hid in the cavern, where they had fallen asleep; and that they at last awoke, to the great astonishment of the spectators. Such is the origin of the legend of the Seven Sleepers. At Ephesus, the spot is still shown where this pretended miracle took place. As a dog had accompanied these seven martyrs into their retreat, he has been made to share the celebrity of his masters, and is fabled to have remained standing all the time they slept, without eating or drinking, being wholly occupied with guarding their persons. The Persians celebrate annually the feast of the Seven Sleepers, and their names are regarded as powerful talismans against the decrees of fate. Their dog has not been forgotten; and, to recompense him for his zeal, he has been intrusted with the care of letters missive and correspondences, and admitted to paradise with the ram which Abraham sacrificed in place of his on, with the ass of Balaam, with the ass upon which our Lord entered Jerusalem upon the day of palms, and with the mare upon which Mohammed mounted miraculously to heaven." Reinaud. Seven Wise Masters. See SEVEN SAGES, No. 2. Seven Wise Men of Greece. A number of men among the Greeks of the 6th century, B. C., distinguished for their practical sagacity and their wise maxims or principles of life. Their names are variously given; but those most generally admitted to the honor are Solon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander (in place of whom some give Epimenides), Cleobulus, and Thales. They were the authors of the celebrated mottoes inscribed in later days in the Delphian temple: Know thyself (Solon); Consider the end (Chilo); Know thy opportunity (Pittacus); Most men are bad (Bias); Nothing is impossible to industry (Periander); Avoid excess (Cleobulus); Suretyship is the precursor of ruin (Thales). Seven Wonders of the World, The. A name given to seven very remarkable objects of the ancient world, which have been variously enumerated. The following classification is the one most generally received: 1. The Pyramids of Egypt; 2. The Pharos of Alexandria; 3. The walls and hanging gardens of Babylon; 4. The temple of Diana at Ephesus; 5. The statue of the Olympian Jupiter; 6. The Mausoleum of Artemisia; 7. The Colossus of Rhodes. Sganarelle (sgänä'rel'). The hero of Molière's comedy, "Le Mariage Forcé." He is represented as a humorist of fifty-three or four, having a mind to marry a fashionable young woman, but feeling some instinctive doubts and scruples, consults several of his friends upon this momentous question. Receiving no satisfactory counsel, and not much pleased with the proceedings of his bride elect, he at last determines to give up his engagement, but is cudgeled into compliance by the brother of his intended. Shaf'ton, Sir Pier'cle. A fantastical character in Sir Walter Scott's "Monastery," drawn in imitation of the pedantic courtiers of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and made to talk in the unnatural and highflown style which Lyly rendered fashionable by his "Euphues." His [Johnson's] speech, like Sir Piercie Shafton's cuphuistic eloquence, bewrayed him under every disguise. Macaulay. Shallow. A country justice, in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor," and in the Second Part of "King Henry the Fourth." A nurse of this century is as wise as a justice of the quorum and cust-alorum in Shallow's time. Macaulay. Shan'dy, Tristram. The nominal hero of Sterne's novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." Shan'dy, Mrs. The mother of Tristram Shandy, in Sterne's novel of this name. She is the ideal of nonentity, a character profoundly individual from its very absence of individuality. Shan'dy, Walter. The name of Tristram Shandy's father, in Sterne's novel of this name. The project of mending a bad world, by teaching people to give new names to old things, reminds us of Walter Shandy's scheme for compensating the loss of his son's nose by christening him Trismegistus. Macaulay. " "He. [Sterne]. supposed in Mr. Shandy a man of an active and metaphysical, but at the same time a whimsical, cast of mind, whom too much and too miscellaneous learning had brought within a step or two of madness, and who acted, in the ordinary affairs of life, upon the absurd theories adopted by the pedants of past ages. He is most admirably contrasted with his wife, well described as a good lady of the poco-curante school, who neither obstructed the progress of her husband's hobbyhorse (to use a phrase which Sterne had rendered classical), nor could be prevailed upon to spare him the least admiration for the grace and dexterity with which he managed it." W. Scott. Sharp, Becky. A female sharper, who is a prominent character in Thackeray's Vanity Fair; ". distinguished by her intriguing disposition, her selfishness, good-humor, energy, perseverance, cleverness, and utter want of heart and moral principle. With Becky Sharp, we think we could be good if we had five thousand a-year. Bayne. Shepherd Lord, The. Lord Henry Clifford (d. 1523), of the English house of Lancaster, and the hero of much legendary narration. To save him from the vengeance of the victorious York party, his mother put him in charge of a shepherd, to be brought up as one of his own children. Afterward, on the accession of Henry VII., being then at the age of thirty-one years, he was restored to his birth right and possessions. In the "White Doe of Rylstone," Wordsworth speaks of "The gracious fairy Who loved the Shepherd Lord to meet Shepherd of Banbury. The ostensible author Sick Man of the East. A name popularly given to the Turkish empire, which, under Soliman the Magnificent (1495-1566), reached the summit of its prosperity, and has ever since steadily declined. At the present day, Turkey is mainly indebted for its existence to the support of foreign powers. The expression," Sick Man," as applied to Turkey, originated with the emperor Nicholas of Russia. He is represented to have said to Sir George Seymour, the British chargé d'affaires, in a conversation at St. Petersburg, on the 11th of January, 1844, "We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man. It will be a great misfortune, I tell you frankly, if, one of these days, he should happen to die before the necessary arrangements are all made. But this is not the time to speak to you of that." The conversation then broke off, but was renewed on the 14th of the same month, when the emperor observed, "Turkey, in the condition which I have described, has by degrees fallen into such a state of decrepitude, that, as I told you the other night, eager as we all are for the prolonged existence of the man (and that I am as desirous And as you can be for the continuance of his life, I beg you to believe), he may suddenly die upon our hands." again, at another interview, on the 21st inst.: "I think your government does not well understand my object. I am not so eager to determine what shall be done when the sick man dies, as I am to determine with England what shall not be done upon that event taking place. ... I repeat to you that the sick man is dying; and we can never allow such an event to take us by surprise. We must come to some understanding." (Annual Register for 1853, p. 248, et seq.) The minutes of Sir George Seymour's conversations with the emperor having been laid before Parliament by the English ministry in the course of the debates that immediately preceded the declaration of war against Russia, the expressive appellation," Sick Man of the East," was caught up and circulated by the press till it has become an established national sobriquet. Sid'ro-phel. A poetical name given by Butler, in his "Hudibras," to William Lilly, a distinguished astrologer of the 17th century. Some, however, have supposed that under this name Butler intended to refer to Sir Paul Neal. Siegfried (seeG/freet). The hero of various Scandinavian and Teutonic legends, particularly of the old German epic poem, the " Nibelungen Lied." He can not easily be identified with any historical personage. He is represented as having slain a dragon, vanquished the ancient fabulous royal race of the Nibelungen, and taken away their immense treasures of gold and gems. He wooes, and finally wins, the beautiful Chriemhild, but is treacherously killed by the fierce and covetous Hagen, who seeks the treasures of the Nibelungen, and who skillfully draws from Chriemhild the secret of the spot where alone Siegfried is mortal, and fatally plunges a lance between his shoulders in a royal chase. "In this colossal figure are combined what Greece divided, heroic strength and the passion for travel,Achilles and Ulysses." Michelet, Trans. Silence. A country justice, in the Second Part of Shakespeare's "King Henry IV." Silent Sister, The. A name given to Trinity College, Dublin, on account of the little influence it exerts in proportion to its resources. Trinity College itself held its ground and grew wealthy only to deserve the name of the Silent Sister, while its great endowments served effectually to indemnify it against the necessity of conforming to the conditions under which alone its example could be useful to the whole nation. Goldwin Smith. Neither Oxford nor Cambridge, I am certain, would blush to own my labors in this department [classic criticism and exegesis), and yet I was an alumnus of her