Zac/o-rus
Za-cyn/thus
Za/gre-us
Za/greus
Za/grus
Zal'a-tes, 6

Ves-to'ri-us

Ves/u-lus
Ve-su/vi-us
Ves/vi-us
Vet/e-ra

Vet/ti-us

Vet-to'nes, 6: sce

Vectones.

Vet/u-lo'ni-a,

S. Sch.

Ve-tu'ri a

Xer/o-lib'y-a,
C. Sch.
Xe-rol/o-phos
Xerx-e/no
Xi-me/ne
Xi-phe/ne

Xu/thus

Xy/ehus

Xyl'e-nep'o-lis
Xyl'o-po-li'tæ

Zop'y-ri'nus

Zo-pyr'i-on, W. 8.
Zop/y-rus

Zor'o-as'tres, 6
Zos/i-mus
Zos-te'ri-a, S. W.
Zot/i-cus
Zy-gan'tis
Zyg/e-na
Zyg'i-a
Zyg'i-i: see C.
Zy-gop'o-lis
Zy-gri/ta

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

PROPER names of places are, for the most part, compound words. As the former or the latter part of the compound is often the same in different words, it has the appearance of a prefix or a suffix, and may be treated as such; as the prefixes aber, ash, north, stone; the terminations bury, ham, ness, wich. The following Index includes the principal prefixes, terminations, and formative syllables, especially those which are component parts of English names. Subjoined to the Index is a brief Alphabetical List of geographical names not included therein, giving their derivation and signification, so far as these could be ascertained. A great many names are necessarily omitted, their history and signification being altogether unknown. Many others are omitted, the etymology of which is either obscure or purely fanciful. Prominence has been given to the geography of America; and the principal Indian names of places, now in actual use, have been inserted, so far as it has been possible to arrive at their meaning with approximate correctness.

Valuable assistance has been derived, in the preparation of this Vocabulary, from Ingram's edition of the Saxon Chronicle (London, 1823), a Vocabulary of Geographical Etymology in Sullivan's Dictionary of Derivations (Dublin, 1851), Charnock's Local Etymology (London, 1859), Foster's Manual of Geographical Pronunciation and Etymology (London, 1860), Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World (Philadelphia, 1855), Gibson's Etymological Geography (Edinburgh, 1840), and from various other sources. Many of the translations of the Indian names here given have been furnished, and all of them examined, by Henry R. Schoolcraft, LL. D., and the Hon. J. Hammond Trumbull, whose high reputation and well-known accuracy in whatever relates to the Indian languages, litcrature, and history, are a sufficient guaranty for the correctness of this portion of the Vocabulary. Information in regard to certain names of the same class has also been obtained from the Rev. Edward Ballard, Secretary of the Maine Historical Society.

I. EXPLANATORY INDEX OF PREFIXES, TERMINATIONS, AND FORMATIVE SYLLABLES.

☎, ē, i, ō, ū, ỹ, long ; ă, ĕ, I, Ŏ, ú, ý, short; câre, fär, låst, fåll, whạt ; thêre, vẹil, tërm; pïque, firm; dône, fôr, dg, wolf, food, foot; fûrl, ryde push; e, i, o, silent; ç as s; ch as sh; e, eh, as k; g as j,g as in get; as z; I as gz; u as in linger, link; th as in thine. See p. 1684.

Borg, Borgo, Borough (a town), Borrow, | Coupée (koo/pa') [Fr.]. Cut off; as, Point Coupée | Fels (felss) [Ger.]. Rock; as, Drachenfels (dragon's Bourg. See BURG. (point cut-off).

Per.]. House, town; as, Pondicherry (near town). El [A-S.]. Strength; otherwise, from Ella, the Sax. Graf (gräf) [Ger.]. Count; as, Grafenberg (count's

Hafen

See HAVEN.

H.

Hai, or Hay (hi) [Chin.]. Sca, port; as, Whang-
hai (yellow sea); Shang-hai (supreme port).
Ham [A-S.] [Ger. Heim (him), Eng. Home].
Hamlet, home, town; as, Durham (home for deer),
Oakham (oak home), Nottingham (home with caves),
Waltham (home in the wood), Bischofsheim (bish-
op's home), Drontheim (home of the throne, or
court), Langhome.

Hamn. See HAVEN.

Har, Hard, Hor, Hur [A-S.]. An army. Har-
wich (army town).

Hat, Hed, Heding, Eding [A-S.]. A head; as,
Hatton, Hatfield, Heddington, Edington.
Hatche, Watche [Ind.]. River.

