wider scope. A middle course is the one which has been actually followed. It is evident that many articles which may seem to one person of questionable importance, will be held by another to be of special value as throwing light upon passages which to him would otherwise be perplexing or obscure. The Vocabulary is, of course, chiefly designed to elucidate the works of British and American writers; but names occurring in the literatures of other modern nations have been introduced wherever they have become well known to the public through the medium of translations, or when they seemed, for other reasons, to be worthy of insertion.

In accordance with the plan of the Vocabulary as indicated in the title, such English, French, German, and other Pseudonyms as are frequently met with in books and newspapers have been given for the benefit of the general reader. No pretense, however, is made to completeness, or even to fullness, in this respect. The bibliographer will find here little or nothing that is new to him; and he must still have recourse to his Barbier, Quérard, and Weller, and other writers of the same class. Names like Erasmus, Melanchthon, Mercator, Ecolampadius, &c., assumed by learned men after the revival of classical literature, being, in general, merely the Latin or Greek equivalents of their real names, and being also the only names by which they are now known in history, are excluded as not germane to the work. For a similar reason, no notice is taken of such names as Massena, Metastasio, Philidor, Psalmanazar, Voltaire, &c.

Many eminent characters in political and literary history are often known and referred to by surnames and sobriquets or nicknames which they have borne; as, the Master of Sentences, the Scourge of God, the Stagirite, the Wizard of the North, the Little Corporal, &c. "Nicknames," said Napoleon, "should never be despised: it is by such means mankind are governed." The Vocabulary embraces the more important of these; but names like Caligula, Barbarossa, Tintoretto, &c., which have entirely superseded the real names of the persons designated by them, have not been regarded as properly coming within the purview of the present undertaking. Nor has it, as a rule, been thought advisable to admit simple epithets, such as the Bold, the Good, the Great, the Unready, the Courtier, &c., the omission of which can hardly be considered a defect, since their signification and the reason of their imposition are usually too obvious to excite inquiry. This rule, however, has not been uniformly observed. Here, as elsewhere in the Vocabulary, that discretionary power has been freely exercised, to which every author of a dictionary or glossary is fairly entitled, and which he is often compelled to usc.

A considerable space has been allotted to familiar names of Parties, Sects, Laws, and Battles; to poctical and popular names of Seas, Countries, States, Cities, &c.; to ancient geographical names which have become interesting from their revival in poetry or otherwise; and to certain long-established and important Personifications. In general, nicknames of Parties and Sects, such as Methodists, Shakers, &c., which have been adopted by those to whom they were at first derisively applied, or which have passed into history and common use as their peculiar and appropriate names, are not designedly included. In a majority of cases, they are given in the body of the Dictionary. Most of the historical by-names inserted, such as Day of Dupes, Evil Mayday, Wonderful Parliament, Omnibus Bill, Western Reserve, &c., are those which are not to be found under the proper heads in Encyclopedias and other books of reference. Popular designations connected with American History and Geography have been freely given in all cases where they have seemed to be well settled, and fitted to illustrate past or contemporary events or characters.

A slight departure from the strict limits of the plan has been thought allowable in the case of a few quasi-historical, or real but obscure, per

DORCHESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, May, 1864.

sons, places, and things, such as John O'Groat, Mrs. Glasse, the Minerva Press, &c., which are often referred to in literature or conversation, and of which no account can be obtained except through an amount of research and toil impracticable to most readers.

In conformity with the course elsewhere pursued in this Dictionary, illustrative citations have been given when it seemed expedient.

In the explanation of names, statements borrowed in great part from one author have been diligently collated with other statements derived from independent and often widely separated sources; and they have been freely enlarged, abridged, or otherwise modified, according to the necessity of the case, or as would best subserve the purpose of the work. On the other hand, where the information required has been found already stated in the best way, no hesitation has been felt in adopting the exact language of a writer; and, be yond this general explanation, no acknowledgment of indebtedness seems necessary.

To determine the pronunciation of proper names is unquestionably the most difficult requirement of Orthoëpy; and little or no attention has hitherto been paid to the pronunciation of such as are peculiar to the literature of fiction. In the absence, not merely of a trustworthy guide, but of any guide at all, the author may sometimes have gone astray; but he has been careful to avail himself of all the information he could obtain. In particular, he has made a thorough examination of such of our vernacular poets as are esteemed classics, and has occasionally adduced passages from their writings to show the accentua tion adopted by these "best judges of pronunciation," as Walker styles them, or, more rarely, to show the sound they assign to particular letters or syllables. If the decisions or opinions he has given prove, in general, to be well grounded, the credit will not be wholly due to him, since he has enjoyed the advice and assistance of gentlemen whose superior opportunities of becoming acquainted with the best usage both at home and abroad, and whose critical taste and familiarity with all that pertains to the subject of orthoëpy, afford the assurance that they "speak scholarly and wisely." In regard to the notation, the system followed in the case of English names is the same as that used in the Dictionary proper, and in the case of names from other modern languages, it is the same as that used in the Pronouncing Geographical and Biographical Vocabularies appended to the Dictionary. (For further explanations, sec pp. xxxix and 1682.)

In the preparation of this Vocabulary, works of general literature have been examined as extensively and thoroughly as time and opportunity have rendered possible. In addition, use has been made of a large number of works devoted to the various branches of literary history; and valuable assistance has been derived from the principal Reviews, and the published writings of the best essayists. Not a few noteworthy names and facts have been gleaned from Encyclopedias, Biographical Dictionaries, Gazetteers, and other works of reference, which have been systematically searched for this purpose. These sources of information are altogether too numerous to be particularized in this place, while to specify a few and make no mention of others of equal importance, would be an invidious distinction.

