VOWELS.

1. In the languages of Continental Europe, a never has a sound like that in the English words fate or name, but is usually like the a in far or father, often approximating that in fat. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not.

2. E generally has a sound similar to a in fate, or else to e in met. In French it is often silent. In Swedish, e, when long, has a sound resembling that of short i, but more prolonged. Thus, Carlén might be pronounced kar-Min'. When short, it is like e in met.

3. I usually sounds as in marine; that is, like long e in English. It is sometimes like our short i, as in pin. It is important to observe that i final in French, Italian, and Spanish, has the full, clear sound of ee in see; it should therefore not be allowed to fall into, as it is apt to do in English or Angli

cized words.

4. O has for the most part nearly the same sound as in English. Sometimes it is long, as in no, but often it has a sound intermediate between that of our o in no and that in not. (See Observation VI. on p. 1683.) In Russian, o, when not accented, is very short, almost like a in father, or intermediate between this and that in fat. In Swedish and Norwegian, at the end of a syllable, it is sounded like our oo.

5. U in most languages is pronounced like the English oo. In French (and in Dutch when it ends a syllable) it may be said to combine the sounds of our oo and long e. If the speaker, after placing his lips in the position for pronouncing oo, endeavors, without moving his lips, to utter the sound of ee, that of the French u will be produced.

6. Y is usually like i, that is, like our e. In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish it sounds like the French u or German ü. In Polish it resembles our short i, as in pin. In Dutch it is like our long i. It may be observed that, according to the modern Dutch orthography, ij is substituted for y. Thus, the old spelling Overyssel is replaced by Overijssel, Bilderdyk by Bilderdijk, &c.

DIPHTHONGS.

7. Aa in Danish usually sounds nearly like our a in fall, sometimes approaching o long. (a) in Swedish sounds like long o in English.

8. Ae, or ä, is usually pronounced like a in fate, or e in met. In Dutch and Flemish ae sounds like a in far. In the modern Dutch orthography ae is replaced by aa. Thus, the name formerly written Haerlem is now Haarlem, Maes is changed into Maas, &c.

9. Ai and ay are usually proper diphthongs, being compounded of the sound of a as in far and i as in fig, thus nearly corresponding in sound to our long i. In French and Modern Greek they are pronounced nearly like ay in the English word day; that is to say, like a in fate.

10. Au has generally the sound of ow in now. In French au and eau have the sound of long o. (See Remark III. p. 1683.)

11. Ei and ey are generally proper diphthongs, uniting the sounds of a in fate and e in me, being similar to ay in day when this word is pronounced very full. In German they are like our long i; in French, nearly like our e in met, or a in fate.

12. Eu in French and Dutch has a sound nearly similar to u in the English word fur, but somewhat more prolonged. This sound is intermediate between that of the English short u and that of the German ö. (See 14.) Some orthoepists represent the sound of the French eu by the German ö; but this latter sound is perhaps even more difficult for the English pupil than that which it is intended to explain. It has, therefore, been deemed preferable, in the present work, to represent the French eu by an English sound, which, in the opinion of some accomplished French teachers, is nearer to it than the German, and which has the additional recommendation of being a sound with which the English learner is already familiar. In German eu and u have the sound of oi in English.

13. le at the end of a word is always pronounced in French like e in the English word me. In German it is frequently so pronounced. In the middle of a word, ie, both in Dutch and German, always sounds like our long e.

14. Oe, or ō, occurs in several European languages. In Danish, however, instead of two dots being placed over the o, a mark is drawn obliquely through it (ø). The sound is unlike any thing we have in English, but is nearest to that of u in fur, or e in her. If, while the lips are retained in the position proper for forming o long, the speaker tries to utter the sound of e in met (or ain fate), he will produce the sound of ö. This sound, as well as that of the French u, should, if possible, be learned from an oral instructor. In Dutch, oe sounds like our oo.

15. Oi in French is usually sounded like wä: moi is pronounced mwü; roi, rwä; &c. Oi in the termination of certain tenses of the French verbs, as well as in some adjectives, was formerly used instead of ai, and was pronounced like this diphthong. Now, however, oi in such words is almost universally replaced by ai. Thus, instead of parlois or parloit (the imperfect tense of parler, to speak), the French now write parlais and parlait, and instead of François, Françoise (French), they write Français and Française.