Haus (howss), Hausen (how/zen) [Ger.] [Dan. &
Norw. Huus (hoos)]. House, dwelling; as, Schaff-
hausen (sheep house or fold), Aggershuus (farm-
er's house in town).

Haven [Eng] [Ger. Hafen (h/fen), Sw. Hamn (häm), Dan. Havn (hown)]. Haven, harbor; as, Fairhaven, New Haven, Friedrichshafen (Frederick's haven), Christinahamn (Christina's port), Kjöbenhavn [Copenhagen] (commercial port). Haw [A-S.].` A`small field; as, Hawstead, Haw

thorne.

|

High [Eng.] [Ger. Hoch (hok), Hohe (ho/ch), Hohen (ho hen), D. Hoog (hol, or hōG)]. High; as, Highgate, Highbridge, Hochberg (high mountain), Hohenlindeň (higli lindens), Hoogeveen (high ||

turf).

Hill (Eng.]. Hill; as, Churchhill, Wardell (hill of the ward).

Hima (hee'mä') [Skr.]. Cold, snowy; as, Himalaya (abode of snow).

Hin'ter [Ger.]. Behind; as, Hinter Rhein (the back Rhine; i. e., branch of the Rhine which is farthest from Germany).

Hithe [A-S.]. Little port, or haven; as, Rother-
hithe (haven of the red height), Lambeth [for Lamb-
hithe] (loamy, or clayey, port), Greenhithe (haven
by the green, or meadow).

Ho[Chin.]. River, canal; as, Hoang-ho (yellow river).
Hoch, Hohe, Hoog. See HIGH.

Hof (hof) [Ger.]. Court; as, Hofheim (residence
of the court).

Holl [Ger.]. Low; as, Holland (low country).
Holm [A-S. & Norse]. River, island, meadow; as,
Bornholm (island fountain), Stockholm (islaud
formed by stocks, or piles), Holmstrand (island
coast).

Holm (A-S.]. A rising ground mostly planted; as,
Burnholm (hill of the rivulet), Dunholm, Waxholm.
Holt [A-S.]. A wood; as, Appleholt, Cherryholt,
Trokenholt (dry wood).
Hondo (on/do), Honda (on'dä) [Sp.]. Deep; as,
Rio Hondo (deep river), Bahia Honda (deep bay).
Hoog. See HIGH.

Hurst [A-S.]. Wood, forest; as, Lyndhurst (forest
on the Lynn, or water), Bradhurst (broad forest),
Brockhurst (forest on the brook).
Huus. See HAUS.

I.

fle, Isle (el) (Fr.] [Pg. Ilha (eel/yä), Sp. Isla
ees/lä), It. Isola (ce/so-lä), Celt. En'nis, Inch,
In'nis, from Lat. insula]. Island; as, lle de
France (Isle of France), Belleisle (beautiful island),
Lisle (the island), Ilha Grande (large island), Isla
de Leon (island of Leon), Isola Madre (mother isl-
and), Enniskillen (the kirk-town on the island),
Inchcolm (island of St. Colm, or Columba), Innis-
tory (high island).

Ili (ee lee) [Turk.). Country; as, Rumili, or Rou-
melia (country of the Romans).
Inch, Innis. See ILE.

Ing, Inge [A-S.]. Field, meadow, pasture; or, a
town situate in one; as, Leamington (meadow-
town on the Leam), Ruddington (town in the red
meadow); also, in Germany, Tübingen, Göttingen,
Inter. See ENTRE.

&c.

Inver [Ir.]. Mouth of a river; as, Inverary (mouth of the Ary), Inverness (mouth of the Ness). Comp. ABER.

J.

emperor; as, Kaiserstuhl (Cæsar's throne or seat), | Minster [A-S., from Lat. monasterium] [Ger.
Kaiserstadt (imperial town).

Kara (kä/rä') [Turk. & Tartar.]. Black; as, Kara-
mania (country of "black men ").

Karl [Ger.]. Charles; as, Karlsburg (Charles's cas-
tle, or Charlestown).

Kerke, Kerque. See KIRCHE.

Ken, Kin [Celt.]. Cape, headland ; as, Kenmore (the
great head), Kinnaird (the head of the heights).
Kiang (ke-äng') [Chin.]. River; as, Yang-tse-kiang
(son-of-the-sea river), Ta-kiang (great river).
Kil, or Kill [D.]. Channel, creek; as, Schuylkill
(hidden creek).