whom they used to style the Silent Sister. Keightley. Sil'u-rist, The. Henry Vaughan (1621-1695), a British poet of some note; so called because born among the Silures, or people of South Wales. Silverpen. A nom de plume adopted by Eliza Meteyard (b. 1824), an English authoress. It was originally bestowed upon her by Douglas Jerrold. Silver-tongued, The. An epithet applied to William Bates (1625-1699), an eminent Puritan divine, reckoned the politest writer, if not the best scholar, of the whole body of ministers who retired from the church in 1662, on the passage of the Act of Uniformity, and formed what is sometimes called the "Dissenting Interest." Sil'vi-. The name of a lady beloved by Valentine, in Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Simple. A servant to Slender, in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." Simple Simon. The subject of a well-known popular tale of early and unknown authorship. Simple Simon's misfortunes' are such as are incident to all the human race, since they arose from his wife Margery's cruelty, which began the very morning after their marriage,' and we therefore do not know whether it is necessary to seek out for a Teutonic or Sind'bad the Sailor. A character in the " Arabian Northern original for this once popular book." Quar. Rev. Nights' Entertainments," in which is related the story of his strange voyages and wonderful adventures. See OLD MAN OF THE SEA. Single-speech Ham'il-ton. A by-name given to William Gerard Hamilton (1729-1796), an English statesman. "It was on this night [November 13, 1755] that Gerard Hamilton delivered that single speech from which his nickname was derived. His eloquence threw into the shade every orator except Pitt, who declaimed against the subsidies for an hour and a half with extraordinary energy and effect." Macaulay. "The preceding generation had greatly esteemed the man called Single-speech Hamilton;' not at all for the speech (which, though good, very few people had read), but entirely for the supposed fact that he had exhausted himself in that one speech, and had become physically incapable of making a second: so that afterward, when he really did make a second, every body was incredulous; until, the thing being past denial, naturally the world was disgusted, and most people dropped his acquaintance." De Quincey. Singular Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Singularis.] A title given to William Occam (or Ockham), a celebrated English scholastic philosopher of the latter part of the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries. Sir Oracle. See ORACLE, SIR. Skinners. A name assumed by a predatory band, in the Revolutionary war, who, professing allegiance to the American cause, but influenced by a desire to plunder, roamed over the "neutral ground" lying between the hostile armies, robbing those who Slaw/ken-ber'gi-us. The name of an imaginary refused to take the oath of fidelity. author quoted and referred to in Sterne's "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." No nose can be justly amputated by the public, not even the nose of Slawkenbergius himself. Carlyle. Sleek, Aminadab. A character in the comedy of "The Serious Family," by Morris Barnett. Sleeping Beauty in the Wood. [Fr. La Belle au Bois dormant, Ger. Dornröschen.] The heroine of a celebrated nursery tale which relates how a princess was shut up by fairy enchantment, to sleep a hundred years in a castle, around which sprung up a dense,impenetrable wood, and how, at the expiration of the appointed time, she was delivered from her imprisonment and her trance by a gallant young prince, before whom the forest opened itself to afford him passage. Grimm derives this popular and widely diffused tale from the old northern mythology, and finds its prototype in the sleeping Brunehild, and her awakening and deliverance by Sigurd. Slender. A character in Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." "In this play the English gentleman, in age and youth, is brought upon the stage, slightly caricatured in Shallow, and far more so in Slender. The latter, indeed, is a perfect satire, and, I think, was so intended, on the brilliant youth of the provinces, such as we may believe it to have been before the introduction of newspapers and turnpike roads; awkward and boobyish among civil people, but at home in rude sports, and proud of exploits at which the town would laugh, yet, perhaps, with more Hallam. courage and good-nature than the laughers." Slender and Sir Andrew Aguecheek are fools, troubled with an uneasy consciousness of their folly, which, in the latter, produces a most edifying meekness and docility, and, in the former, awkwardness, obstinacy, Macaulay. and confusion." Slick, Sam. The title and hero of various humor. ous narratives, illustrating and exaggerating the pe culiarities of the Yankee character and dialect written by Judge Thomas C. Haliburton, of Nova Scotia. Sam Slick is represented as a Yankee clockmaker and peddler, full of quaint drollery, unsophisticated wit, knowledge of human nature, and aptitude in the use of what he calls "soft sawder." Slop, Dr. The name of a choleric and uncharitable physician in Sterne's novel, "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." Slough of Despond. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," a deep bog into which Christian falls, and from which Help extricates him. "The name of the slough was Despond. Here, therefore, they wallowed for a time, and Christian, because of the burden that was on his back, began to sink into the mire. This miry slough is such a place as can not be mended; it is the descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction for sin doth continually run, and therefore it is called the Slough of Despond, for still, as the sinner is awakened about his lost condition, there arise in his soul many fears, and doubts, and discour. aging apprehensions, which all of them get together, and settle in this place, and this is the reason of the badness of this ground." Bunyan. Sly, Christopher. A tinker, in the Induction to Shakespeare's "Taming of the Shrew." Smee-tym'nu-us. The title of a celebrated pamphlet containing an attack upon episcopacy, published in 1641. This work was written by five Presbyterian divines, and the title was formed from the initial letters of their names - Stephen Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow. [Written also, but improperly, Smectymnus.] Smel-fun gus. A name given by Sterne to Smollett, who, in 1766, published a volume of "Travels through France and Italy," filled with illiberal and splenetic observations upon the institutions and customs of the countries he visited. The nickname -the composition of which is obvious - became exceedingly popular in England, much to the annoyance of Smollett. the name of Sordello as the title of a poem. See FARINATA. So'si-¿ (so'shĭ-å). A servant of Amphitryon in Plautus's play of this name. Mercury, availing himself of his power to assume disguises at pleasure, figures in the play as the double of Sosia, who is, in consequence, led to doubt his own identity. Hence, by an extension of the term, the name is given to any person who closely resembles another. Molière and Dryden have both adapted the "Amphitruo" of Plautus to the modern stage. Again the book is brought, and in the line just above that in which he is about to print his second name (his rescript), his first name (scarce dry) looks out upon him like another Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly encounter his own duplicate. C. Lamb. My right honorable father, sending for this other Sosa... from France, insisted, in the face of propriety, that he should reside in his house, and share, in all respects, in the opportunities of education by which the real Sosia... hath profited in such uncommon degree. W. Scott. Sotenville, M. de (so'tŏN/vel'). "An old jackass of nobility," in Molière's comedy of "George Dandin." See DANDIN, GEORGE. The lamented Smelfungus traveled from Boulogne to Paris - from Paris to Rome and so on; but he set out with the spleen and jaundice, and every object he passed by was dis- South Britain. A popular designation of England and Wales, or all that part of the island of Great Britain lying south of Scotland, which is often called North Britain. colored or distorted. He wrote an account of them, but 'twas nothing but the account of his miserable feelings. Sterne, Sentimental Journey. Smike. A broken-spirited protégé of Nicholas Nickleby, in Dickens's novel of this name. Smoky City. A name sometimes given to Pittsburg, an important manufacturing city of Pennsylvania. The use of bituminous coal occasions dense volumes of smoke to fill the air in and around the place, soiling the garments of passengers, and giving the buildings a dark and sooty appearance. Smŏl'kin, or Smǎl'kin. The name of a fiend or evil spirit mentioned in Shakespeare's tragedy of "King Lear," a. iii., sc. 4. See FLIBBERTIGIBBET. Sneak, Jerry. The name of a noted character in Foote's farce, "The Mayor of Garratt." From Lucifer to Jerry Sneak there is not an aspect of evil, Snout. A tinker, in Shakespeare's "Midsummer- Snug. A joiner, in Shakespeare's "Midsummer- The jest is as flat and dull as that of Snug the joiner, when South, Esquire. A name given to the Archduke Charles of