16. Ou in French and in Modern Greek sounds like our oo; in Dutch and Norwegian, like ow in the English word now, or like ou in house. In Portu

17. Ue, or ü, has the sound of the French u. (See 5., Respecting the double vowels, sce Observation V. p. 1683

CONSONANTS.

The consonants in the languages of Continental Europe sre, for the most part, similar in sound to the same letters in English. The following exceptions may be mentioned:

18. B at the end of a word in German is pronounced like p. Between two vowels in Spanish its sound is somewhat similar to v, with which it is often interchanged; as, Cordoba, Cordova, &c. This sound of b is formed by bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact.

19. C before e and i in Italian is pronounced like ch in the English word chill; in the same position in Spanish it sounds like the Spanish z, or like our th in thin (except in the Catalan dialect, where it has the sound of s). In German, c before e, i, and y is pronounced like the German z, or like ts in English. In Polish it has the same sound, even at the end of a word; thus, Prypoc is pronounced prip'ets.

20. D at the end of a word in German and Dutch is pronounced like t. In Spanish and Danish, between two vowels or at the end of a word, it has a sound similar to th in this,

21. In all the European languages g is hard before a, o, and u; in German, Danish, Norwegian, and Polish, it is hard in every situation, though it sometimes has a guttural sound. Before e and i (or y), in French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish, it is like the j of these languages. In the same position in Italian it sounds like our j, or soft g. In Dutch it is always pronounced like h strongly aspirated. Gu before e and i, in French, Portuguese, and Spanish, sounds like g hard.

22. Hin French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is either never pronounced at all, or else is sounded so slightly that an English ear can scarcely perceive it. In the other languages of Europe it has the same sound as in English. 23. Jin Italian, German, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and Dutch, is pronounced like our y. In French and Portuguese it has the sound of zh, or s in the English word pleasure. In Spanish it is equivalent to x, being similar in sound to a strongly aspirated h.

24. Often at the end of a syllable, in French and Portuguese, m and n are said to have a nasal sound; but, more correctly speaking, dropping their own proper character, they impart nasality to the preceding vowels, which are then sounded through the nose. For example, ban in French approximates in sound that indicated by bong in English. Alem, or alen, in Portuguese is pronounced almost ä-leng'. In pronouncing the nasal vowels in these languages, care should be used not to press the back part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in producing the sound of the English ng. In French, o before n nasal has nearly the sound of our o in note, but is somewhat shorter. That is to say, if the English word no be pronounced quickly, with the vowel rendered nasal, the sound produced will correspond almost exactly to that of the French non. Some distinguished phonologists, however, are of the opinion that the sound of the French o in such cases is nearer to that of our o in nor. It is undoubtedly a nice and difficult question; but it is certain that for practical purposes, it is much safer to direct the pupil to pronounce the o with n nasal, like o in no or in only, rather than like o in nor, since in the latter case he is in danger of confounding the sounds of the French on and an — a very prevalent fault with English and American speakers. It should be remembered that a before n nasal in French is sounded very broad, nearly like our o in not. Nin Italian before g usually preserves its clear sound; hence Marengo is pronounced almost mä-renn'go; in all or nearly all the other languages, n in such cases approximates the sound of the English n in link.

25. N in Spanish (like gn in French and Italian, and nh in Portuguese) has a sound combining that of n and y consonant. Miño and Minho are pronounced alike-meen'yo.

26. Qu before e and i in Portuguese and Spanish, and before every vowel in French, has the sound of k. In most other languages it is essentially the same as in English.

27. R in most European languages is trilled more strongly than in English, particularly at the end of a word or syllable. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue is made to approach very near to the roots of the upper teeth,

28. S in many European tongues, when between two vowels, is very soft, having the sound of our z, or one very near it. In German it is usually pro nounced soft at the beginning of a word. In Hungarian it sounds like our sh or the German sch.

29. T in several European tongues has a sound somewhat more dental than in English. This is especially observable in Spanish, in which language it is pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth.

30. W in German and some other languages is nearly similar to our v. It may be described as a v uttered with the lips alone, without the aid of the teeth. 31. X in Spanish generally sounds like a strongly aspirated h. (See 23.) In Portuguese it is pronounced like our sh.

32. Z in German and Swedish has the sound of ts; in Italian, z usually sounds

COMBINED CONSONANTS.