In conclusion, the author would return his sincere thanks to the many friends who have contributed in different ways to the completeness and accuracy of his Vocabulary. Conscious that the successful accomplishment of his task, in its full extent, and on a first attempt, is more than could be reasonably expected of any individual, he asks a candid criticism of his labors; and corrections or suggestions from any quarter, - especially suggestions of additional names, accompanied with explanations, references, or citations,— if sent to him through the publishers, will be gratefully received, and adopted, if possible, in a future edition.

daughters of "a strange Dioclesian king of Syria," who, Almighty Dollar. A personification of the supposed object of American idolatry, intended as a satire upon the prevailing passion for gain. The expression originated with Washington Irving.

having murdered their husbands on their marriage-night, one only excepted, whom his wife's loyalty saved, were by him, at the suit of his wife, their sister, not put to death, but turned out to sea in a ship unmanned, and who, as the tale goes, were driven on this island, where they had issue by the inhabitants-none but devils, as some write, or, as others assert, a lawless crew, without head or governor. Milton characterizes these stories as "too absurd and too unconscionably gross" for credence; but he remarks, "Sure enough we are that Britain hath been anciently termed Albion, both by the Greeks and Romans."

Albi-on, New. A name formerly given to an ex

tensive tract of land on the north-west coast of North America. It was originally applied by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578, to the whole of what was then called California, but it was afterward confined to that part of the coast which extends from 43° to 48° N. lat., and is now included within the State of Oregon and Washington Territory. Al Borak (al bor/ak). [Ar., the lightning.] An imaginary animal of wonderful form and qualities, on which Mohammed pretended to have performed a nocturnal journey from the temple of Mecca to Jerusalem, and thence to the seventh heaven, under the conduct of the angel Gabriel. This marvelous steed was a female, of a milk-white color, and of incredible swiftness. At every step, it took a leap as far as the longest sight could reach. It had a human face, but the cheeks of a horse; its eyes were as jacinths, and radiant as stars. It had eagle's wings all glittering with rays of light; and its whole form was resplendent with gems and precious stones. Albracca (ži-bräk/kä). A castle of Cathay to which Angelica, in Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato," retires in grief at being scorned and shunned by Rinaldo, with whom she is deeply in love. Here she is besieged by Agricane, king of Tartary, who resolves to win her, notwithstanding her rejection of his suit.

Al'byn (ǎl/bin). The ancient Celtic name of Scotland, and, until Cæsar's time, the appellation of the whole island of Great Britain. It is said to be derived from the Celtic alp or alb, meaning high, and inn, an island. [Written also Albinn.]

The pure Culdees Were Albyn's earliest priests of God, Ere yet an island of her seas By foot of Saxon monk was trod. Campbell. Alceste (l'sěst'). The hero of Molière's comedy, "Le Misanthrope."

"Alceste is an upright and manly character, but rude and impatient even of the ordinary civilities of life, and the harmless hypocrisies of complaisance, by which the ugliness of human nature is in some degree disguised." W. Scott.

Alcina (al-chee/n). A fairy in Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato," where she is represented as carrying off Astolfo. She re-appears in great splendor in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Al'çi-phron. [Gr. 'Aλkippwv, from dλký, strength, spirit, and ophy, heart, breast.]

1. A free-thinking interlocutor in Bishop Berkejey's work of the same name, otherwise called the "Minute Philosopher,"-a work "written with an intention to expose the weakness of infidelity." 2. The hero of Thomas Moore's romance, "The Epicurean," and also the title of a poem by the same author.

We long to see one good solid rock or tree, on which to fasten our attention; but there is none. Like Alciphron we swing in air and darkness, and know not whither the wind

blows us.

Putnam's Mag.

Al'din-gar, Sir. A character in an ancient legend, and the title of a celebrated ballad, preserved in Percy's "Reliques," which relates how the honor of Queen Elinor, wife of Henry Plantagenet, impeached by Sir Aldingar, her steward, was submitted to the chance of a duel, and how an angel, in the form of a little child, appeared as her champion, and established her innocence. Alexander of the North, The. A surname conferred upon Charles XII. of Sweden (1682-1718), whose military genius and success bore some resemblance to those of the Macedonian conqueror. A-lex'is. A youth of great beauty, of whom the shepherd Corydon, in Virgil's second Eclogue, was enamored.

All-the-Talents Administration. An administration formed by Lord Grenville on the death of Mr. Pitt (June 23, 1806). The friends of this ministry gave it the appellation of "All the Talents," which, being echoed in derision by the opposition, became fixed upon it ever after. The death of Mr. Fox, one of the members, Sept. 13, 1806, led to various changes, and this ministry was finally dissolved in March, 1807.

Allworthy. A character in Fielding's novel of "Tom Jones," distinguished for his worth and benevolence. This character was drawn for Fielding's private friend, Ralph Allen, of whom Pope said,

"Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame,
Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame."

The Almighty Dollar, that great object of universal devotion throughout our land, seems to have no genuine devotees in these peculiar villages. W. Irving, The Creole Village. Alph. A river mentioned by Coleridge in his poem entitled "Kubla Khan," composed during a dream, immediately after a perusal of Purchas's "Pilgrimage," and written down from memory. This name is not found in Purchas, but was invented by Coleridge, and was probably suggested by the AIpheus of classical mythology.

"In Xanadu did Kubla Khan

A stately pleasure-dome decree,
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man,
Down to a sunless sea."

Al Rakim (är rä-keem'). [Ar., from rakam, to write, rakimeh, something written or sent.] A fabulous dog connected with the legend of the Seven Sleepers. The Mohammedans have given him a place in paradise, where he has the care of all letters and correspondence. See SEVEN SLEEP

ERS.