Austria, in Arbuthnot's humorous "History of John Bull." South Sea. The name originally given, and still sometimes applied, to the Pacific Ocean, which was discovered in 1513 by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, the Spanish governor of Darien. Crossing the isthmus on an exploring expedition, he arrived, on the 29th of September, at a mountain, from the summit of which, looking south, he beheld the boundless expanse of the ocean stretched out before him, while the northern portion was shut out from his view. He named it, therefore, Mar del Zur, or the South Sea. South-sea Bubble. A name popularly applied to a stupendous stock-jobbing scheme, in England, in 1720, characterized as "the most enormous fabric of national delusion ever raised amongst an indus trious and prudent people." The South-sea Company, a trading corporation, having exclusive privileges, offered to buy up the government annuities, with a view to the reduction of the public debt. The proposal was accepted, great numbers of people hastened to invest in the stock of the company, which rose to an extraordinary premium, when, on the 29th of September, this greatest of bubbles burst. Merchants, lawyers, clergy, physicians, passed from their dreams of fabulous wealth, and from their wonted comforts, into penury. "Some died of broken hearts, others removed to remote parts of the world, and never returned." upon Alphonso Perez de Guzman (1258-1320), a distinguished general of Spain. It is related that on one occasion, while besieged within the walls of a town, he was threatened by the enemy with the death of his son, who had been taken prisoner, unless he would surrender the place; to which he replied by throwing a dagger over the walls, and refusing to surrender. This incident has been dramatized by Lope de Vega. Sofronia (80-fro/ne-i). A young Christian of Jerusalem, who is the heroine of one of the most touch-Spanish Bry'tus, The. An epithet conferred ing episodes in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered." Solar City. See CITY OF THE SUN. Soldiers' Friend. A surname popularly given in England to Frederick, Duke of York (1763-1827), the second son of George III., and commander of the British troops in the Low Countries at the period of the French Revolution. It was through his exertions that the system of favoritism was abolished, and political opinions were no longer made a ground of preferment. In 1814, he was publicly thanked by Parliament for his excellent administration of the army. Solemn Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Solemnis.] An honorary appellation given by the Sorbonne to Henry Goethals (1227-1293), an eminent schoolman who was a member of that famous theological faculty. Solid Doctor. A title conferred upon Richard Middleton (d. 1304), an English theologian of the order of the Cordeliers, so called from his extensive learning. See PROFOUND DOCTOR. So-li'nus. Duke of Ephesus, in Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors." Solomon of England, The. 1. An appellation bestowed upon Henry VII. (1457-1509) first of the Tudor kings of England, whose reign, conducted upon pacific principles, was, upon, the whole, beneficial to his country, and gave an opportunity for the nation to flourish by the development of its internal resources. 2. The same title, has been satirically awarded to James I. (1566-1625), on account of his pedantry and puerility. Buchanan, his instructor, said that he "made him a pedant because he could make nothing else of him."" Solomon of France, The. 1. An appellation conferred upon Charles V. (1336-1380), King of France He was also called the Wise. 2. A title bestowed upon Louis IX., or St. Louis (1215-1270), who summoned to his council the most able and virtuous men of his kingdom, put an end to many ecclesiastical abuses, and was always intent upon promoting the happiness of his subjects. Sons of Thunder. See BOANERges. Sordello (8ôr-děl'lo). A celebrated Provençal poet whom Dante and Virgil meet in Purgatory, sitting alone, with a noble haughtiness of aspect, and eying them like a lion on the watch. On finding that Virgil is his countryman, he springs forward to embrace him with the utmost joy, and accompanies him part way on his journey. Browning has used Spanish Fury, The. A name given, in history, to the attack upon Antwerp by the Spaniards, Nov. 4, 1576, which resulted in the pillage and burning of the place, and a monstrous massacre of the in habitants. Spanish Main. A name popularly given by the early English voyagers, and the English colonists of the West India Islands, to the coast along the north part of South America, from the Mosquito territory to the Leeward Islands. The term is often erroneously thought to apply to the Caribbean Sea - a double mistake, for the word main is not used in this phrase, as seems to have been supposed, in the sense of main ocean, but of main land; and besides, the Caribbean Sea, though commonly regarded as a portion of the Atlantic, is not, properly speaking, a part of the main ocean, having almost the character of an inland sea. Under which diabolical ensign he was carrying me and little Em'ly to the Spanish Main to be drowned. Dickens. Spanish Molière, The (mo/le-êR'). A name given to Leandro Fernandez Moratin (1760-1828), a Spanish dramatic poet, who took Molière for his model. Spasmodic School. A name which has been given in ridicule to certain ropular authors of the present day, whose productions are, to a greater or less degree, distinguished by an overstrained and unnatural style, and abound, more or less, in extravagant and forced conceits. In this school are commonly included Carlyle, Gilfillan, Tennyson, Bailey (the author of "Festus"), and Alexander Smith; and these writers have been cleverly satirized in "Firmilian, a Spasmodic Tragedy," by Prof. William E. Aytoun, the editor of Blackwood's Magazine. Speed. A clownish servant of Valentine, and an inveterate punster, in Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Spens, Sir Patrick (spenss). The hero of a famous old Scottish ballad, represented as having been sent in the winter time, by the King of Scotland, on a mission to Norway, and as having been lost, with his whole crew, in mid-ocean, on the homeward voyage. "The name of Sir Patrick Spens is not mentioned in history; but I am able to state that tradition has preserved it. In the little island of Papa Stronsay, one of the Orcadian group, lying over against Norway, there is a large grave, or tumulus, which has been known to the inhabitants, from time immemorial, as the grave of Sir Patrick Spens.' The people know nothing beyond the traditional appellation of the spot, and they have no legend to tell. Spens is a Scottish, not a Scandinavian, name. Is it, then, a forced conjecture, that the shipwreck took place off the iron-bound coast of the northern islands, which did not then belong to the crown of Scotland?" Aytoun Spo'rus. A name under which Pope satirizes John, Lord Hervey, in the "Prologue to the Satires." See LORD FANNY. Pope. Let Sporus tremble. What! that thing of silk? Sporus, that mere white curd of asses' milk? Satire or sense, alas! can Sporus feel? Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel? Square, Mr. The name of a "philosopher" in Fielding's novel, "The History of a Foundling." Squeers. An ignorant, brutal, avaricious Yorkshire pedagogue, in Dickens's novel of "Nicholas Nickleby." See DOTHEBOYS HALL. Squire of Dames. A personage introduced by Spenser in the "Faëry Queen" (B. III., canto vii., stanza 51, et seq.), and whose curious adventures are there recorded. It is often used to express a person devoted to the fair sex. My honest Squire of Dames, I see Massinger. Stag'i rīte. A surname given to Aristotle (B. C. 384-332), from Stagira in Macedonia, the place of his birth. [Often improperly written Stagyrite.] See physic beg the Stagirite's defense; Pope, Starvation Dun-dăs'. Henry Dundas, the first Lord Melville, so called from having first introduced the word starvation into the English language, in a speech in Parliament, in 1775, on an American debate. Stee'nie. A nickname for Stephen, given by James I. to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, in allusion to his fine face. "And it was," says Hearne, "a very singular compliment to the splendor of his beauty, having reference to Acts vi. 15, where it is said of St. Stephen, 'All that sat in the council, looking steadfastly on him, saw his face, as it had Stel'lå. [Lat., the star.] 1. A name given by Sir been the face of an angel.'" Philip Sidney, in a series of amatory poems, entitled "Astrophell and Stella," to Penelope Devereux,afterward Lady Rich, to whom he was at one time betrothed. She was a sister of Lord Essex. 2. A poetical name given by Swift to Miss Esther Johnson, whose tutor he was, and whom, in 1716, he privately married. Stěn'tôr. A Grecian herald in the Trojan war, whom Homer describes as "great-hearted, brazen voiced Stentor, accustomed to shout as loud as fifty other men." With this design, he raised up his cudgel for the defense of his head, and, betaking himself to his heels, began to roar for help with the lungs of a Stentor. Smollett, Steph'a-no. 1. A drunken butler, in Shakespeare's "Tempest." 