Kill [Celt.] [Lat. cella]. Cell, cloister, church; as,
Kilkenny (church of Kenny, or St. Canice), Kilpat
rick (Patrick's church), Kilmore (the great church).
King, or Kin [Chin.]. Capital, residence; as, Nan-
king, or Nankin (southern capital).

King [Eng.] [A-S. Coning, Conis, Cunning,
Ger. König (kö'niG)]. King; as, Kingston (king's
town), Kingsbury, Coningsby, Conisborough, Cun-
ningham, Königsberg.

Kirche (keek'kch) [Ger.] [D. Kerke (kěrk'ch),
Kerk (keRk), Fr. Kerque (kêrk), Scotch Kirk).
Church; as, Fünfkirchen (five churches), Dun-
kerque (church on the hill), Kirkby (church town).
Kirk. See KIRCHE.

Klein (klin), or Kleinen (klīnen) [Ger.]. Little;
as, Kleinenberg (little mountain).
König. See KING.

Koord, Kourd, Kurd [Per.]. Strong, fierce; as,
Koordistan (land of the strong or fierce).
Kopf [Ger.]. Head; as, Schneekopf (snow head, or
summit).

Köping (chö'ping), or Kjöping (chöping) [Sw.].
Mart, place of trade, town; as, Nyköping (new
town).
Kreis (kris) [Ger.]. Circle; as, Regierungs-kreis
(government circle).
Kron, Krone. See CRON.

Kur (kooR) [Ger., from küren, to choose, to elect].
Choice, election; as, Kur-Hessen (Electoral Hesse).

L.

Lac [Fr., from Lat. lacus]. [It. & Sp. Lago (lä/go),
Scotch Loch (loK), Ir. Lough (foн)]. Lake; as,
Lac des Bois (lake of the woods), Lago Maggiore
(larger lake, with reference to that of Lugano, with
which it is connected), Loch Doine (deep lake),
Lough Bawn (white lake).

Ladron, Ladrones [Sp., from Lat. latro]. Thief,
thieves; as, Ladrones, or Islas de los Ladrones
(islands of the thieves).

Land [Eng.]. Land, country; as, England (land of
the Angles), Hartland (hard or forest land), Cleve-
land.

Lange, Langen. See LONG.
Lauter (low/ter) [Ger.]. Clear, pure; as, Lauter-
brunnen (clear fountain).

Law, or Low [A-S.]. Conical hill, extensive tract
of land; as, Broadlaw, Wardlaw, Hounslow, Wins-
low.

Ley, or Ly [A-S.]. Field, meadow, pasture, common,
lea; as, Alderley (amid alders), Ockley (amid oaks),
Paisley (moist pasture-ground), Ousley (field of the
Ouse), Beverly (field of the beaver).

Licht (likt), or Lichten (lik'ten) [Ger.]. Light,
clear; as, Lichtenstein (clear stone).
Lieu (le-uh) [Fr., from Lat. locus].
Beaulieu (fine place).

Long [Eng.] [Fr. Long (lôN), Longue (long),
Ger. Lange (läng'ch), Langen (läng/en), It.
Lungo (loon/go), Lunga (loon/gä)]. Long; as,
Longford, Long Island, Longueil (longeye),
Longueville (long town), Langendorf (long vil-
lage), Vallelunga (long valley).
Lough. See LAC.

Mün'ster]. A monastery; as, Axminster (on the
Axe), Westminster (west from St. Paul's, London),
Münster, Münsterberg (minster mountain).
Mond. See MONTH.

Mont, Monte. See MOUNT.

Mor, More [Celt.] Great; as, Glenmore (big glen),
Morven (great mountain).

Mount [Eng.] [Fr. Mont (môN), It. Monte (mon'-
ta), Sp. Monte (mon/ta), Mont, from Lat. mors].
Hill, mount; as, Fairmount, Mont Blanc (white
mountain), Monte Negro (black mountain), Mont-
serrat (jagged mountain).

Mouth [Eng.] [Ger. Mund (moont), D. Mond (mont)] Mouth; as, Exmouth (town at the mouth of the Exe), Plymouth (town at the mouth of the Plym), Travemunde, Roermond (mouth of the Roer).

Nan [Chin.]. Southern; as, Nanking (southern cap-
ital).
Nant [Celt.]. Brook, stream; as, Nantes, Nanterre
(land or district of brooks).
Näs. See NASE.