Richard Amlet, Esq., in the play, is a notable instance o the disadvantages to which this chimerical notion of affinity constituting a claim to acquaintance may subject the spirit of a gentleman. C. Lamb.

Am'o-rět. The name of a lady married to Sir Scudamore, in Spenser's "Faery Queen.", She expresses the affectionate devotedness of a loving and tender wife.

An'a-chär'sis Clōotz (klōts). A name assumed by Baron Jean Baptiste Clootz, who was born at Cleves, in 1755. He conceived the idea of reforming the human race, and traveled through England, Germany, Italy, &c., denouncing all kings, princes, and rulers, and even the Deity. He called himself Anacharsis, in allusion to the Scythian philosopher of this name, who flourished about six centuries before the Christian era, and who traveled to Greece and other countries for the purpose of gaining knowledge in order to improve the people of his own country.

A-nae're-on Moore. A name sometimes given to' Thomas Moore, the poet, who, in 1801, published a translation of the Odes of Anacreon.

Julia sat within as pretty a bower

Al Sirat (ăs/se-rät'). [Ar., the path.] A bridge extending from this world to the next over the abyss of hell, which must be passed by every one who would enter the Mohammedan paradise. It is very narrow, the breadth being less than the thread of a famished spider, according to some writers; others compare it to the edge of a sword, or of a razor. The deceased cross with a rapidity proportioned to their virtue. Some, it is said, pass with the swiftness of lightning, others with the speed of a horse at full gallop, others like a horse at a slow pace, others still slower, on account of the weight of their sins, and many fall down from it, and are precipitated into hell.

Am'a-dis de Gaul. [Sp. Amadis de Gaula.] The hero of the first and most celebrated romance of chivalry, originally the work of a Portuguese, Vasco de Lobeira (who died, as Ticknor conjectures, in 1403), and translated into Spanish by Montalvo, between 1492 and 1504. The Portuguese original is no longer extant. It was translated into French by Herberay, and printed, in 1555, under the mistranslated title of "Amadis des Gaules," meaning France. In the original romance, Gaula is Wales; and the subject, characters, and localities are British. A-mai'mon, or A-māy'mon. An imaginary king of the East, one of the principal devils who might be bound or restrained from doing hurt from the third hour till noon, and from the ninth hour till evening. He is alluded to in Shakespeare's "1 Henry IV." (a. ii., sc. 4), and "Merry Wives of Windsor" (a. il., sc. 2). According to Holme, he was "the chief whose dominion is on the north part of the infernal gulf;" but Christmas says he ruled over the easternmost of the four provinces into which the world of devils was thought to be divided. Asmodeus was his lieutenant. Am/a-ryllis. The name of a country girl in the Idyls of Theocritus and in the Eclogues of Virgil, adopted into modern pastoral poetry as the name of a mistress or sweetheart.

Milton.

Amelia. The title of one of Fielding's novels, and To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. the name of its heroine, who is distinguished for her conjugal tenderness and affection. The character of Amelia is said to have been drawn for Fielding's wife, even down to an accident which disfigured her beauty.

To have invented that character is not only a triumph of art, but it is a good action." Thackeray.

Aminte (maNt'). The assumed name of a female character in Molière's celebrated comedy, "Les Précieuses Ridicules." Her real name is Cathos, which she had discarded for a more sentimental one, in accordance with the prevailing fashion. Am'let, Richard. The name of a gamester in Vanbrugh's "Confederacy."

As c'er held houri in that heathenish heaven Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore. Byron. A-nǎe're-on of Painters. A name given to Francesco Albani (1578-1660), a distinguished painter of Italy. He was so called on account of the softness of his style, and his avoidance of subjects A-nae're-on of Per'si-i (per'shi-å). which require spirited and energetic treatment. A title sometimes given to Hafiz (d. 1389), the Persian poet, whose odes and lyric compositions, like those of Anacreon, celebrate the pleasures of love and wine. by the French to Bertrand Barrère (or Barère), born Sept. 10, 1755, president of the Convention, Nov. 29, 1792, on account of the flowery and poetical language in which he spoke upon all the measures of the reign of terror. See WITLING OF TERROR. An'as-ta'şi-us (an'as-ta'zhl-us). The hero and title of a novel by Thomas Hope (1770-1831)-a work purporting to be the autobiography of a Greek, who, to escape the consequences of his own crimes and villainies of every kind, becomes a renegade, and passes through a long series of the most extraordinary and romantic vicissitudes. Anastasius Grün. See GRUN, ANASTASIUS. Ancient Mariner. The hero of Coleridge's poem of the same name, who, for the crime of having shot an albatross, a bird of good omen to voyagers, suffers dreadful penalties, together with his compan ions who have made themselves accomplices in his crime. These penalties are at last remitted in consequence of his repentance. He reaches land, where he encounters a hermit, to whom he relates his story; "since then, at an uncertain hour, the agony returns," and drives him on, like the Wandering Jew, from land to land, compelled to relate the tale of his suffering and crime as a warning to others. and as a lesson of love and charity toward all God's creatures. The conception of this poem and the mystical imagery of the skeleton-ship are said by Dyce to have been borrowed by Coleridge from a friend who had experienced a strange dream. Andrews, Joseph. The title of a novel by Fielding, and the name of its hero. To ridicule Richardson's "Pamela," Fielding made Joseph Andrews a brother of that renowned lady, and, by way of contrast to Richardson's hero, represented him as a model of virtue and excellence. An-gěl'i-eå. An infidel princess of exquisite beauty and consummate coquetry, in Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato." She is represented to have come all the way from the farthest Asia to sow dissension among the Christians in Paris, who wero besieged by two hosts of infidels, one from Spain, and another, which had landed in the south of France, from Africa. Among many others, Orlando falls desperately in love with her. Ariosto, in his "Orlando Furioso," took up the thread of Angelica's story where Bojardo had left it, and making the jilt fall in love herself with Medoro, an obscure youthful squire, he represents Orlando as driven mad by jealousy and indignation. Angelica is celebrated for the possession of a magic ring, which, on certain occasions, rendered the wearer invisible. The fairest of her sex, Angelica, sought by many prowest knights, Both Paynim and the peers of Charlemain. Milton. Angelic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Angelicus.] Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274), the most famous of the mediæval schoolmen and divines.