2. A servant to Portia, in Shakespeare's "MerStonewall Jack'son. A sobriquet given, during chant of Venice." the American civil war, to Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824-1863), a general in the service of the Confederate States. This famous appellation had its origin in an expression used by the Confederate General Bee, on trying to rally his men at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, "There is Jackson, standing like a stone wall." From that day he was known as Stonewall Jackson, and his command as the Stonewall Brigade. Storm-and-stress Period. [Ger. Sturm und Drang.] In the literary history of Germany, the name given to a period of great intellectual convulsion, during the last quarter of the last century, when the nation began to assert its freedom from the fetters of an artificial literary spirit. Goethe's "Goetz von Berlichingen" gave a powerful impulse to this movement, which was increased by the appearance of Schiller's "Robbers." The period derives its name from a drama of Klinger (1753-1831), whose high-wrought tragedies and novels reflect the excitement of the time. "The wisdom and extravagance of the age united in one stream. The masterly criticisms of Lessing, the enthusiasm for Shakespeare, the mania for Ossian and the northern mythology, the revival of ballad-literature and parodies of Rousseau, all worked in one rebellious current against established authority. There was one universal shout for nature.' With the young, nature seemed to be a compound of volcanoes and moonlight. To be insurgent and sentimental, explosive and lachrymose, were the true signs of genius." Lewes. Stormy Cape. [Port. Cabo Tormentoso.] name originally given to the Cape of Good Hope, in 1486, by Bartholomew Diaz, the celebrated Portuguese navigator. Its present name, for better augury, was substituted by King John II. Strap, Hugh. A simple, generous, and faithful The friend and adherent of Roderick Random, in Smollett's account of the adventures of that notorious personage. See RANDOM, RODERICK. "We believe there are few readers who are not disgusted with the miserable reward assigned to Strap in the closing chapter of the novel. Five hundred pounds (scarce the value of the goods he had presented to his master) and the hand of a reclaimed street-walker, even when added to a Highland farm, seem but a poor recompense for his faithful and disinterested attachment." W. Scott. Stre'phon. The name of a shepherd in Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia," in love with the beautiful shepherdess Urania; -used by the poets of a later day as the name of any lover or swain. Strüld brugs. The name of certain wretched inhabitants of Luggnagg, described in Swift's imagiDary "Travels of Lemuel Gulliver," as persons who never die. Sturm und Drang (stoorm dont dräng). See STORM-AND-STRESS PERIOD. Styles, Tom, alias John a-Styles. A fictitious character formerly made use of in actions of ejectment;-commonly connected with John a-Noakes. See NOAKES, JOHN, also DOE, JOHN. [Written also Tom a Styles and Tom o' Styles.] I have no connection with the company further than giving them, for a certain fee and reward, my poor opinion as a medical man, precisely as I may give it any day to Jack Noakes or Tom Styles. Dickens. Subtle Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Subtilis.] A name given to Duns Scotus, a famous schoolman of the 13th and 14th centuries, celebrated for his "keenness and versatility in detecting invisible distinctions, in multiplying hypotheses which differed from each other only in some verbal incidents, in untwisting every thought and proposition as by an intellectual prism, in speculating upon themes above the reach of human knowledge, and in the multiplication of ingenious theories without proof to sustain them, or utility to recommend them." Sucker State. A cant name given, in America, to the State of Illinois, the inhabitants of which are very generally called suckers, throughout the West. The origin of this term is said to be as follows "The Western prairies are, in many places, full of the holes made by the crawfish' (a fresh-water shellfish, similar in form to the lobster), which descends to the water beneath. In early times, when travelers wended their way over these immense plains, they very prudently provided themselves with a long, hollow reed, and, when thirsty, thrust it into these natural artesians, and thus easily supplied their longings. The crawfish well generally contains pure water, and the manner in which the traveler drew forth the refreshing element gave him the name of 'Sucker.'" Providence Journal. Sullen, Squire. A brutal husband in Farquhar's "Country Blockhead." Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, Sir Willful Witwould, Sir Francis Wronghead, Squire Western, Squire Sullen,- such were the people who composed the main strength of the Tory party for sixty years after the Revolution. Macaulay. Surface, Charles. A character in Sheridan's comedy, "The School for Scandal," represented as an extravagant rake, but generous, warm-hearted, and fascinating. Surface, Joseph. A mean hypocrite in Sheridan's comedy, "The School for Scandal," who affects great seriousness, gravity, and sentimentality. Swan of Avon, Sweet. An epithet conferred upon Shakespeare by Ben Jonson, in some wellknown commendatory verses originally prefixed to the second folio edition of Shakespeare's works, printed in 1632. Swan of Căm-brãi' (or kŏn/brâ'). An epithet bestowed upon Fénelon (1651-1715), Archbishop of Cambrai, and a writer of fervid eloquence, on account of the graces of his style. Swan of Lichfield. A title given to Miss Anna Seward (1747-1809), an English poetess of some distinction. Swan of the Me-ǎn'der. An epithet applied to Homer, on account of the harmony of his verse, and on the supposition that he was a native of Asia Minor, of which the Meander is one of the chief rivers. Swedish Nightingale. A name popularly given to Jenny Lind (Madame Goldschmidt, b. 1821), a native of Stockholm, and the most celebrated of female vocalists. Sweet Singer of Israel. A title applied to King David. See ROYAL PSALMIST. Sweet Singer of the Temple. An epithet often applied to George Herbert (1593-1633), author of "The Temple: sacred Poems and private Ejaculations," and one of the most beautiful and gifted, though quaint, poets of England. Swivel-ler, Dick. A careless, light-headed fellow in Dickens's novel of the "Old Curiosity Shop," whose flowery orations and absurdities of quotation provoke laughter, but whose real kindness of heart enlists sympathy. Sword of God. A surname of Khaled, the conqueror of Syria, between the years 632 and 638. Ste'o-rax. A foul witch mentioned, in Shakespeare's "Tempest," as the dam of Prospero's slave, Caliban. They [Wycherley, Vanbrugh, Farquhar, Congreve] form a galaxy of comic talent scarcely to be matched in any other age or country, and which is only obscured by those foul and impure mists which their pens, like the raven wings of Sycorax, had brushed from fern and bog. W. Scott. Sykes. A ruffian in Dickens's "Oliver Twist." Syntax, Dr. See DOCTOR SYNTAX. T. Tăf'fy. A sobriquet for a Welshman, or for the Welsh collectively. The word is a corruption of David, one of the most common of Welsh names. Ta'lus. A brazen man made by Vulcan for Minos, to guard the island of Crete. Spenser, in the "Faery Queen," represents him as an attendant upon Artegal, and as running continually round the island of Crete, administering warning and correction to of fenders, by flooring them with an iron flail. His invulnerable frame, resistless strength, and passionless nature, typify the power which executes the decrees of justice and the mandates of magistrates. They [the Puritans] went through the world like Sir Artegal's iron man, Talus, with his flail, crushing and tramping down oppressors, insensible to fatigue, to pleasure, and to pain. Macaulay. Talvi (täl/ve). A nom de plume assumed by Mrs. Dr. Edward Robinson, a well-known authoress of the present day, born in Germany; - formed from the initials of her maiden name, Therese Albertina Louise von Jakob. [Ger. Ritter Tammany, St. See ST. TAMMANY. Tam'o-ra. Queen of the Goths, in Shakespeare's "Titus Andronicus." Tannhäuser, Sir (tän/hoi-zer). Tannhäuser.] A famous legendary hero of Germany, and the subject of an ancient ballad of the same name. The noble Tannhäuser is a knight devoted to valorous adventures and to beautiful women. In Mantua, he wins the affection of a lovely lady, Lisaura, and of a learned philosopher, Hilario, with whom he converses frequently upon supernatural subjects. Enchanted by the marvelous tales related to him by his preceptor, he wishes for nothing less than to participate in the love of some beauteous elementary spirit, who shall, for his sake, assume the form of mortal woman. Hilario promises him that he shall kiss even Venus herself, the queen of love and of lovers, if he will have courage to venture upon the Venusberg. The infatuated Tannhäuser sets forth and ascends the mountain, upon hearing of which Lisaura plunges a dagger into her heart. Long does Tannhäuser tarry among the delicious enchantments of the Venusberg; but, at last, moved to repentance, he asks and obtains permission to depart. He hastens to Mantua, weeps over the grave of his gentle Lisaura, and thence proceeds to Rome, where he makes public confession of his sins to