Nase, or Naze [Eng., a corruption of Nacs]
[Norw. & Sw. Naes, or Näs (nas), Scotch Ness,
Russ. Nos, from Lat. nasus]. Nose, cape, prom-
ontory; as, the Nase, Naseby, Dungeness (head-
land of danger), Lindesnaes (lime cape), Fifeness
(promontory of Fife).

Neder. See NETHER.

Negro, Negra [lt., Sp., & Pg.] [Fr. Noir (nwäR),
Noire (nwäR), from Lat. niger]. Black; as, Monte
negro (black mountain), Rio Negro, or Rionero
(black river), Negropont (black bridge), Acqua Ne-
gra (black water), Mer Noire (Black Sea).
Ness. See NASE.

Nether [A-S.] [Ger. Nieder (nē/deR), D. Neder
(na deR)]. Lower; as, Netherby (nether, or lower,
station), Netherlands, Niederhessen (lower Hesse,)
Niederlande (Netherlands).

Nevado (nå-vä'Do), Nevada (nã-vä'Dä) [Sp.].
White with snow; as, Sierra Nevada (snow-clad
mountain chain).

New [Eng.] [Ger. Neu (noi), D. Nieuw (ny),
Nieu, Fr. Nouveau (noo/vi’), Nouvelle (noo-
věl'), It. No'va, Nuovo (noo-o/vo) Nuova (noo-
o'va), Sp. Nuevo (nwa/vo), Nueva (nwa/vä),
Russ. Novoi, or Nowoi (no-voi'), No'vo, No-
vaia (no-viä), Slav. Nove, Nowe (no/va), Dan. &
Sw. Ny (nu), from Lat. novus]. New; as, New
England, New Zealand, Neubrunn (new fountain),
Nieuwpoort, or Nieupoort (Newport), Neufchâteau
(Newcastle), Nouveau Mexique (New Mexico),
Nouvelle Orleans (New Orleans), Castel Nuoro
(Newcastle), Nueva Segovia (New Segovia), Villa
Nova (new town), Novaia Zemlia [Nova Zembla]
(new country), Novemiesto, or Nowemiesto (new
town), Nyborg (new town).
Nieder. See NETHER.
Noir, Noire. See NEGro,
Norte. See NORTH.

North [Eng] [A-S., Fr., & Ger. Nord (Fr. noR,
Ger. noRt), Sp. & Pg. Norte]. North; as, North-
ampton (North Hampton), Northumberland (North
Humber land), Norfolk (north folk, or people), Nor-
wich (north town), Norway (north way, direction,
or country), Nordheim (north home), Rio del Norte
(river of the north).
Nouveau, Novaia, Nove, Novo, Nuevo, Ny.
See NEW.
0.

Lund (loond) [Dan. & Sw.]. Grove or wood; as, Ö, or Öe (ö'ch) [Dan. & Norw.]. Island; as, Faroe
Plumbelund, Frederickslund.
Lungo. See LONG,

M.

Man [Ger.]. Man; as, Mansfeld [Mansfield] (camp
of the man, or hero).
Mare. See MERE.

Mark [Ger.]. Limit, boundary; as, Markdorf (fron-
tier village), Markenstein (boundary stone).
Mark [Scand.]. Field, territory; as, Lappmark (ter-
ritory of the Lapps), Denmark (territory of the
Danes).

Jebel [Arab.]. Mountain; as, Jebel Zatout (moun-Markt (maRkt) [Ger.]. Market; as, Neu-markt tain of apes).

Jeni, Yeni (yen'ee') [Turk.]. New; as, Jeniken
(new market), Yenishehr (new city).
Jung (yoong) [Ger.]. Young; as, Jungfrau (young
woman, or virgin).

K.

Kafir, Kaffre. See CAFIR.

(New-market), Marktbach (market brook).
Marsh [Eng.][A-S. Mars, Mers, Mas]. Marsh;
as, Marshfield, Marston, Mersham, Aldermaston.
Meer. See MERE.

Mere [A-S.] [Fr. Mer (mêR), Ger. & D. Meer
(mêR), It. Mare (ma'ra), from Lat. mare]. Sea,
lake, pool; as, Windermere, Merton (sea town), Mer-
sey (sea island), Mer Morte (Dead Sea), Harlemmer
Meer (sea of Harlem), Mare Grande (great sea).
Mill [Eng.] [Ger. Mühl]. Mill; as, Millbury, Mill-
brook, Mühlhausen (mill village).