We extol Bacon, and sneer at Aquinas. But, if the situations had been changed, Bacon might have been the Angelic Doctor. Macaulay

Angélique (ŏN/zhâ/lôk′). 1. The heroine of Molière's comedy, "Le Malade Imaginaire."

2. The wife of George Dandin, in Molière's comedy of this name. See DANDIN, GEORGE. Ange-lo. 1. The deputy of Vincentio, in Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure." At first he exercises his delegated power with rigor and seeming conscientiousness, but only to enable him the more safely to gratify his base passion for Isabella, the sister of a young nobleman named Claudio. His design, however, is thwarted, and his hypocrisy un

masked, by a counteracting intrigue of Vincentio's, which, aided and favored by chance, rescues Isabella, and punishes Angelo by compelling him to marry Mariana, a woman whom he had a long time before seduced and abandoned.

2. A goldsmith in Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors." Angel of the Schools. A title given to Thomas Aquinas, the most celebrated metaphysician of the middle ages. See ANGELIC DOCTOR. An-tiph'o-lus of Eph'e-sús. (Twin brothers, An-tiph'o-lus of Sỳr'a-eūse. sons to Egeon and Emilia, in Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors," and-"the one so like the other

As could not be distinguished but by names." Their attendants were Dromio of Ephesus and Dromio of Syracuse, also twins, and both alike in their personal appearance.

An-toni-o. 1. The usurping Duke of Milan, and brother to Prospero, in Shakespeare's "Tempest." See PROSPERO.

2. The father of Proteus, in Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona."

3. A minor character in Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Nothing."

4. The "Merchant of Venice," in Shakespeare's play of that name. See PORTIA.

5. A sea-captain, friend to Sebastian, in Shake

speare's "Twelfth Night."

2. A title conferred upon Bernard Gilpin (15171583), an English reformer, and the first who undertook to preach the Protestant doctrines to the inhabitants of the Scottish Border land.

Apostle of the Peak. A title given to William Bagshaw (1628-1702), a non-conforming divine, distinguished for his zeal and usefulness in the northern parts of Derbyshire, England.

Apostle to the Indies. A title often given to St. Francis Xavier, a distinguished Roman Catholic missionary of the 16th century, who spent more than ten years in laborious efforts to introduce Christianity into the East.

Arabian Tailor. See LEARNED TAILOR.

Är/ehi-ma'go. [From Gr. apxt, chief, in composition, and payos, magician.] A character in Spenser's "Faery Queen." He is a type of Hypocrisy, or Fraud, and, as opposed to Christian Holiness embodied in the Red-cross knight, may also represent Satan, the incarnate principle of evil. wins the confidence of the knight in the disguise of a reverend hermit, and by the help of Duessa, or Deceit, separates him from Una, or Truth.

Не

The satirist, like a malignant Archimago, creates a false

medium, through which posterity is obliged to look at his contemporaries, a medium which so refracts and distorts their images, that it is almost out of the question to see them correctly. Atlantic Monthly.

Är'çite. A character in the "Knight's Tale" in

[Gr. 'Απολλύων, from drolluvai, to destroy utterly, to ruin.] In the Jewish demonology, an evil spirit, called in Hebrew Abaddon, and described in Revelation ix. 11, as "a king, the angel of the bottomless pit." He is introduced by Bunyan in his allegorical romance of the "Pilgrim's Progress."

Apostle of Ger'ma-ny. A title given to St. Boniface (680-755), who, for more than thirty years of his life, labored in the work of converting and civilizing the rude heathen nations of Germany. Apostle of Ire'land. St. Patrick, born near the end of the fourth century, died in 483 or 493. He was moved by visions, as he relates in his confessions, to undertake the conversion of the Irish to Christianity. He established many churches and schools, and made many converts. Apostle of Temperance. An honorary appellation given to the Rev. Theobald Mathew (17901856), a distinguished temperance reformer in Ireland and England.

Apostle of the English. St. Augustin, or Austin, who lived during the latter part of the 6th century. He was sent with forty monks, by Pope Gregory I., to carry Christianity into England. Such was his success that he is said to have baptized 10,000 persons in a single day. He has the merit of having allowed no coercive measures in the propagation of the Gospel. Apostle of the French. A name given to St. Denis, the first bishop of Paris, in the 3d century. He was sent from Rome, about A. D. 250, to revive the drooping churches in Gaul, and proceeded as far as Lutetia (Paris), where he made many converts. He became the patron saint of the kingdom, and his name served, for many ages, as a rallying cry in battle-Montjoye St. Denis! Apostle of the Frisians. An appellation commonly given to Saint Wilbrord, or Willibrod (657738), a native of the Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, who spent forty-eight years of his life in Friesland in preaching Christianity, and endeavoring to convert the people from paganism to the true faith. Apostle of the Gauls. St. Irenæus, presbyter, and afterward bishop, of Lyons, near the close of the 2d century.

"The immortal Apostle of the Gauls, who, in his earliest youth, had sat at the feet of Polycarp, at Smyrna, started from the school of Asia Minor. It was during a great crisis that Providence brought this gem of Asia into the West. Irenæus possessed the apostolical patience, as well as the flery zeal, of Polycarp. He learned Celtic in order to preach the gospel to the barbarians in their own language, and rejoiced in beholding the progress of the good work in which he was engaged in the parts of Germany bordering on Gaul." Bunsen.