Pope Urban. The pope refuses him absolution, saying he can no more be pardoned than the dry wand which he holds can bud forth and bear green leaves. Tannhäuser, driven to despair, flees from Rome, and vainly seeks his former preceptor, Hilario. At this juncture, Venus appears before him, and, with seductive smiles, lures him back to the mountain, there to remain until the day of judgment. Meanwhile, at Rome the dry wand has sprouted and borne green leaves. Urban, alarmed at this miracle, sends messengers in search of the unhappy knight; but he is nowhere to be found. This Tannhäuser legend is very popular in Germany, and is often alluded to by German writers. Tieck, in his "Phantasus," has made it the subject of a narrative, and Wagner of an opera which has gained great celebrity. The name of the Trusty Eckhardt is frequently joined with that of Tannhäuser, as a companion, and by some they are considered to be identical. See ECKHARDT. Tap'ley, Mark. The body-servant of Martin Chuzzlewit, in Dickens's novel of this name, - noted for his irrepressible jollity, which always showed itself most when his affairs were at the worst. Charles [VII. of France], who was the Mark Tapley of kings, bore himself with his usual jollity under this afflicting White. news. Tartuffe (tar-tăf'; Fr. pron. taR/tüf'). A common nickname for hypocritical pretenders to religion. It is derived from a celebrated comedy of the same name by Molière, in which the hero, an hypocritical priest, is so called. Some say that the character of Tartuffe depicts the confessor of Louis XIV., Père La Chaise, whom Molière once saw eating truffles (Fr. tartuffes, It. tartufi) with great relish. Great opposition was made to the appearance of the play; but at length, in 1667, Molière succeeded in bringing it on the stage, and for three months Tartuffe was performed uninterruptedly, and with great applause. A comedy under the title of "Lady Tartuffe" has been brought out in Paris with success by Mme. Delphine de Girardin. Tattle. A character in Congreve's comedy, "Love for Love," represented as a half-witted beau, vain of his amours, yet valuing himself for his secrecy. Tearless Battle. See BATTLE, THE TEARLESS. Tear-sheet, Doll. A strumpet, in the Second Part of Shakespeare's "King Henry IV." Seigneur and shoe-black, duchess and Doll Tear-sheet, flung pell-mell into a heap, ranked themselves according to method. Carlyle. Tea'zle, Lady (tee/zl). The heroine of Sheridan's comedy, "The School for Scandal," and the wife of Sir Feter Teazle, an old gentleman who marries late in life. She is represented as being "a lively and innocent, though imprudent, country girl, transplanted into the midst of all that can bewilder and endanger her, but with still enough of the purity of rural life about her heart to keep the blight of the world from settling upon it permanently." A character in Sheridan's Tea'zle, Sir Peter. play, "The School for Scandal,” husband of Lady Teazle. Spite and enmity thinly disguised by sentiments as benerolent and noble as those which Sir Peter Teazle admired in Mr. Joseph Surface. Macaulay. Tempest, The. A sobriquet conferred, on account of his bravery and martial impetuosity, upon Andoche Junot (1771-1813), one of Napoleon's generals, who was educated for the law, but in 1792 enlisted in the army as a volunteer. Temple, Launcelot. A pseudonym of John Armstrong (1709-1779), the English poet. Termagant. [It. Trivigante.] An imaginary being, supposed by the crusaders, who confounded Mahometans with pagans, to be a Mahometan deity. This imaginary personage was introduced into our old plays and moralities, and represented as of a most violent character, so that a ranting actor might always appear to advantage in it. Hence, Hamlet says of one too extravagant, "I would have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing Termagant." Teufelsdröckh, Herr (hen toi/fels-drök). [Ger., devil's dirt.] An eccentric German professor and philosopher, whose imaginary "life and opinions are given in Carlyle's "Sartor Resartus." "The Philosophy of Clothes" is represented as forming the subject of his speculations. "To look through the shows of things into things themselves he is led and compelled." The design of the work is the exposure of the illusions and shams which hold sway so extensively over the human intellect and the social life of man. Thaumaste (to mast'). The name of a great English scholar in Rabelais's celebrated satirical romance, who went to France to argue by signs with Pantagruel, and was overcome by Panurge. Thau'ma-tûr'gus. A surname given to Gregory, a native, and afterward bishop, of Neo-Cæsarea, in Cappadocia, in the third century, on account of the numerous miracles ascribed to him by his early and his mediæval biographers. Thau/ma-tûr'gus of the West. An appellation given to St. Bernard (1091-1153) by his admiring disciples. His ascetic life, solitary studies, and stirring eloquence, made him, during his lifetime, the oracle of Christendom. He became widely known in connection with the disastrous crusade of 1146, which was urged on by his fervid zeal. Innumerable legions, fired by his burning words, hurried to the East, almost depopulating, in many places, castles, towns, and cities. Thěk'là (Ger. pron. těk/l). The daughter of Wallenstein, in Schiller's drama of this name. She is an invention of the poet. Thélème (tâ'lām'). A name under which Voltaire has personified the Will, in his composition entitled "Thélème and Macare." Thélème, Abbey of. The name of an imaginary building in Rabelais's "Gargantua," given by Grandgousier to Friar John, as a recompense for his services in helping to subject the people of Lerné. Now in this Abbey of Thélème, Which realized the fairest dream That ever dozing bull-frog had. Lowell. He appeared less to be supplicating expected mercies, than thankful for those already found, as if... saying the "gratiæ in the refectory of the Abbey of Thélème. Putnam's Mag. "The Abbey of Thélème is the very reverse of a Catholic religious house, being an edifice consecrated to the highest state of worldly civilization. As the discipline of Gargantua represents Rabelais's notion of a perfect education, so may we suppose the manners of the abbey show what he considered to be the perfection of polished society. Religious hypocrites, pettifogging attorneys, and usurers, are excluded; gallant ladies and gentlemen, and faithful expounders of the Scriptures, are invited by the inscription over the gate. The motto of the establishment is, Facey que vouldras' (Do what thou wilt), and the whole regulations of the convent are such as to secure a succession of elegant recreations, according to the pleasure of the inhabitants." For. Quar. Rev. Theodorus (the'o-do'rus; Fr. pron. ta'o'/do/rü'). The name of a physician, in Rabelais's romance of "Gargantua." At the request of Ponocrates, Gargantua's tutor, he undertook to cure the latter of his vicious manner of living, and accordingly purged him canonically with Anticyrian hellebore, by which medicine he cleared out all the foulness and perverse habit of his brain, so that he became a man of great honor, sense, courage, and piety. Ther-si'tes. (Gr. Ocpoirns. The ugliest and most scurrilous of the Greeks before Troy. He spared, in his revilings, neither prince nor chief, but di rected his abuse principally against Achilles and Ulysses. He was slain by Achilles for deriding his grief for Penthesilea. The name is often used to Milton. denote a calumniator. Shakespeare introduces him in his play of "Troilus and Cressida." The'se-us (or the'sus). Duke of Athens, a character in Shakespeare's "Midsummer-Night's Dream." Thes'ty-lis. A female slave mentioned in one of the Idyls of Theocritus; hence, any rustic maiden. And then in haste her bower she leaves With Thestylis to bind the sheaves. Third Founder of Rome. A title given to the Roman general Caius Marius, on account of his repeated triumphs over the public enemies of his country, particularly for his successful conduct of the Jugurthine war, and for his decisive victories over the combined forces of the Ambrones and Teutones, near Aqua Sextiæ (Aix), in 102 B. C., and over the Cimbri, on the plain of Vercella (Vercelli), in 101. Thirty Tyrants, The (of Rome). A fanciful designation given to a number of adventurers who, after the defeat and captivity of Valerian, and during the reign of his weak successor, Gallienus (A. D. 260-267), aspired to the throne, and by their contests threatened to produce a complete dissolution of the empire. The name was first applied to them by Trebellius Pollio, one of the writers of the Augustan Chronicle, who has given the biographies of the different usurpers. The analogy between these adventurers and the Thirty Tyrants of Athens who, on the termination of the Peloponnesian war, received the sway over that city from the Spartan Lysander is purely imaginary. Even the numbers do not correspond, and the Latin historian is forced to include the names of women and children, and many doubtful names, to complete the parallel. This'be. The beloved of Pyramus. See PYRAMUS. Thomas the Rhymer. The name under which Thomas Learmont, of Ercildoune, a Scotchman, born during the reign of Alexander III., and living in the days of Wallace, is generally and best known. Thō'pas, Sir. The hero of the "Rime of Sir Thopas," one