Kaiser (ki/zer) [Ger., from Lat. Cæsar]. Cæsar,

(sheep islands) Sandöe, (sand islands).
O'ber [Ger.] Upper; as, Oberhofen (upper palace
or court).

Old [Eng.] [A-S. A1, Ald, A, Au, Ger. Alt (ält),
D. Oude (ow/deh)]. Old; as, Oldham (old home),
Oldtown, Alby (old dwelling), Auburn (old brook),
Altdorf (old village), Oudenarde (old earth, or
land).

Ooral, or Ural (00-räl') [Russ.]. Girdle, belt; as,
the Ural Mountains.

Ore [Hind.]. Town, village; as, Vellore, Nellore,
Tanjore.
Ort [Ger.]. Place, hamlet, village; as, Tiefenort
(deep place).
Ost, Oost. See EAST.
Oude. See OLD.

P.

Paraiso (pä-ri'so) [Sp. & Pg.]. Paradise; as, Val-
paraiso (vale of paradise).

Pas (pa) [Fr.]. Strait, outlet; as, Pas à l'Outre (out-
er pass), Pas de Calais (straits of Calais).
Pa-tam', or Pat-nam' [Hind.]. Fort or town; as,
Seringapatam (town of Sriringa, i. e., Vishnu).

Pe (pā) [Chin.]. North; as, Peking (northern resi- | Salz. See SALT.
dence, or capital).

Pei (pa) [Chin.]. White; as, Peiho (white river).
Pen Celt.]. See BEN.

Pena (pěnya) [Sp.] [Pg. Penha (pěn'yä)]. A
rock; as, Cabo de Peñas (cape of rocks), Penha.
Penj, Panj, or Punj [Pèr.]. Five; as, Penjab, or
Punjaub (five rivers), Penjshehr (five castles, or
towns).

Phil [Gr.]. Friend, friendship; as, Philadelphia
(city of brotherly love).
Pog, Paug, Bog [Ind.]. Pond, lake, fresh stand-
ing water.

Point [Eng. & Fr.] [It. & Sp. Punta (poon'tă),
Pg. Ponta (pon't), from Lat. punctum]. Point,
cape, headland; as, Point Judith, Point aux Trem-
bles (trembling point), Punta di Piedra (stony
point), Ponta Delgada (fine point).
Po'lis, Pol, Poli, or Boli, Ple, or Ble [Gr.(róλis),
Russ., & Turk.]. City; as, Nicopolis (city of victory),
Sevastopol (city of Augustus), Tripoli or Trieboli
[Tripolis], three cities, Grenoble Lat. Gratiano-
polis] (city of Gratian).

Pont (poN) [Fr.] [It. & Pg. Ponte (pon/ta), Sp.
Puente (pwen't), from Lat. pons]. Bridge; as,
Pont-l'Abbé (bridge of the abbot), Ponte di Legno
(bridge of wood), Puente de Genil (bridge on the
Genil).

Poor, Poo'ra, Pore [Hind.]. Town, city; as, Cawn-
poor [Khanpoor] (city of a khan), Serampore (city
of prosperity).

Pootra, Poutra [Skr.]. Son; as, Brahmapootra (son of Brahma).

Port [Eng] [It. & Pg. Por'to, Sp. Puerto (pwěk to), from Lat. portus]. Haven or port; as, Bridgeport, Portland, Porto Ercole [Lat. Herculis Portus] (port of Hercules), Puerto Rico (rich port).

Pres, Prest [A-S.]. A pricst; as, Preston, Presburg
(town of a priest).

Puebla (pwa/blä), or Pueblo (pwa/blo) [Sp.].
Town or city; as, Puebla Nueva (new town), Pue-
blo Viejo (old town).
Puente. See PONT.
Puerto. See PORT,
Punj. See PENJ.

Putra. See POOTRA.

Q.

Quatre (kät'r) [Fr.]. Four; as, Quatre Bras (four arms).

Quente (kčn'tã) [Pg.]. Hot; as, Agoa Quente (hot spring).

R.

Rajah, or Raja (räjä) [Skr.]. King, royal; as,
Rajahputra (son of the king), Rajahgor (royal for-
tress).

Ras (ras) [Arab.]. Head, headland, cape; as, Ras-
el-Abiad (white promontory).
Real, Reale. See ROYAL.