Apostle of the Gentiles. A title assumed by St. Paul, who, in conjunction with Barnabas, was divinely appointed to the work of preaching the gospel to all mankind, without distinction of race or nation. His labors lasted through many years, and reached over a vast extent of country. See Acts xiii., Rom. xi. 13, and 2 Tim. i. 11. Apostle of the Indians. An appellation given to the Rev. John Eliot (1604-1690), a celebrated missionary among the Indians in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, many of whom he converted to Christianity.

Apostle of the North. 1. A title bestowed upon Anscharius, or Ansgar (800-865), because he introduced Christianity into Denmark and Sweden. At the instigation of the emperor, Louis le Débonnaire, he went to Denmark, and, after many disappointments and persecutions, converted the king and the greater part of the nation. The Catholic church has placed him among the saints.

Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." See PALAMON. Bojardo's romantic poem, the "Orlando Innamorato." He is celebrated as the possessor of an enchanted lance which threw whomsoever it touched. Argan (R/goN'). The hero of Molière's comedy, "Le Malade Imaginaire," an hypochondriac patient, whose love of medicine is accompanied by a spirit of parsimony which leads him to take every mode that may diminish the expense of his supposed indisposition.

riors, and Armida, a very beautiful sorceress, was employed to seduce Rinaldo and other Crusaders. Rinaldo was conducted by Armida to a remote island, where, in her splendid palace, surrounded by delightful gardens and pleasure-grounds, he utterly forgot his vows and the great object to which he had devoted his life. To liberate him from his voluptuous bondage, two messengers from the Christian army-Carlo and Ubaldo-came to the island, bringing a talisman so powerful that the witchery of Armida was destroyed. Rinaldo escaped, but was followed by the sorceress, who, in battle, incited several warriors to attack the hero, and at last herself rushed into the fight. She was defeated by Rinaldo, who then confessed his love to her, persuaded her to become a Christian, and vowed to be her faithful knight. The story of Armida has been made the subject of an opera by both Gluck and Rossini.

The stage (even as it then was), after the recluseness and austerity of a college life, must have appeared like Armida's enchanted palace. Hazlitt

Arnolph (aR'ņolf'). A selfish and morose cynic in Molière's "L'École des Femmes," whose pretended hatred of the world springs from an absorbing regard to his own gratification.

Ar'te-gal. 1. A mythic king of Britain mentioned in the Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and in Milton's History of Britain. See ELIDUre.

2. A character in Spenser's "Faery Queen," representative of Justice. His main object is to rescue Irena from the tyranny of Grantorto; but, like a chivalrous knight-errant, he is ready to turn asido and subdue the spirit of mischief and violence wherever it may be encountered.

Artful Dodger. A sobriquet of one of the characters in Dickens's "Oliver Twist." He is a young thief, and an adept in villainy. Arthur. See KING ARTHUR. Ar-vir/a-gus. A son of Cymbeline, in Shakespeare's play of this name, passing under the assumed name of Cadwal, and supposed to be a son of Belarius. Sec BELARIUS. As'ea-part. The name of a giant whom Bevis of Hampton conquered, according to the old romance. His effigy may be seen on the city gates of Southampton. He is said to have been thirty feet high, and to have carried Sir Bevis, his wife, and horse, under his arm. Allusions to him occur in Shake speare, Drayton, and other Elizabethan writers. Each man an Ascapart, of strength to toss For quoits both Temple-bar and Charing-cross.

Fope.

Argan... is discovered taxing his apothecary's bill, at once delighting his ear with the flowery language of the Pharmacopoeia, and gratifying his frugal disposition by clipping off some items and reducing others, and arriving at the double conclusion, first, that, if his apothecary does not become more reasonable, he can not afford to be a sick man any longer; and, secondly, that, as he has swallowed fewer drugs by one third this month than he had done the last, it was no wonder he was not so well. [He] is at last persuaded that the surest and cheapest way of securing himself against the variety of mal-As/mo-de'us. [Heb. ashmedai, the destroyer.] In adies by which he is beset, will be to become a doctor in his own proper person. He modestly represents his want of preliminary study, and of the necessary knowledge even of the Latin language; but he is assured that by merely putting on the robe and cap of a physician he will find himself endowed with all the knowledge necessary for exercising the profession. ... This leads to the interlude which concludes the piece, being the mock ceremonial of receiving a physician into the Esculapian college, couched in macaronic Latinity." W. Scott. Argante (aR'gŏNt'). A character in Molière's comedy, "Les Fourberies de Scapin." Argantes (R-gän'tess). The bravest of the infidel heroes in Tasso's epic poem, "Jerusalem Delivered."

Ar-gier'. An old form of Algiers, found in Shakespeare's "Tempest." Ari-el. In the demonology of the Cabala, a water-spirit; in the fables of the middle ages, a spirit of the air-the guardian angel of innocence; in Shakespeare's "Tempest," an airy and tricksy spirit, represented as having been a servant to Sycorax, a foul witch, by whom, for some acts of disobedience, he was imprisoned within the rift of a cloven pine-tree, where he remained for twelve years, until released by Prospero. In gratitude for his deliverance, he became the willing messenger of Prospero, assuming any shape, or rendering himself invisible, in order to execute the commands of his master.