33. Ch in Spanish has the same sound as in the English word chill (except in the dialect of Catalonia, where it sounds like k). In Italian, it is pronounced like k; in German, Polish, and some other languages, it has a guttural sound, somewhat similar to a strongly aspirated h. This sound must be learned from an oral instructor. In French (except in the case of some words derived from the Creek), and in Portuguese, ch has the sound of our sh.

34: Cs in Hungarian sounds like ch in the English word church. 35. Cz in Polish sounds like our ch; in Hungarian, like ts.

38. Dy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and consonant y, and hence approximates the sound of our j. The same combination occurs in some EngFsh words, as in soldier, verdure, &c. (See 44.)

37. G in Italian is like gh in the English word ghost, or g in game. 38. Gl in Italian, when followed by i, has the same sound as lh in Portuguese, or ll in Spanish. Before a, o, or u, the i following gl is silent. (See 41.) 39. Gn in French and Italian (like ñ in Spanish) combines the sounds of n and consonant y. (See 25.)

40. Gy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and y consonant. Magyar is pronounced mŏd'yŏr'. (See 36.)

41. Lh in Portuguese, and I in Spanish, combine the sounds of and y consonant. For example, velho is pronounced vel'yo ; villa, veel'yä ; llano, lyä'no. Ly in Hungarian has also the sound of U in Spanish. Ll in French, when preceded by i, was formerly, in certain words, sounded like the Spanish // ; but according to the modern popular pronunciation, all sound of the l in such words is dropped. Aurillac, formerly ō'rêl/yäk', is now generally sounded ō're/yük'; Bouillon, formerly bool'yos', is now boo'yôN', &c. It may be observed, however, that public speakers, and others who aim to be very correct in their pronunciation, still frequently retain the sound of the l.

42. Nh in Portuguese is pronounced like the Spanish π. Ny in Hungarian has the same sound.

(See 25 and 39.)

43. Sc in Italian, before e and i, sounds like the English sh. Scio is pronounced shee/o, Sciortino, shor-tee/no, &c.

44. Sz in Hungarian is sounded like sharp s, or ss; but as is like our zh. In Polish, sz sounds like our sh.

45. Sch in German is pronounced like sh in English; in Italian, before e and i, it sounds like sk in English, and in Dutch, before all the vowels, its sound is similar, but harsher and more guttural.

46. Th in all the modern languages of Continental Europe except Greek (in which the character has the same sound as our th), is pronounced like simple t, or like th in the English word thyme.

47. Ts in Hungarian is like cs in the same language; that is, like our ch in church.

48. Ty in Hungarian blends the sounds of t and consonant y; it approaches in sound our ch. A similar combination of t with the sound of consonant y takes place in the English words creature, righteous, virtue.

ACCENT.

49. By accent is usually meant, in English, that particular impulse or stress of the voice which, in pronunciation, is placed upon certain syllables of a word; for example, on the last syllable in confer and retain, on the second in America, and on the first and last in evermore. Many words in English (like the one last cited) have two accents; but one is always predominant, and is termed the primary accent: the other is called the secondary accent.

Something analogous to English accentuation is found in nearly all languages. In the Teutonic tongues, especially, the accent is essentially the same as in English, a large number of the polysyllabic words having both the primary and secondary accent, as Son'ders-hau'sen, Zoll've-rein'. It may be observed, however, that in none of the other languages, not even in the Teutonic, is the stress of voice thrown so exclusively on a single syllable as it mostly is in English; and, as a natural consequence, the unaccented syllables are almost invariably pronounced more distinctly than by us. This is an important point to be borne in mind by those who wish to speak foreign words or names correctly.

It is very difficult, if not impossible, to give any general rules, that would be of much practical utility, for placing the accent on foreign words or names. Among what may be termed the principal European languages (viz., English, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish), there is scarcely one general rule for accent to which there are not a multitude of exceptions. Those of most general application are perhaps the following: In Spanish and Portuguese, words ending in a vowel usually have the accent on the penultima; those ending in a consonant are generally accented on the last syllable: yet even to these there are numerous exceptions; e. g., Alcalá, Alcántara, Córdova, Guipúscoa, Mérida; Almodóvar, Andújar, Cáceres, Cádiz, and many others.

50. In Spanish, the difference between accented and unaccented syllables, though sufficiently obvious to a native, is sometimes scarcely perceptible to a foreigner.

