-sine, n. (Min.) A kind of feldspar found in from atos, other, and ouλý, class or tribe.] Pertain eign power. Native American party (U. S. Politics), a An'de-site, ) the Andes as a constituent of a rock ing to a primitive race or language existing among other party of principles similar to those of the American, which is also called andesite. It is intermediate beraces of the same stock; as, the Basque (race and lan- party, which arose about 1843, but soon died out. guage) in the Pyrenees. Stormonth. Am'ess, n. [See ALMUCE.] (Eccl.) A hood or cape of Allo-tri-oph'a-ġy, n. [Gr. aλórpios, belonging to fur, or of fur-lined cloth, formerly worn by the clergy; another, foreign, strange, from aλos, other, and payeiv, - also written almuce. This word is not to be conto eat; Fr. allotriophagie.] (Med.) A depraved appetite; the desire for innutritious or unsuitable food. Am'ine, n. [From ammonia.] (Chem.) A substance Al-lox'an, n. [From the first syllables of allantoine and derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more oxalic, because it was considered to represent the ele- hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical. ments of allantoine combined with those of oxalic Am-mō'ni-āt'ed, a. (Chem.) Noting compounds of acid.] (Chem.) A product of the oxidation of uric metallic salts with ammonia, usually anhydrous. acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in Am-mō'nie, a. Of, or pertaining to, ammonia. water or alcohol. Watts. | Ăm'ni-ō'tà, n. pl. [See AMNION.] (Zool.) That group

founded with amice.

fûrl, rade, push; e, i, o, silent; ç as s; ch as sh; e, eh, as k;

tween labradorite and oligoclase. An'dine, a. Andean; as, the Andine flora. Bentham. An'droid, a. [See ANDROID, n.] Resembling a man. A-neath', or A-neath', prep. and adv. Beneath. An'ee-dot'ie, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. An/e-moph'i-lous, a. [From Gr. aveuos, wind, and pixos, lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the wind; said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by the wind. Lubbock. An-ět'ie, a. [Gr. ȧverikós, relaxing, from aveσis, remission, relaxation, from aveival, to send forth, to loosen.] (Med.) Soothing; serving to lessen pain; anodyne. ġ as j, ÿ as in get; § as z; x as gz; n as in linger, link; th as in thine.