Armada, The Invincible. A famous naval armament, or expedition, sent by Philip II. of Spain against England, in the year 1588. It consisted of 150 ships, 2650 great guns, 20,000 soldiers, 8000 sailors, and 2000 volunteers. It arrived in the Channel on the 19th of July, and was defeated the next day by Drake and Howard. Ten fire-ships having been sent into the enemy's fleet, they cut their cables, put to sea, and endeavored to return to their rendezvous between Calais and Gravelines: the English fell upon them, took many ships, and Admiral Howard maintained a running fight from the 21st of July to the 27th, obliging the shattered fleet to bear away for Scotland and Ireland, where a storm dispersed them, and the remainder of the armament returned by the North Sea to Spain. The Spaniards lost 15 first-rate ships in the engagement, and 5000 men; 17 ships were lost or taken on the Irish coast, and upwards of 5000 men were drowned, killed, or taken prisoners. The English lost but one ship. Armado. See DON ARMADO. Armida (ar-mee'dä). One of the most prominent female characters in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," founded upon a popular tradition related by Pierre Delancre.

The poet tells us, that, when the Crusaders arrived at the holy city, Satan held a council to devise some means of disturbing the plans of the Christian war

the Jewish demonology, an evil spirit, the demon of vanity, or dress, called in the Talmud "king of the devils," whence some assume him to be identical with Beelzebub, and others with Azrael. In mod ern times, he has been jocularly spoken of as the destroying demon of matrimonial happiness.

In the apocryphal book of Tobit he is represented as loving Sara, the daughter of Raguel, and causing the death of seven husbands, who married her in succession, on the bridal night. Tobias, instructed by Raphael, burns on the ashes of perfume" the heart and liver of the fish which he caught in the Tigris; "the which smell when the evil spirit had smelled, he fled into the utmost parts of Egypt, and the angel bound him." Those demonogra phers of the middle ages who reckoned nine kinds of evil spirits placed Asmodeus at the head of the fourth rank, which consisted of malicious, revenging devils. According to other authorities, he is the lieutenant of Amaimon. Wierus, in his description of the infernal court, makes him superintendent of gambling-houses. Le Sage has made him the companion of Don Cleofas, in "Le Diable Boiteux," or "The Devil on Two Sticks," in which occurs the celebrated adventure known as Asmodeus's flight. By direction of the demon, Don Cleofas takes hold of Asmodeus's cloak, and is immediately borne through the air like an arrow, and is perched upon the steeple of St. Salvador. Arrived at this spot, the demon stretches out his right arm, and at once, by his diabolical power, the roofs of the houses are taken off, and, notwithstanding the darkness of the night, the interiors are made visible. The scholar beholds, as at noonday, the inside of all the houses, as one might view the inside of a pie from which the crust has been removed.

Could the reader take an Asmodeus flight, and, waving open all roofs and privacies, look down from the roof of Notre Dame, what a Paris were it! Carlyle.

As-pa'şi-a (as-pā'zhl-a). A female character in Beaumont and Fletcher's play, "The Maid's Trag edy." As-tol'fo, or As-tŏl'pho. A celebrated character in the romantic tales and poems founded upon the supposed adventures of Charlemagne and his Paladins. Astolfo is represented as the English cousin of Orlando, being equally descended with him from Charles Martel. He is a boaster, and is perpetually undertaking great feats, which he is unable to per form; but he is generous, and brave to foolhardiness, courteous, gay, and singularly handsome. In Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," he is made to cure Orlando's madness by bringing home his lost wits in a phial from the moon, and is noted for his magic horn, that routed armies with a blast. As-træe'a. A poetical name assumed by Mrs. Aphara or Aphra, Behn, a dramatist and miscellaneous wri ter of the 17th century, notorious for the license of her life and writings.

The stage how loosely does Astra tread!

Pope.

As'tro-phěl. A name given by Sir Philip Sidney to himself in "Astrophel and Stella." Spenser embalmed the mutual friendship of Sidney and

himself in a pastoral ode entitled "Astrophel." See STELLA.

The long-winded strophes of the divine Astrophel. W. Scott. Athenian Bee. A title bestowed upon Plato (B. C. 429-348), who was a native of Athens, in allusion to the sweetness and beauty of his style. Ath'ens of A-měr'i-ea. A name sometimes given to Boston, Mass. See MODERN ATHENS. Ath'ens of the North. See NORTHERN ATHENS, At-lăn'tis, The New. The title of an allegorical fiction by Lord Bacon, and the name of an island described in it as being situated, like the Atlantis of the ancients, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Bacon represents himself as having been wrecked on this island, and as finding there an association for the cultivation of natural science, and the promotion of improvements in the arts. A-tos'så. [From Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, Queen of Cambyses, and afterward of Darius Hystaspis, by whom she had Xerxes. Herodotus speaks of her as a follower of Sappho.] A poetical name given by Pope to Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, a great friend of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whom Pope calls Sappho in his "Moral Essays," Ep. II.

Pope.

But what are these to great Atossa's mind? Scarce once herself, by turns all womankind. Attic Bee. An epithet conferred by the ancients upon Sophocles (495-406 B. C.), the tragic poet of Athens, on account of the unrivaled beauty and sweetness of his productions. Attic Muse. A title bestowed by the Greeks upon Xenophon (B. C. 450), the celebrated historian, on account of the merit of his style, which was regarded as a model of simplicity and elegance. Atti-eus. 1. A poetical name given by Pope to Addison in the epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot which forms the "Prologue to the Satires." Atticus was an epithet applied by the Romans to a person distinguished for his learning or eloquence.

2. A name given to George Faulkner (d. 1775), to whom Lord Chesterfield addressed, under this title, a series of ironical letters, which attained great celebrity.

Aud'ley, John. A name used by theatrical performers, in the phrase "We will John Audley it," when they intend to abridge an act or a play.

"In the year 1749, Shuter was master of a droll at Bartholomew Fair, and it was his mode to lengthen the exhibition until a sufficient number of persons were gathered at the door to fill the house. This event was signified by a fellow popping his head in at the gallery door, and bellowing out, John Audley, as if in act of inquiry, though the intention was to let Shuter know that a fresh audience were in high expectation below. The consequence of this notification was, that the entertainments were immediately concluded, and the gates of the booth thrown open for a new auditory." Pulleyn. Au'drey. A country wench, in Shakespeare's "As You Like It."