51. in Hungarian, there is no accent, according to our use of this word; but the syllables are distinguished from each other by quantity, being, like the Latin, divided into long and short. But as quantity in Latin and Greek is converted into accent by the usage of English pronunciation, so, in giving Hungarian names in the following vocabularies, the accent is placed according to

quantity whenever this could be satisfactorily ascertained; e. g., Csongrád, chon-gräd'; Uj-Vár, oo-e-vär'.

52. The French language also has no accent, in the sense in which we employ the term. The marks called accents that are placed over the different vowels, serve only to indicate some particular sound of these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the voice which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and most other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parlé serves to show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of the same verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed a longer and deeper sound than ordinary; e. g., in hâte, tempête, gîte, and apôtre. It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that they seem to an English ear to accentu<' ate the last, because in our language the universal tendency is to throw the accent toward the beginning of the word. Others maintain that in pronouncing words of a number of syllables, the voice of a native French speaker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and that this peculiar terminal intonation is very analogous, and nearly equivalent, to our accent. Be this as it may, the fact that the English who have learned the pronunciation of names from hearing them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably throw the accent on the final syllable, furnishes, it would seem, sufficient ground for establishing a general rule on this subject. Accordingly, the principal accent has been placed on the last syllable of French names: at the same time it has been thought proper to mark the others with secondary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced too slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in English. The pronunciation of Orléans, for example, has been thus given—ORʻlâ'ŎN'.

OBSERVATIONS.

I. I, in French and some other languages, often has a sound that is sometimes said to be between our ee and short i. It is, however, properly the pure sound of e as in me or ee as in see, pronounced short. This sound is represented by ê.

II. It may be observed that a, as in the English word day, when uttered fully and distinctly, is a true diphthong, consisting of a sound nearly like that of e in there or met (but less open), prefixed to (or combined with) that of short i. In pronouncing foreign names, à (used to represent long e in German, Italian, &c.) should never have this diphthongal sound; in other words, the terminal element, resembling short i, should be carefully excluded.

III. In marking the pronunciation of foreign names, except where a full accent falls upon the vowel, we have usually preferred to use ã, c (or ê), and ỗ, rather than a, e, ō, as the speaker would be in danger of prolonging the sounds of the latter too much. In the pronunciation, however, of French names containing the improper diphthong au, o, marked long (ō), is always made use of, because the sound in French is actually long in quantity.

IV. E (not marked with an accent) in French is usually silent; and it is occasionally so in Danish and German.

V. A double letter, in foreign words, is generally to be sounded more distinctly and fully than a single letter of the same kind. This remark applies to nearly all the double vowels in foreign languages (except aa in Danish and Norwegian, already explained under the diphthongs, sce 7, p. 1682); ce and oo in Dutch and German, ii and uu in Danish and Norwegian, being simply equivalent to the single vowel prolonged. Ss, except in Hungarian (see 28), has the sound of sharp s, as in our words so, house, &c. Ss is sometimes used at the beginning of a word or name by the Germans, in order to indicate more surely the sharp sound of s; more especially words from the Oriental languages are written in this manner: since a single s in German at the beginning of a word would be liable to be sounded like our 2. (Sec 28.)

VI. It will be observed that in the following vocabularies, o followed by a single consonant in the pronunciation of foreign names is usually without any diacritical mark (e. g., Heilbronn, hīl-bron', Pignerol, pên'ye-rol′). In such cases the English scholar will, of course, pronounce it like short o, as in folly, this being perhaps the nearest English approximation to the true sound; yet, properly speaking, the sound approaches that of o in nor, and is, in fact, intermediate between o in not and o in note. This at least is true of the French, German, and Italian.* The reader should be particularly on his guard, in such cases, not to give the o a flat sound, as is too often done, so that not is pronounced almost as if it were written nät. This, in speaking English, is a very bad fault, but is still more objectionable in pronouncing foreign words.