of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," containing an account of the adventures of a knighterrant, and his wanderings in search of the Queen of Faery. Thorough. An expressive name given by the Earl of Strafford (Thomas Wentworth), one of the privy councilors of King Charles I., to a vast and celebrated scheme projected by himself, and designed to make the government of England an absolute or despotic monarchy. Thorough Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Fundatus.] An honorary appellation conferred upon William Varro, an English Minorite and scholastic philosopher of the last half of the 13th century. Thrase. [Lat., Gr. Opárov, Thraso, a braggart, from Sparus, bold, over-bold.] The name of a braggart soldier in Terence's "Eunuch." From this name is derived the adjective thrasonical. Three Kings of Cologne. See COLOGNE, THREE KINGS OF. Thumb, Tom. [Fr. Le Petit Poucet, Ger. Daumling.] The name of a diminutive personage celebrated in the legendary literature of England. In the Bodleian library there is a work bearing the following title: "Tom Thumb his life and death: wherin is declared many maruailous acts of manhood, full of wonder and strange merriments. Which little knight lived in King Arthur's time, and famous in the Court of Great Brittaine. London: printed for Jolin Wright, 1630." It begins thus: — "In Arthur's court Tom Thumbe did liue, The best of all the Table Round, And cke a doughty knight. "His stature but an inch in height, Or quarter of a span; Then thinke you not this little knight "As to Tom Thumb, he owes his Christian name, most probably, to the spirit of reduplication. Some Teuton, or, it may be, some still remoter fancy, had imagined the manikin, called, from his proportions, Daumling, the diminutive of Daum, the same word as our Thumb; while the Scots got him as Tamlane, and, though forgetting his fairy proportions, sent him to Elfland, and rescued him thence just in time to avoid being made the Teind to hell. As Daumling, he rode in the horse's ear, and reduplicated into Tom Thumb, came to England, and was placed at Arthur's court as the true land of romance; then in France, where little Gauls sucked their Latin poller as their pouce, he got called 'Le Petit Poucet,' and was sent to the cave of an ogre, or orco-a monster (most likely a cuttle-fish) straight from the Mediterranean, and there performed his treacherous, but justifiable, substitution of his brother's night-caps for the infant ogresses' crowns, and so came to England as Hop-o'-myThumb, too often confounded with the true Tom Thumb." Yonge. "On ballad authority we learn that Tom a lyn was a Scocttsman born.' Now... Tom-a-lin, otherwise Tamlane, is no other than Tom Thumb himself, who was originally a dwarf, or dwergar, of Scandinavian descent, being the Thaumlin, i. e., Little Thumb, of the Northmen. Drayton, who introduces both these heroes in his Nymphidia,' seems to have suspected their identity.... The prose history of Tom Thumb is manufactured from the ballad; and by the introduction of the fairy queen at his birth, and certain poetical touches which it yet exhibits, we are led to suppose that it is a rifacciamento of an earlier and better original." Quar. Rev. Thunderer, The. A popular appellation of the London "Times," - originally given to it on ac count of the powerful articles contributed to its columns by the editor, Edward Sterling. Thundering Legion, The. A name given to a Roman legion, A. D. 179, from the prayers of some Christians in it having been followed, it is said, by a storm of thunder, lightning, and rain, which tended greatly to discomfit the Marcomanni, the invading enemy. Thu'ri-o. A foolish rival to Valentine, in Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Thwackum. A famous character in Fielding's novel, "The History of a Foundling." While the world was resounding with the noise of a dispu tatious philosophy, the Baconian school, like Allworthy, seated between Square and Thwackum, preserved a calm neutrality, half scornful, half benevolent, and content with adding to the sum of practical good, left the war of words to those who liked it. Macaulay. Thyr'sis. The name of a herdsman in Theocritus; Milton. Tibbs, Beau. See BEAU TIBBS. Tickler, Timothy. A pseudonym of an Edinburgh lawyer named Sym, one of the contributors to Blackwood, and one of the interlocutors in Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianæ." Tiddler, Tom. A personage well known among children from the game of "Tom Tiddler's ground.' One of Dickens's minor tales is entitled "Tom Tiddler's Ground." Til/bu-rï'nå. A character in Sheridan's play, "The Critic," whose love-lorn ravings constitute the acme of burlesque tragedy. Like Tilburing in the play, they [Mrs. Radcliffe's heroines] are inconsolable to the minuet in Ariadne." Dunlop. Tim'i-as. The name of a character in Spenser's "Faery Queen," intended to represent the spirit of chivalrous honor and generosity. "The affection of Timias for Belphobe is allowed, on all hands, to allude to Sir Walter Raleigh's pretended admiration of Queen Elizabeth; and his disgrace, on account of a less platonic intrigue with the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, together with his restoration to favor, are plainly pointed out in the subsequent events. But no commentator has noticed the beautiful insinuation by which the poet points out the error of his friend, and of his friend's wife. Timias finds Amoret in the arms of Corflambo, or Sensual Passion: he combats the monster unsuccessfully, and wounds the lady in his W. Scott. arms." Ti'mon. An "enemy to mankind," described by Plutarch and Lucian, but best known to English readers as the cynical hero of Shakespeare's "Timon of Athens." Tin'to, Dick. 1. The name of a poor artist in Scott's novel, "The Bride of Lammermoor." 2. A pseudonym adopted by Frank B. Goodrich (b. 1826), a popular American author. Tip/pe-ca-nge. A sobriquet conferred upon General William H. Harrison, afterward president of the United States, during the political canvass which preceded his election, on account of the victory gained by him over the Indians in the battle which took place on the 6th of November, 1811, at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. Ti-tā'ni-å. Wife of Oberon, and queen of the fairies. "The Shakespearean commentators have not thought fit to inform us why the poct designates the fairy queen Titania.' It, however, presents no difficulty. It was the belief of those days that the fairies were the same as the classic nymphs, the attendants of Diana. ... The fairy queen was, therefore, the same as Diana, whom Ovid (Met. iii. 173) styles Titania." Keightley. Tit'comb, Timothy (tĭt/kum). A nom de plume adopted by J. G. Holland (b. 1819), a popular American author and journalist. Tit'marsh, Mi'ehael An'ge-lo. A pseudonym under which Thackeray, for a series of years, contributed tales, essays, and sketches to Fraser's Magazine. He afterward published several volumes under the same name. Let whosoever is qualified tell forth the peculiar experiences of those classes [the fashionable classes] in any serious form that may be possible; and let what is ridiculous or despicable among them live under the terror of Michael Angelo Titmarsh. Masson. Tit'y-rus. A character in Virgil's first Eclogue, borrowed from the Greeks, among whom this was a common shepherd's name. He is thought to personate Virgil. Chaucer is affectionately commemorated under this name in Spenser's "Shepherd's Calendar." To'by. The name of a dog in the common English puppet-show of Punch and Judy. See PUNCH. "In some versions of the great drama of Punch, there is a small dog-a modern innovation - supposed to be the private property of that gentleman, whose name is always Toby. This Toby has been stolen in youth from another gentleman, and fraudulently sold to the confiding hero, who, having no guile himself, has no suspicion that it lurks in others; but Toby, entertaining a grateful recollection of his old master, and scorning to attach himself to any new patrons, not only refuses to smoke a pipe at the bidding of Punch, but, to mark his old fidelity more strongly, seizes him by the nose and wrings the same with violence at which instance of canine attachment the spectators are deeply affected." Dickens. The name is sometimes written, in ignorance of its etymology, Tom-a-Lincoln. An old book, formerly very popular, relates "The most pleasant History of Tom-a-Lincoln, a renowned soldier, the Red Rose Knight, surnamed the Boast of England, showing his honorable victories in foreign countries, with his strange fortunes in Faëry Land, and how he married the fair Angliterra, daughter to Prester John, that renowned monarch of the world." Tom, Dick, and Harry. An appellation very commonly employed to designate a crowd or rabble, Tomès, M. (to'ma'). A character in Molière's "L'Amour Médecin." M. Tomès liked correctness in medical practice. Macaulay. Tom o' Bedlam. A name given to wandering mendicants discharged from Bethlem Hospital, on account of incurable lunacy, or because their cure was doubtful. Toots, Mr. An innocent, honest, and warm-hearted creature in Dickens's "Dombey and Son," "than whom there were few better fellows in the world." His favorite saying is, "It's of no consequence." Top'sy. A young slave-girl in