"Audrey is the most perfect specimen of a wondering she-gawky.... She thanks the gods she is foul, and, if to be poetical is not to be honest, she thanks the gods also that she is not poetical." Cowden Clarke. Auld Ane. [That is, the Old One.] A vulgar name for the Devil in Scotland and the North of England. The epithet "old," prefixed to so many of the titles of the Devil, seems to indicate the common opinion that he can only appear in the shape of an old man,

Auld Clootie. A Scottish name for the Devil, supposed to allude to his cloven feet. Auld Hornie. Among the Scotch, a familiar name for the devil, who is often described and represented with horns.

Auld Reekie. A designation given to Edinburgh on account of its smoky appearance, as seen from a distance; or, according to others, on account of the uncleanliness of its public streets.

When my mind was quite made up to make Auld Reekie my head-quarters, I began to explore, in good earnest, for the purpose of discovering a suitable habitation. W. Scott.

"This designation [Auld Reekie] reminds one that the quarter of the city to which it particularly refers presents, even to this day, the spectacle of the most flagrant violation of the most elementary rules for the preservation of public health, and the maintenance of domestic decency." London Review. Austrian Hyena. An appellation given to Julius Jakob von Haynau (1786-1853), an Austrian general distinguished for his sinister appearance, and noto- | rious for his ruthless cruelty to the prisoners particularly the female political prisoners-captured by the forces under his command, in the wars against Charles Albert of Sardinia and the Hungarians under Kossuth and Görgey. Authentic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Authenticus.] An honorary appellation conferred upon Gregory of Rimini, a celebrated scholar of the middle ages (d. 1357).

Au-tol'y-eus, A rogue in Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale." Av'a-lon. In middle-age romance, the name of an ocean island, and of a castle of loadstone upon it, "not far on this side of the terrestrial paradise;". represented as the abode of Arthur and Oberon and Morgue la Faye. It is most fully described in the old French romance of "Ogier le Danois."

"Avalon was perhaps the Island of the Blest of the Celtic mythology, and then the abode of the Fees, through the Breton Korrigan. Writers, however, seem to be unanimous in regarding it and Glastonbury as the same place, called an isle, it is stated, as being made nearly such by the river's embracement. It was named Avalon, we are told, from the British word aval, an apple, as it abounded with orchards; and Ynys gwydrin, Saxon Glastn-ey, glassy isle, Latin Glastonia, from the green hue of the water surrounding it." Keightley. A-za'zel. Among the ancient Jews, the name inscribed upon one of the lots cast by the high priest, on the day of atonement, to determine which of the two goats selected as a sin-offering should be the scape-goat, and which should be sacrificed to Jehovah. See Lev. xvi. There has been much discussion among biblical interpreters as to the meaning of the word Azazel. Some regard it as a designation of the goat itself; some as the name of the place to which he was sent; and others as the name of a personal being to whom he was sent. Tholuck and other critics render the word "for complete sending away." Ewald considers Azazel to have been a demon belonging to the pre-Mosaic religion. Another opinion identifies him with Satan, or the devil. Milton makes him Satan's standard-bearer.

That proud honor claimed
Azazel as his right, a cherub tall;

Who forthwith from his glittering staff unfurled
The imperial ensign, which, full high advanced,
Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind,
With gems and golden luster rich emblazed,
Seraphic arms and trophies.

Par. Lost, B. I. Azꞌra-ěl. [Heb., help of God.] In the Jewish and the Mohammedan mythology, the name of an angel who watches over the dying, and separates the soul from the body.

Madness... invisible, impalpable, and yet no black Azrael, with wings spread over half a continent, with sword sweeping from sea to sea, could be a truer reality." Carlyle.

Bag'stock, Joe. A wooden-featured, blue-faced major in Dickens's "Dombey and Son," self-absorbed, and forever talking of" J. B.," "old J. B.," "Joey B.," &c.

Bajardo (ba-e-an/do). The name given, in Bo. jardo's "Orlando Innamorato," to the steed of Rinaldo.

Bal'der-stone, Caleb. In Sir Walter Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor," the faithful old butler of the Master of Ravenswood. He struggles most virtuously, without food, furniture, or comfort, to maintain an appearance of affluence, and is always ready with some ludicrous shift to uphold the fallen dignity of his patron.

The Gallic foray was even more terrible and fatal than Ro
man vanity chose to avow. It was like Caleb Balderstone's
thunder-storm, or Edward the First's destruction of charters,
-for it utterly ruined early Roman history.
Yonge.
Băl'ma-whap'ple. A pig-headed personage who
figures in Scott's novel of "Waverley."
Balmung (bäl'moong). The sword of Siegfried
in the German epos, the Nibelungen Lied.
Băl'ni-bär/bl. A land occupied by projectors,
visited by Gulliver in his famous imaginary "Trav-
els." See GULLIVER.

Băl'whid-der, The Rev. MI′eah (băl/hwith-er).
A Scottish Presbyterian pastor in Galt's "Annals
of the Parish," imbued with all old-fashioned
national feelings and prejudices, but thoroughly
sincere, kind-hearted, and pious. He is easy, gar-
rulous, fond of a quiet joke, and perfectly ignorant
of the world; diligent, blameless, loyal, and exem-
plary in his life, but without the fiery zeal and
"kirk-filling eloquence" of the supporters of the
Covenant.
Ban'quo (bank/wo). A Scottish thane and warrior
of the 11th century, and progenitor of the royal
House of Stuart, immortalized in Shakespeare's
tragedy of Macbeth."