VII. A system of notation intended to represent the sounds of many different languages, must, from the necessity of the case, be somewhat complex and diffi cult. Hence, it is particularly important not to embarrass the reader with needless signs or unnecessary distinctions. In respelling for pronunciation, therefore, marks on the vowels have generally been dispensed with, when the sounds of the letters could not easily be mistaken. Thus, for example, char'pee gives the pronunciation of the Italian name Ciarpi no less perfectly, and more simply, than char'pē; for the same reason far-sis-tän', as the pronunciation of Farsistan, is preferable to fär-sis-tän'. It may be observed in regard to the example last cited, that the diacritical sign on the second a is necessary; otherwise the final syllable might be pronounced stăn: it has accordingly been retained. For

* In Italian this sound of o often differs very slightly from that indicated by ₺ (o intermediate); thus, Giotto might be pronounced jot'to or jōt'to.

similar reasons, in giving the pronunciation of French names, the vowel ending a syllable is usually unmarked, except where the diacritical sign is absolutely required to distinguish the sound; as, Chantilly, shox'te/ye'; Chamouni, shä'moo'ne'. A single e in these names is preferred to ee, because the latter would be apt to be prolonged too much. In all cases, however, where it was thought that the omission of the diacritical sign might give rise to doubt or error, such

sign has been added, inasmuch as practical utility has been deemed to be far more important than the mere show of consistency. For example, es, even when occurring under a full (or primary) accent, has been marked short (as in Valdes, val-des'), because, in accordance with the usual Latin pronunciation, es is so apt to be sounded long; thus, we very generally hear Cervantes pronounced ser-van'tēz, although this is not a Latin name.

,, i, o, marked with this sign [.] underneath, have an obscure sound similar to that of short u, but are usually considerably shorter, and, indeed, sometimes are almost mute: thus, Grat'tan might be pronounced gråt/tun or gråt/t'n-but the latter is much preferable; Hěl/lçr, hěl/lŭr or hěl'l'r, &c. â, ê, ô are similar in sound to ā, ē, ō, but are not to be pronounced so long. is employed to denote the long sound of ä.

ö has a sound similar to e in her (see 14 *); it may be Anglicized by e.

ü is like the French u (see 5 *), which it is employed in pronunciation to represent; it may be Anglicized by the English u.

U, small capital, is intended to represent the sound of the French eu (sec 12 *); it should be pronounced nearly like u in the English word fur.

B, small capital, is used to denote the sound of b in Spanish, often nearly approximating that of v. (See 18.*)

D, small capital, is intended to represent a sound similar to th in this. (See 20.*)

G and K, small capitals, indicate the sound of the German ch, or one similar to it. (See 33.*)

H, small capital, has a sound somewhat similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h.

I ( liquid) is to be pronounced like li in million; it blends the sounds of l and y consonant, (Sec 41.*)

M and N, small capitals, are used to represent the nasal sound in French, being similar in sound to ng. (See 24.*)

n is pronounced like ni in minion; it blends the sounds of n and y consonant. (See 25 and 42.*)

R, small capital, has nearly the sound of rr in terror, but stronger. (See 27.*)

is used to indicate that the sound of the s is very soft, nearly resembling our z. In the middle of a word it should be pronounced like a soft z. has a sound similar to our v. (See 30.*) The over the w is intended to point out its alliance to our v.

y and ey at the end of an unaccented syllable sound like i in pin. au and aw have the sound of a in fall.

ee indicates the clear sound of short i before r, as in the English words spirit, miracle, &c.

ow is to be pronounced like ow in cow, and ou like ou in house. In respelling for pronunciation, ow has been replaced by ou, wherever the former combina. tion would be liable to be pronounced like long o, as in grow, tow, &c.

ss is sometimes used to mark the sharp sound of s where a single s would be liable to be pronounced like ≈; e. g., Mons, mōnss, not mʊNS.

1. Every letter or combination of letters occurring in the pronunciation of a word or name, is to be pronounced with its proper English sound; e. g., ch is to be sounded as in chill, g as in get, &c. From not attending to this simple and obvious rule, many persons fail to pronounce names correctly, even while they have the pronunciation clearly and accurately marked before their eyes. Thus, che-wa wa is given as the pronunciation of Chihuahua: many, however, with this pronunciation before them, have called it she-wa/wä, not considering that if such had been the true sound, it would have been so respelt. Chapala is, in like manner, most improperly pronounced shä-pa/lä. All persons desirous of speaking correctly should be careful to guard against this most vicious pronunciation.

2. In the pronunciation of foreign names, particular care should be taken not to allow a to fall into the third or broad sound of this vowel - an error to which American and English speakers are very prone; it would be far better, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It has already been observed, however, that a before n nasal in French is broad, almost like o in not. Accordingly, in the two following Vocabularies, an nasal is represented by ŎN.