Reich (rik) [Ger.]. Kingdom; as, Oesterreich [Aus-
tria], kingdom of the East (i. e., of the Franks).
Reich (rik), or Reichen (ri'Ken) [Ger.] [Sp. &
Pg. Rico (rce/ko), Rica (ree/ki). Rich; as,
Reichstadt (rich town), Costa Rica (rich coast),
Porto Rico (rich port).

Reth, or Rithe [A-S.]. A reservoir, well, water;
as, Brandreth, Meldreth.

Riese (ree/za), Riesen (ree/zen) [Ger.]. Giant,
giants; as, Riesengebirge (giant mountains).
Rig [A-S.]. Ridge, back; as, Rigby, Rigton Hawke-
ridge.

Rio (rec'o) [Sp. & Pg.] [Fr. Rivière (re've-êR')].
River; as, Rio Grande (great river), Trois Rivières
(three rivers).

Rivière [Fr.). See Rio.

Roche (rosh) [Fr.] [It. & Lat. of the middle ages,
Roc'ca.] Rock, fortress; as, Rochefort (strong
fortress), Rocca Nova (new fortress).
Ross [Celt.]. A promontory or península, a height
or summit: as, Kinross (head of the promontory),
Melrose (naked promontory), Roxburgh [Ross-
burgh] (the castle on a promontory).
Rosso It.] [Ger. Roth (rōt), Rothen (rō'ten),
Fr. Roux (roo), Rouge (roozh)]. Red; as, Cas-
tel Rosso, or Chateauroux (red castle), Rothen-
thurm (red tower), Mer Rouge (Red Sea).
Roth, Roux, Rouge. See Rosso.
Royal [Eng.] [Sp. & Pg. Real (râ-äl/), It. Reale
(ra-a/la), from Lat. regalis]. Royal; as, Royalton,
Port Royal, Villa Real (royal town), Monte Reale
(Mount Royal).

Ruh (roo), Ruhe (rooʻgh) [Ger.]. Rest; as, Carls-
ruhe (Charles's rest).

S.

Sable (sä/bl) [Fr.]. Sand; as, Rivière au Sable (sandy river), Cape Sable.

Salado, Sale, or Salêe. See SALT.

Salt [Eng] [Sp. Salado (sä-lä/Do), Fr. Salé (sä/la), or Salee (s/la'), Ger. Salz (salts), from Lat. sal]. Salt; as, Salt River, Salt Lake, Rio Salado (salt river), Rivière Salée (salt river), Salzburg (salt castle), Salzgrub (salt mine).

San, Sancta, Santa. See SAINT.
Saint [Eng.], [Fr. Saint (săN), Sainte (sănt), It.
& Sp. San (sän) Santa (sän'tä), Ger. Sanct
(sänkt), from Lat. sanctus]. Saint; as, Saint or
St. Johns, St. Helena, St. Pierre (St. Peter),
San Juan (St. John), Sainte Croix, or Santa Cruz
(holy cross), Sanct Hubert (St. Hubert).
Schloss (shlos) [Ger.]. Castle; as, Schlossberg (cas-
tle hill).

Saut, Sault (so) [Fr.]. Water-fall; as, Sault Ste.
Marie (falls of St. Mary).

Schnee (shna) [Ger.]. Snow; as, Schneeberg (snow
mountain).

Schön (shön) [Ger.]. Beautiful; as, Schönbrunn
(beautiful spring or fountain).
Schuylen (skoi len) [D.]. To hide; as, Schuylkill
(hidden creek).

Schwarz, or Schwartz (shwarts) [Ger.]. Black;
as, Schwarzwald (black forest).
Scrob, Scrobb [À-S.]. A shrub or bush; hence,
Shropshire, Shrewsbury.

See (za) [Ger.] [D. Zee]. Sea or lake; as, Thuner
See (Lake of Thun), Zeeland [Zealand] (sea land,
i. e., land nearly or quite surrounded by the sea).
Semlia (sẽm/le-ä) [Slav.]. Land; as, Novaia Semlia
or Zemlia [Nova Zembla] (new land).
Sepe, Sippi [Ind.]. River.

Serai (ser-i), or Šarai (sar-i) [Turk. & Tartar].
A palace; as, Bosnia Serai (the Bosnian palace),
Baktchiserai (palace of the gardens).
Serra. See SIERRA.

Sex [Eng.] [Ger. Sachs (säks)]. Saxon; as, Sussex
(kingdom of the "South Saxons "), Essex (East
Saxons), Sachsen (Saxony).

Shire [A-S., from sciran, to shear, divide]. A coun-
ty; as, Cheshire (for Chestershire), Lancashire (for
Lancastershire).
Shrew, Shrop. See SCROB.