Mrs. Stowe's novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," who is made to illustrate the ignorance, low moral development, and wild humor of the African character, as well as its ca pacity for education. The book was not deliberately made; but, like Topey, it "growed." White. Tormes, Lazarillo de (lä-thi-reel'yo da tor'mes). The hero of a Spanish novel of the same name by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (d. 1575), a novel of low life, the first of a class well known in Spanish literature under the name of the gusto picaresco, or the style of the rogues, and made famous all over the world in the brilliant imitation of it, "Gil Blas." Faithfully executed, [it] would exhibit... the type of the low-minded, merry-making, vulgar, and shallow Yankee," the ideal Yankee in whom European prejudices find, grace fully combined, the attractive traits of a Gines de Passamonte and a Joseph Surface, a Lazarillo de Tormes and a Scapin, a Thersites and an Autolycus. W. H. Hurlburt. Touchstone. A clown, in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." Touchwood, Lady. A character in "The Belle's Stratagem," a comedy by Mrs. Crowley. The Dorimants and the Lady Touchwoods, in their own sphere, do not offend my moral sense; in fact, they do not appeal to it at all. C. Lamb. Tra'ni-o. A servant to Lucentio, in Shakespeare 3 "Taming of the Shrew." Translator General. A title borne by Philemon Holland (d. 1636), the translator of Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, Suetonius, Xenophon, and other Greek and Latin authors. It was given to him by Dr. Thomas Fuller, in his "History of the Worthies of England." Trap'bois. An old usurer in Scott's novel of "The Fortunes of Nigel," "who was believed, even at his extreme age, to understand the plucking of a pigeon as well [as], or better than, any man of Alsatia.” It was as dangerous to have any political connection with Newcastle as to buy and sell with old Trapbois. Macaulay. Trim, Corporal. Uncle Toby's attendant, in Sterne's novel, "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent.," distinguished for his fidelity and affection, his respectfulness, and his volubility. "It is rather a simple fact than an opinion, that the first class of Sterne's dramatis persona, his Uncle Tobies, his Corporal Trims, his Yoricks, rank in that department of our literature next to the Launces, and Touchstones, and Malvolios of Shakespeare." Eng. Cyc. Trinity Jones. A sobriquet of William Jones, of Trine'u-lo. A jester, in Shakespeare's "Tempest." Nayland (1726-1800), distinguished for his treatises in defense of the doctrine of the Trinity, and also for having originated "The British Critic." Trin'o-vant, or Trin'o-vănt'um. An old name of London, corrupted from Troja Nova (New Troy), the name given to it by Brutus, a legendary or mythical king of England, who is said to have been the founder of the city, and the great grandson of Eneas. For noble Britons sprong from Trojans bold, And Troynovant was built of old Troy's ashes cold. Spenser Trissotin (três/so/taN'). The name of a poet and coxcomb in Molière's comedy, "Les Femmes Savantes." We hardly know any instance of the strength and weakness of human nature so striking and so grotesque as the character of this haughty, vigilant, resolute, sagacious bluestocking, half Mithridates and half Tissotin, bearing up against a world in arms, with an ounce of poison in one pocket, and a quire of bad verses in the other. Macaulay. Under this character, Molière satirized the Abbe Cotin, a personage who affected to unite in himself the rather inconsistent characters of a writer of poems of gallantry and a powerful and excellent preacher. His dramatic name was originally Tricotin, which, as too plainly pointing out the individual, was softened into Trissotin. Tris'tram, Sir. The hero of an old Cymric romance, whose adventures form an episode in tho incidents of Arthur's court, and are related by Thomas the Rhymer, as well as by many romancists. He is noted for having been the incestuous seducer of his uncle's wife. The original meaning of the name is said to have been noise, tumult; but from the influence of Latin upon Welsh, it came to mean sad. In Europe, it regularly entered the ranks of the names of sorrow, and it was, no doubt, in allusion to it, that Don Quixote accepted the sobriquet of the Knight of the Rueful Countenance. Triv'a gant. The same as TERMAGANT, a supposed deity of the Mohammedans, whom our early writers seem to have confounded with pagans. See TER MAGANT. Trō'i-lus. A son of Priam, King of Troy, and the hero of Chaucer's poem of "Troilus and Cresscide," and Shakespeare's play of "Troilus and Cresside'" . There is no trace of the story of these two personages among the ancients. "This [the vehement passion of Cressida] Shakespeare has contrasted with the profound affection represented in Troilus, and alone worthy the name of love; affection, passionate indeed,-swollen with the confluence of youthful instincts and youthful fancy, and growing in the radiance of hope newly risen, in short, enlarged by the collective sympathies of nature,-but still having a depth of calmer element in a will stronger than desire, more entire than choice, and which gives perraanence to its own act by converting it into faith and duty. Hence, with excellent judgment, and with an excellence higher than mere judgment can give, at the close of the play, when Cressida has sunk into infamy below retrieval and beneath hope, the same will which had been the substance and the basis of his love, while the restless pleasures and passionate longings, like sea waves, had tossed but on its surface, this same moral energy is represented as snatching him aloof from all neighborhood with her dishonor, from all lingering fondness and languishing regrets, while it rushes with him into other and nobler duties, and deepens the channel which his heroic brother's death had left empty for its collected flood." Coleridge. Trotwood, Mrs. Betsy. A kind-hearted ogress of an aunt, in Dickens's novel of "David Copperfield." Trǎl'li-ber, Parson. A fat clergyman in Fielding's novel, "The Adventures of Joseph Andrews." Trăn’nion, Commodore Hawser (trănyun). The name of an eccentric and celebrated character in Smollett's novel, "The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle." He is represented as having retired from service in consequence of injuries received in engagements; yet he retains his nautical and military habits, keeps garrison in his house, which is defended by a ditch, and entered through a drawbridge, obliges his servants to sleep in hammocks, and to take turns on watch all the year round, and indulges his humor in various other odd ways. Tuck, Friar. See FRIAR TUCK. Tupman, Tracy. A character in Dickens's "Pickwick Papers,". represented as a member of the Pickwick Club, and as a person of a very amorous disposition. Turk Gregory. The name given by Falstaff, in Shakespeare's historical play, 1 Henry IV., a. v., sc. 3, to Pope Gregory VII. (the belligerent Hildebrand), who became a by word with the early reformers for vice and enormity of every description. Turnip-hoer. A nickname given to George I., because, it is said, his majesty, when he first went to England, talked of turning St. James's Park into a turnip ground. Turpentine State. A popular name for the State of North Carolina, which produces and exports immense quantities of turpentine. Tū'ti-vil'lus. An old name for a celebrated demon, who is said to have collected all the fragments of words which the priests had skipped over or mutilated in the performance of the service, and carried them to hell. Twelve Apostles of Ireland, The. A name given to twelve Irish prelates of the 6th century, who appear to have formed a sort of corporation, and to have exercised a kind of jurisdiction or superintendence over the other ecclesiastics or "saints" of the time. They were disciples of St. Finnian of Clonard. Their names were as follows: 1. Ciaran, or Kieran, Bishop and Abbot of Saighir (now Seir-Keiran, King's County); 2. Ciaran, or Kieran, Abbot of Clomnacnois; 3. Columcille of Hy; 4. Brendan, Bishop and Abbot of Clonfert; 5. Brendan, Bishop and Abbot of Birr (now Parsonstown, King's County); 6. Columba, Abbot of Tirdaglas; 7. Molaise, or Laisre, Abbot of Damhiris (now Devenish island, in Loch Erne); 8. Cainnech, Abbot of Aichadhbo, Queen's County; 9. Ruadan, or Rodan, Abbot of Lorrha, Tipperary County; 10. Mobi Clairenech, or the Flat-faced, Abbot of Glasnooidhan (now Glasnevin, near Dublin); 11. Senell, Abbot of Cluain-inis, in Loch Erne; 12. Nannath, or Nennith, Abbot and Bishop of Inismuige-Samh (now Inismac-Saint), in Loch Erne. Twist, Oliver. The hero of Dickens's novel of the same name, a poor boy, born and brought up in the workhouse of an English village, starved, beaten, and abused by every body, but always preserving a saint-like purity and lovableness, even under circumstances of the deepest misery, and when surrounded by the very worst of evil influences. Twitcher, Jemmy. 1. The name of a character in Gay's "Beggar's Opera." 