3. In pronouncing French words containing on nasal, the speaker should be careful not to give o its short sound, since this is not only incorrect, but is liable to confound the word with others entirely different in spelling and signification. By this faulty pronunciation, bon (good) is sounded like ban (ban or exile); bon should be pronounced box-almost bōng. Toulon should either be entirely Anglicized (as too'lăn), or else pronounced too/lox'. -almost too/Long'. For the same reasons, eu, in names not Anglicized, should have its dis

tinct sound, like our u in fur, and not be confounded with the French ou or u. There is no sufficient reason why the French names Dreux (druh) and Drour (droo), Leure (lUR) and Lure (lüR), should not be distinguished from each other in pronunciation, as well as our words grum and groom, cur and cure. 4. In the pronunciation of foreign names, the speaker should be careful to pronounce all rowels, whether in an accented or unaccented syllable, distinctly, if they are not expressly marked as obscure.

5. When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a syllable in the pronunciation of a name, it is not generally to be sounded. It is often used, for example, after U (representing the sound of the French eu), that the learner may not give this vowel the sound of u in cube or rule, as otherwise he would be apt to do.

It may be remarked, however, that, in a very few instances, h, at the end of Persian or Arabic names, is distinctly pronounced in those languages, and has therefore been repeated in the pronunciation; e. g., Nadir shah, nä’djr shäh.

6. It is to be observed that the number of syllables in the names of the two following Vocabularies is to be determined by the number of accents or hyphens, or of both together; thus dnyes'ter, the Russian pronunciation of Dniester, must be pronounced, not dni-čs/ter, but dnyes'ter, the ny being employed to indicate the sound of the Spanish , that is, the sound of ní in minion.

7. The abbreviation Syn. (Synonym, or synonymous with) indicates that the name to which it is affixed is either simply another spelling of the name referred to, or that it designates the same person or place.

Aa (H)

Acquapendente (ä/kwä-
Acquaviva (kwi-vec'vi)
Acqui, or Aqui (ä/kwee)
Acquia (a-kwia)
Ac/ra, or Ac/cra
Acre (a/ker, or a'ker)
Actopan (ak-to-pan')
Aculco (a-kool/ko)
A-dair

Aachen (Ken). Syn. Aix- pen-den'tā)
la-Chapelle
Aalborg (01/boRG)
Aar (R), or Aren (ren)
Aargau (HR/gow) (Fr. Ar-
govie, an go've')
Aath (t). Syn. Áth.
Abaco (bi-ko)
Abakan (-bä-kän')
Abakansk (-bä-känsk')
Abancay (1-bản-ki)
Abano (-bno)
Abany (-biй)

Abascia, or Abassia (a-
bash ́e-a)

Aba Uj Var (õb′õh' oo'e vår)

Abbadia (Italy and Brazil)
(ab-ba-dec/)
Abbasabad (b/bäs-a-bäd')
Abba Santa (ab/bã säntä)
Abbenbrock (ab/ben-
brook')

Abbeville (Fr.) (äb/vêl')
Ab/be-ville (8. C.)

Adalia (-da/le-), or Sata-
lia (sä-tä/le-)
Adamuz (-di-mooth')
Adana (da-nä)
Adel (-del')
Aden (a'den; Arab. pron.
/den)

Adenau (a'den-ow')
Adersbach ('ders-bäк')
Adige ('de-je) (It. pron.
a'de-ja; Ger. Etsch,etch)
Adirbeitzan. See Azer-
baijan.
Ad/-ron'dack
Adlerberg (’dler-běRG),
or Arlberg (arl/bĕRG)

Abbiategrasso (ah-be-a'ta- Adony (a-don')

gräs so), or Biagrasso

(be/a-gräs'so)

Adorf ('donf)

Abbondanza(ab-bon-dän'- Adramiti ('dárä-mee'tee) za), or Abondance (- Adria (a/dre-ä)

Abcoude (üb-kow/deh)
Abenberg (a'ben-bĕRG/)
Abenheim ('ben-him'),
Ab/er-broth'ock, or Xr'-
broath
Ab/er-deen'
Abergavenny (ab/er-ga'n!)
Aber ist with(thas in thin)
Abo (/bo) (Sw.bo,o/boo)
Abomey (ab/o-mā')
Abookeer, Aboukir, or A-
bukir (a-boo-keer')
Abooshehr (-boo-shêr'),
See Bushire.