Sieg (zeeg) [Ger.]. Victory; as, Siegberg (moun-
tain of victory).

Sierra (se-eR/Ra) [Sp.] [Pg. & Lat. Serꞌra (lit. a
saw)]. Mountain ridge; as, Sierra Blanca (white
mountain ridge), Sierra Leon (lion mountain),
Sierra Nevada (snowy mountain ridge).
Sk, Skoe [Russ.]. An adjective suffix denoting a
town or village; as, Tobolsk (town on the Tobol),
Looganskoe (town on the Loogan).
Slack [A-S.]. A gap, narrow pass; as, Witherslack.
Slav [Russ.]. A prefix or suffix denoting the habita-
tion of Slavonians; as, Slavoota, Yaroslav.

South [Eng., from A-S., suth, suther] [Ger. Süd
(süt), D. Zuyd (zoit), or Zuyder (zoi'der), Sp.
Sud (sooD), or Sur (sooR), Pg. Sul (sool)]. South;
as, Southampton, Southwark, Sutherland, Sudbu
ry, Sud-America (South America), Zuyder Zee
("South Sea," as contradistinguished from the North
Sea), San Juan del Sud (San Juan of the South), Rio
Grande de Sul (Rio Grande of the South).
Stad. See STADT.

Stadt (stat) [Ger.] [Dan. & Sw. Stad (stad), D.
Stad (stat).] Town; as, Carlstadt (Charlestown),
Christianstad (Christian's town), Frederikstad
(Frederick-town).

Stan (stän) [Per.]. Country; as, Hindostan (country
of the Hindoos), Koordistan (country of the
Koords), Turkistan (country of the Turks).
Stan. See STONE.

Stede, or Stead [A-S.]. A station, home, town; as,
Hampstead [Hamstead] (homestead), Horstead
(Horsa's town). Cf. Ger. STADT.
Steen. See STONE.

Tchoo, Tchou. See CHOW.
Tepetl [Aztec]. Mountain; as, Popocatapetl (moun
tain of smoke).
Terra. See TIERRA,
Thal. See DALE.

Thorpe, Throp, Trop [A-S.]. A village; as, Al-
thorp (old village), Hanthorp (village of the haven),
Winthrop (village of the furze). Cf. Ger. Dorf.
Thurm. See TORRE.

Thwaite [A-S.]. A pasture; as, Burnthwaite, Bran-
thwaite.

Tier'ra (te-ĕR/Rä) [Sp.] [It. & Lat. Ter'ra]. Earth or land; as, Tierra, or Terra, del Fuego (land of fire).

Tod [A-S.]. Fox; as, Toddington, Todmorden. Torre (tŎR/Ra) [It., Sp., & Pg., from the Lat. turris] [Ger. Thurm (tooRm)]. Ä tower; as, Torres Vedras (old towers), Torres Novas (new towers), Rothenthurm (red tower).

Town [Eng.] [A-S. Ton, Tun]. A town, village;
as, Watertown, Charlestown, Norton (north town),
Brighton (Brighthelm's town), Boston (Botolph
town), Sutton (south town), Langton (long town).
See BURG and DUN.

Tricht (trikt), or Trecht (trčkt) [D., from Lat. tra-
jectus]. A passage; as, Maestricht [Lat. Mosa
Trajectus] (the passage of the Meuse), Utrecht [Lat.
Ultra Trajectum] (beyond "the passage" of the
Rhine).

Trois (trwä) [Fr.]. Three; as, Trois Rivières (three
rivers).

Tuk, Tuck [Ind.]. A wide river or estuary where the water is rough.

U.

Uker [Ger.]. Frontier; hence, Ukraine (frontier dis-
trict).

Unter (don'ter) [Ger.]. Under; lower; also, among;
as, Unterwalden (among the woods).
Ural. See OORAL.

Ut, It, At [Ind.]. The locative inflection, signifying
at or in a place.

V.

Val (väl), Valle (vällä) [It.] [Sp. Valle (väl/lä),
Val (väl), O. Fr. Vau (vō), from Lat. vallis]. A
valley; as, Val d'Arno (valley of the Arno), Valle
Hermoso (beautiful valley), Vaucluse (closed val-
ley).