"The Mohammedan doctors... say that Azrael Baptiste, Jean (zhon bä'test'). A sobriquet
given to the French Canadians.
Barataria (bä-ra-tä/re-a). [Sp., from barato,
cheap.] Sancho Panza's island-city, in Cervantes
romance of "Don Quixote." "Sancho then, with
all his attendants, arrived at a town containing
about a thousand inhabitants. They gave him to
understand that it was called the island of Barataria,
either because Barataria was really the name of the
place, or because he obtained the government of it
at so cheap a rate. On his arrival near the gates of
the town, the municipal officers came out to receive
him. Presently after, with certain ridiculous cere-
monies, they presented him with the keys of the
town, and constituted him perpetual governor of
the island of Barataria."

... was commissioned to inflict the penalty of death on all
mankind, and that, until the time of Mahomet, he visibly
struck down before the eyes of the living those whose
time for death was come; and although not invariably
seen by bystanders, yet he was supposed to be always
visible, in the very act of inflicting the mortal blow,
to those whose souis he was summoned to take away.
Mahomet, struck by the terrific effect which this pro-
duced upon men, entreated that the angel of death should
take away the souls of men without this visible appear-
ance; and, in consequence of the prayers of the prophet,
it was no longer permitted, but men's souls were taken
without their beholding the angelic form which removed
them."
Henry Christmas.

B.

the

Baba, Ali (/lee baba). A character in "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," which relates the story of his adventures with the Forty Thieves, whom he discovers from his hiding-place in a tree, and whose cave he enters by the use of a magic password, Sesame, the name of a kind of grain, which he had accidentally overheard. Baba, Cassim (käs/sim bä/ba). A character in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," the brother of Ali Baba. See BABA, ALI, and FORTY THIEVES.

The spell loses its power, and he who should then hope to conjure with it would find himself as much mistaken as Cassim...when he stood crying, "Open, Wheat," "Open, Barley," to the door which obeyed no sound but "Open, SesaMacaulay. Babes in the Wood. See CHILDREN IN THE WOOD.

me."

-80

Baboon, Lewis. Louis XIV. of France; called in Arbuthnot's "History of John Bull." Baboon, Philip. A nickname given, in Arbuthnot's "History of John Bull," to Philip Bourbon, duke of Anjou. Backbite, Sir Benjamin. A censorious character in Sheridan's "School for Scandal."

But could this sad, thoughtful countenance be the same vacant face of folly which I had hailed so often under circumstances of gayety; which I had never seen without a smile, or recognized but as the usher of mirth; that looked out so formally flat in Foppington, so frothily pert in Tattle, so impotently busy in Backbite? C. Lamb.

Badebec (bäd'běk'). The wife of Gargantua, and mother of Pantagruel, whose birth was the cause of her death; which is not to be wondered at, since he came into the world accompanied by eighty-one sellers of salt, each leading a mule by a halter; nine dromedaries, laden with ham and smoked tongues; seven camels, laden with eels; besides twenty-five wagons full of leeks, garlic, onions, and shallots. Badger State. A name popularly given to the

State of Wisconsin.

Ba'don, Mount (bā'dn). The scene of a battle said to have been fought by King Arthur against the Saxons who invaded his kingdom, and in which the latter were signally defeated. By some writers, Badon has been identified with Bath, by others with Berkshire.

Dull days were those till our good Arthur broke
The pagan yet once more on Badon Hill. Tennyson.

Sancho Panza, in his island of Barataria, neither administered justice more wisely, nor was interrupted more provokingly in his personal indulgences. Shelley.

I don't eat side-dishes; and as for the roast beef of Old England, why, the meat was put on the table and whisked away like Sancho's inauguration feast at Barataria. Thackeray. Bär'ba-son. The name of a fiend mentioned by Shakespeare," Merry Wives of Windsor," a. ii., sc. 2, and Henry V.," a. ii., sc. 1. Bar-dell', Mrs. A widow landlady in Dickens's "Pickwick Papers," celebrated for the suit which she brought against Mr. Pickwick for an alleged breach of promise to marry her.

Bard of A'von. An epithet-title often given to Shakespeare, who was born and buried in Stratfordupon-Avon.

Bard of Ayr'shire. A name often given to Robert Burns, the great peasant-poet of Scotland, who was a native and resident of the county of Ayr. Bard of Ŏl'ney. An appellation sometimes conferred upon the poet Cowper, who resided for many years at Olney, in Buckinghamshire. Bard of Ry'dal Mount. An epithet sometimes applied to the poet Wordsworth (1770-1850), who resided from 1813 until his death at Rydal, a chapelry of England, county of Westmoreland. His dwelling commanded a beautiful view of the lake of Rydal and of a part of Windermere. Bär'dolph. A follower of Falstaff in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor," and in the two parts of "King Henry IV."

We are much of the mind of Falstaff's tailor. We must have better assurance for Sir John than Bardolph's. We like not the security. Macaulay. Bâre'bōne's Parliament. A nickname conferred upon the Parliament convened by Cromwell, July 4, 1653. It was composed of 139 persons, who resigned their authority Dec. 12, 1653; and it was so called from a leather-seller named Praise-God Barebone, who was one of the principal members. Bär'kis. A carrier in Dickens's novel of "David Copperfield," in love with a servant girl named Peggotty, whom he solicits in marriage by writing and displaying before her eyes a proposal uniquely worded, "Barkis is willin." Barleycorn, Sir John. In England and Scot land, a jocular name for ale or beer, which is made of barley. Sir John is the subject of a famous old ballad of the same name. In a whimsical English tract of ancient date, entitled "The Arraigning and Indicting of Sir John Barleycorn, Knt.," he is described as of "noble blood, well beloved in Eng