Adrianople (ad/ri-an-o'pl)
Ad/ri-at'ic
Egades (eg'a-dez)
Aernen (R'nen)
Aerzen (Rt/sen)
Etolia (e-to/lf-a)
Egean (Sea) (c-jee'an)
Æröe (ã'rō, or a'rö^)
Etna. See Etna.
Affogados (äf-fo-gä'dos)
Afghanistan (äf-gän/is-
tn)

Afioom, Afioum, or Afium
(a-fe-oom')
Afragola (ä-frä-go/lä)

Abootizh, Aboutige, or Afri-ca

Aboutij (a-boo-tizh'); Agades (g'a-děs')
written also Abutisch Agde (ägd)
and Abootish.
Agen (zhan')

Abrantes (a-brän/tes)
Abrolhos (4-brōl/yōs)
Abruzzo Citra (a-broot/so
chee/tra)

Abruzzo Ultra (a-broot/so
ool/trä)
Ab-se/com

Abukir. See Abookeer.
Ab'ys-sin'I-2

Acapulco (ka-pool/ko)
Accettura (at-chět-too'ră)
Acciano (at-cha/no)
Ac'eo-mac'

Açerenza (-cha-ren/ză)
Acerno (3-cher/no)
Acerra (a-chěR/R)
Ach-een', or Atch-een
Achelous (ak/e-lo'us).
Syn. Aspropotamo.
Achill
Achmim, or Akhmym (K-
meem/j

Achmouneyn. See Osh

mooneyn. Acoma (-ko'ma,

Aconcagua(ä-kon-kä'gwä)

This is an exception to a general rule: the regular pronunciation would be a zhon'. Ag/ger-hyus

Aguas Calientes (a/gwäs kä-le-čn'tĕs) Agueda (-gā/D) Aguilar (a-ge-laR') Aguilas (age-läs) Aguimes (-gwee/mes) Agulhas (-gool'yās) Ahaus (/howss) Ahlen (len) Ahlfeld, or Álfeld (l/felt) Ah/med-nug'gur Ah'wig', or Ah'wiiz' Aicha, or Aycha (i/Kä) Aichach (IKK) Aichstadt. See Eichstädt. Aigen (i/gen) Aigue blanche(g/bloNsh') Aigues-Mortes (eg 'moRt') Aigues-Vives (eg/veev') Aiguillon (èg'e'yoN') Ain (ăn) Aintab (in-tab/) Aisne (an or ĕn) Aix (āks) Aix-la-Chapelle

Ajello (a-yello) Ak'a-ba Ak/ber-a-bid' Akerman ('ker-man') Akhissar (ak his-saR') Akhmym, or Achmim (Kmeem'); written sometimes Ekhmym. Akshehr, Akchehr, or Akscheher (äk-shčh'r', or k-she/her) Al'a-ba'ma, or Al'a-bä'ma Alachua (al-atch/u-a) Alagoas (a-la-go/s) Alagon (-la-gōn') Alais (a/la') Alajuela (a-1-Hwa/lä, or -lä-hoon/lä) Alameda (ä-lä-mā'Da) Alamo (l-mo) Alamos (/la-mōs) ō'länd)

Aghrim (awg'rim,or awн'- Aland (a/land) (Sw.Åland,
rim)
Ag/in-court (or zhǎN'- A-lap'a-ha
KOOR')

Aglie (l'ya), or (al/ya)

Al'a-qua

Aglia Alashehr,or Alaschehr (l-sheh'r', or her)

Agnadello (in-y-del'lo)
Agnano (än-ya/no)
Agno (n/yo)

Agnone (än-yo'na)
Agoa Fria ('gwa free/)
Agoa Quente (ä/gwä kěn'-
tá)

Agoas Doces ('gwüs do'sčs)

Agogna (ä-gôn'yä), or
Gogna (gon/y)
Agosta (-gos/tä)

-lä-sha'

Alava (ä/la-vä)
Alba (alb)
Albacete (l-ba-tha/ta)
Alba Ju/il-a. Syn. Karls-
burg.
Al-ba/nl-a (Turk. Arna-
ootleek, or Arnaoutlik,
aR'na-oot'leek)
Albano (al-bä/no)
Albans, St.(sent awl/bunz)
Albany (awl/ba-ny)
Albegna (al-ban/yä)
Al'be-marle' (U. S.)