Var (vär) [Hung.]. Fortified place; as, Temesvar
(fortification on the Temes.)
Vecchio (věk/ke-o), Vecchia (věk ke-3) [It.] [Pg.
Velho (věl/yo), Sp. Viejo (ve-a/Ho), Vieja (ve-a-
Ha), Fr. Vieux (ve-uh), Vieille (veel)]. Old;
as, Porto Vecchio (old port), Civita Vecchia (old
city), Villa Velha (old town), Puerto Viejo (old port),
Vieux Condé (old Condé).

Vero (vā/ro), Vera (vā/rä) [Sp., Pg., & It., from Lat.
verus]. True; as, Vera Cruz (true cross).
Villa (It. & Pg. villa, or veel'la; Sp. veel'ya) [It.,
Sp., & Pg.] [Fr. Ville (vêl), from Lat. villa]. A
town; as, Villanuova, Villa Nova, Villeneuve (new
town).

W.

Wad, Wat [A-S.]. A river that may be waded over;
as, Wadham, Watford, Waddon.
Wad (wäd), or Wady (wä/dee) [Arab.]. A valley
or river; as, Wady Moosa (valley of Moses).
Wad-el-Kebeer [Guadalquivir]. See GUAD.

Steth [A-S.]. Bank of a river; as, Bickersteth, Tox- Wald, Walt, Wold, Would [A-S.]. A wild, uncul

teth.

Stein. See STONE.

Stock, Stoke, Stol, Stow [A-S.]. Place, seat,
dwelling; as, Woodstock (woody place), Tavistock
(place on the Tavy), Stockbridge (dwelling by the
bridge), Bishopstoke, Bristol (bright or pleasant
place), Bradstow (the broad place), Chepstow (cheap
place).

Stone [Eng.] [A-S. Stan, Ger. Stein (stin), D.
Steen (stan)]. Stone; as, Stoneham, Stonington,
Stanton or Staunton, Steinbach (stony brook), Eh-
renbreitstein (honor's broad stone), Steenkerke
(stone church).

Strasse. See STRAT.

Strat [A-S.] [Ger. Strasse (sträs/sch), from Lat.
strata]. Street, way, road; as, Stratford (ford by
the street), Stratton (town on the public road),
Strassburg (town or castle on the highway).
Strath [Gael.]. Long and broad valley; as, Strath-
more (great valley), Strathspey (valley of the Spey).
Ström (ström) [Ger.]. Stream; current; as, Mil-
ström, mill stream;-so called from its whirling
motion.

Sud, Süd, Sul, Sur. See SOUTH.

Sund (soont, or soond) [Ger., Dan., & Sw.]. Sound
or strait; as, Stralsund (town on the "sound" of

Strale).

T.

Ta [Chin.]. Great; as, Ta-kiang (great river), Ta-
shan (great mountain).

Tehang [Chin.]. Middle; as, Tchang-kooe (mid-
dle kingdom), the native name of China.

tivated land; as, Waltham, Coxwold, Kingswoulde. Weiler (wi'ler) [Ger.]. Hamlet or village; as, Badenweiler (village of baths),

Weiss (wis), or Weissen (wi'sen) [Ger.]. White;
as, Weisskirch (white church), Weissenburg (white
fort, or town), Weissenfels (white rock).
West [Eng. & Ger.]. West; as, Westford, Westfield,
Westhofen (western court).

Wich, Wick [A-S., from Lat. vicus]. A town; also,
a bay or bend in a river, a harbor; as, Greenwich
(green village), Norwich (north village), Sandwich
(town on the sand), Warwick (garrison town), Dant-
zic (village of the Danes), Sleswic [Schleswig], vil-
lage on the Schley.

Wood [A-S.]. Wood; as, Norwood (north wood),
Westwood (west wood).

Worth [A-S.]. A mansion, manor, town; as, Ald-
worth (old mansion), Tamworth (town on the
Tame), Bosworth (St. Botolph's town), Kenilworth
(mansion or manor on the canal or ditch).

Y.

Yang [Chin.]. Male, strong; as, Yang-tse-klang
Yar [Celt. Garw, Garaw]. Rapid, rough, turbid;
(male child, or son of the ocean).
as, Yare, Yarmouth, Yarrow; also, Garonne.
Yeni. See JENI.

Z.

Zee. See SEE.
Zemlia. See SEMLIA.
Zuyd, or Zuyder. See SOUTH.

ā, ē, I, ō, ū, ÿ, long; ă, ě, I, ō, ù, ý, short; câre, fär, låst, fåll, whạt ; thêre, veil, têrm; pïque, firm; dône, fôr, dg, wolf, food, foot; fûrl, ryde,