2. A nickname given to John, Lord Sandwich (1718-1792), by his contemporaries. Ugolino (00-go-lee/no). [It. Ugolino de' Gherardeschi.] A Pisan noble of the 13th century, and leader of the Guelphs. Having been defeated in an encounter with Archbishop Ruggieri, a leader of the Ghibelline faction, he is said to have been imprisoned, together with his sons, in the tower of the Gualandi (since called the Tower of Hunger), and the keys having been thrown into the Arno, they were left there to starve. Dante has immortalized the name and sufferings of Ugolino. He is represented as voraciously devouring the head of Ruggieri, in hell, where they are both frozen up together in a hole in a lake of ice. Nothing in history or fiction-not even the story which Ugolino told in the sea of everlasting ice-approaches the horrors which were recounted by the few survivors of that night [spent in the Black Hole of Calcutta). Macaulay. Woe to him who has found "Ivanhoe." Ulen-spiegel (oo/len-spee/gel). See OwLE-GLASS. Ul-ri'ca. A hideous old sibyl in Sir Walter Scott's Una. A lovely lady in Spenser's "Faery Queen," intended as a personification of Truth. The name Una signifies one, and refers either to the singleness of purpose characteristic of Truth, or to the singalar and unique excellence of the lady's character. See RED-CROSS KNIGHT, THE. Uncle Sam. A cant or vulgar name of the United States government. "Immediately after the last declaration of war with England, Elbert Anderson, of New York, then a contractor, visited Troy, on the Hudson, where was con centrated, and where he purchased, a large quantity of provisions-beef, pork, &c. The inspectors of these articles, at that place, were Messrs. Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. The latter gentleman (invariably known as 'Uncle Sam') generally superintended in person a large number of workmen, who, on this occasion, were employed in overhauling the provisions purchased by the contractor for the army. The casks were marked E. A. -U. S. This work fell to the lot of a facetious fellow in the employ of the Messrs. Wilson, who, on being asked by some of his fellow-workmen the meaning of the mark (for the letters U. S., for United States, were then almost entirely new to them), said he did not know, unless it meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam,'- alluding exclusively, then, to the said Uncle Sam' Wilson. The joke took among the workmen, and passed currently; and Uncle Sam' himself, being present, was occasionally rallied by them on the increasing extent of his possessions. Many of these workmen, being of a character denominated food for powder,' were found, shortly after, following the recruiting drum, and pushing toward the frontier lines, for the double purpose of meeting the enemy and of eating the provisions they had lately labored to put in good order. Their old jokes accompanied them, and before the first campaign ended, this identical one first appeared in print: it gained favor rapidly, till it penetrated, and was recognized, in every part of the country, and will, no doubt, continue so whale the United States remain a nation." Frost. Uncle To'by. The hero of Sterne's novel, "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent.". represented as a captain who had been wounded at the siege of Namur, and forced to retire from the service. He is celebrated for his kindness and benevolence, his courage, gallantry, and simplicity, no less than for his extreme modesty, his love passages with the Widow Wadman, and his military tastes, habits, and discussions. "But what shall I say to thee, thou quintessence of the milk of human kindness, thou reconciler of war (as far as it was once necessary to reconcile it), thou returner to childhood during peace, thou lover of widows, thou master of the best of corporals, thou whistler at excommunications, thou high and only final Christian gentleman, thou pitier of the devil himself, divine Uncle Toby! Why, this I will say, made bold by thy example, and caring nothing for what any body may think of it who does not, in some measure, partake of thy nature, that he who created thee as the wisest man since the days of Shakespeare; and that Shakespeare himself, mighty reflector of things as they were, but no anticipator, never arrived at a character like thine." L. Hunt. "My Uncle Toby is one of the finest compliments ever paid to human nature. He is the most unoffending of God's creatures; or, as the French express it, un tel petit bon homme! Of his bowling-green, his sieges, and his amours, who would say or think any thing amiss?" Hazlitt. Uncle Tom. The hero of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, entitled "Uncle Tom's Cabin,". negro slave, distinguished for unaffected piety and the faithful discharge of all his duties. His mas push; e, i, silent; cass; çh as sh; e, eh, as k; ģ as j, g as in get; s as z; x as gz; n as in ter, a humane man, becomes embarrassed in his finances, and sells the slave to a dealer. After passing through various hands, and suffering great cruelties, he dies at the south-west. Underground Railroad, The. A popular em bodiment of the various ways in which fugitive slaves from the Southern States of the American Union were assisted in escaping to the North, or to Canada; -often humorously abbreviated U. G. R. R. Unfortunate Peace, The. A name given by historians to the Peace of Cateau Cambresis (April 2, 1559), negotiated by England, France, and Spain. By this treaty, Henri II., of France, renounced all claim to Genoa, Corsica, and Naples, agreed to restore Calais to the English within eight years, and to give security for five hundred thousand crowns in case of failure. ni-¿èn'i-tus. In ecclesiastical history, the name given to a famous bull issued by Pope Clement XI., in 1713, against the French translation of the New Testament, with notes by Pasquier Quesnel, priest of the Oratory, and a celebrated Jansenist. The bull began with the words "Unigenitus Dei Filius,” and hence the name given to it. Universal Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Universalis.] A designation applied to Thomas Aquinas (12271274), in allusion to his extensive and profound learning. See ANGELIC DOCTOR and DUMB OX. Unlearned Parliament, The. See PARLIA MENT OF DUNCES. Urban, Sylvanus, Gent. The fictitious name under which the "Gentleman's Magazine" is edited, and by which is expressed its universality of town and country intelligence. True histories of last year's ghost, Lines to a ringlet or a turban; Praed. Urganda (00R-gän/dä). In the original romance of "Amadis de Gaul," the name of a potent fairy. In the Spanish romances relating to the descendants of Amadis, she is represented as an enchantress of a more powerful description. This Urganda seemed to be aware of her own importance, and perfectly acquainted with the human appetite. Smollett Urian, Sir (yoo'ri-an, or oo/re-än). A sportive designation of a man who is very little thought of, or who is sure to turn up unexpectedly and inopportunely. In Low German, the name is commonly applied to the devil. U'ri-el. [Heb., fire of God.] An angel mentioned in the second book of Esdras. Milton makes him "regent of the sun," and calls him "the sharpestsighted spirit of all in heaven." Ur'su-lå. A gentlewoman attending on Hero, in Shakespeare's Uther. Son of Constans, one of the fabulous of "Much Ado about Nothing." legendary kings of Britain, and the father of Arthur, See GORLOIS. Mythic Uther's deeply-wounded son Tennyson U-to'pi-å. [From Gr. ov, not, and róros, a place.] A term invented by Sir Thomas More (1480-1535), and applied by him to an imaginary island which he represents to have been discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci, and as enjoying the utmost perfection in laws, politics, &c., in contradistinction to the defects of those which then existed elsewhere. The name has now passed into all the languages of Europe to signify a state of ideal perfection. "The second book... gives a geographical description of the island; the relations of the inhabitants in social life, their magistrates, their arts, their systems of war and religion. On the latter subject, which could hardly be expected from the practice of the author,-the most unbounded toleration is granted. The greater part of the inhabitants believed in one Spirit, all-powerful and all-pervading; but others practiced the worship of heroes, and the adoration of stars. A community of wealth is a fundamental principle of this republic, and the structure [is] what might be expected from such a basis." Dunlop. "That he [Sir T. More] meant this imaginary republic seriously to embody his notions of a sound system of government, can scarcely be believed by any one who reads it and remembers that the entirely fanciful and abstract existence there depicted was the dream of one who thoroughly knew man in all his complicated relations, and was deeply conversant in practical government." J. II. Burton. V. Vadius (vä/do-is'). The name of a grave and heavy pedant in Molière's comedy, "Les Femmes Savantes." Val'en-tine. 1. One of the heroes in the old ro mance of "Valentine and Orson," which is of uncertain age and authorship, though it probably belongs to the 15th century. See ORSON. 2. One of the "Two Gentlemen of Verona," in Shakespeare's play of that name. 3. A gentleman attending on the Duke in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night." 4. One of the characters in Goethe's "Faust." He is a brother of Margaret, whom Faust has se linger, link; th as in thine, See p. 1684. |