Agram ('gram, or og'- Al'be-marle (Eng.)

Agra ('grä)

rom')

ka, or al boo-kerk) Albiano (l-be-a/no) Albino (äl-bee/no) Albinen (äl-bee/nen) Al/bi-on

Alby, or Albi (Fr. pron. al/be')

Alcala (l-ka-1)

Allanche (l/loNsh')
Allariz (al-y-reeth')
Allarmont (allaR/MON')
Alle (al/leh)
Al'le-gha ny
Allier (al/le-a')
Al/lo-a

Almachar (al-mä-chaR')
Almada (ül-mä/dä)
Almaden (al-mä-Dĕn')
Almagro (äl-mä/gro)
Almaguer (al-mä-gêR')
Almansor (al-män-sōR')

Alcala de Henares (äl-kä- Almazan (l-ma-than')
la da a-n/res)
Alcamo (l/ki-mo)
Alcañiz (äl-kän-yeeth')
Alcantara (l-kän tä-rä)
Alcantarilla (äl-kün-tä-
reelyä)

Almeida (äl-mā/e-dã)
Almeria (al-ma-rce/)
Almirante. See Amirante.
Almodovar (al-mo-Do/var)

Amiens (am/Y-enz) (Fr
pron. 'me/ŎN?)
Amite (a-meet')
Amlwch (am/look)
Am/mo-noo'suck

Amoo, or Amou (ä-moo').
Syn. Oxus.

Amoor,or Amour (ǎ-moor'}
Amorbach ('mor-bäk')
Amorgo Poulo (-mor'go
poo/lo)
Am/os-kčag'
Amou ('moo')

Ampezzo (äm-pět/so)
Amposta (am-pos/tä)
Ampudia (äm-poo/De-)
Ampuis (ŎN/pwee')
Ampurdan (m-poor-dän')

Aleira (al-thee/ra)
Alckmaer. See Alkmaar.
Alcoba (äl-ko/bä)
Alcoentre (äl-ko-čn/trâ)
Alcoy (äl-ko'e)
Aldea Velha(al-dā/ävčl/yš) Alnwick,
Alder-ney

Älemquer, or Alenquer (-
lON-KOR')

Alem Tejo, or Alen-Tejo
(-len-ta/zho)
Alençon (a-len'son) (Fr.
pron. IoN'son')
A-lep/po, or Haleb (hä'-
leb')

Aleria (-l-ree/ä)
Alessandria (äl-ĕs-sän'-
dre-a)

Alessano (-lès-s/no)
Aleutian (a-lu'shi-an), or
Aleutan (a-luftan)
Al'ex-an-dret'ta." Syn.
Scanderoon.
Al'ex-an'dri-a
Alfacar (al-fa-kaR')
Alfaques (al-fä/kěs)
Alfaro (al-fä/ro)
Alfidena (al-fe-dâ/nä)
Alfort (äl/foR')
Alforja (al-for/hä)
Algarinejo (äl-ga-re-na-
HO)
Algarrobo (al-gaR-RO/BO)
Algarve (al-gaR/vâ), or Al-
gar/bi-a
Al-ge/ri-a
Algeziras (al-je-zee/ras),
or Algeciras (Sp. pron.
of both, al-Ha-thee/räs)
Al-giers
Al-go'a (usually pron. by
the English al/go-a)
Alhama (a-lämä, or al-
hä/mä)

Alhucemas(al-oo-thā'mäs)
Aliabad (ä/lee-a-bäd')
Al-I-cant', or Alicante (ä-
le-kän/ta)
Alicata (a-le-ka/tä)
Alicudi (a-le-koo/dee)
Alife (8-lee/fã)
Alimena (a-le-ma'nä)
Alingsaes ('ling-sas')
Aljubarrota (äl-zhoo-bar-
Rot)
Alken (al/ken)
Alkmaar, or Alkmaer (alk-
mar')
Allahabad (l/läh-ha-bäd')
Allan (Scot.) (allen)
Allan (Fr.) (al/lŎN').

Alsace (äl/säss')
Altai (äl-ti)

Altamaha (awl'ta-ma-
haw')

Altamira (al-tä-mee/rä)
Altamura (l-tä-moo/rä)
Altena (al/ta-nä)
Alten-burg (Ger. pron.
al'ten-booRG')

Alton

Ältona (l'to-na)
Altorf (äl/torf), or Altdorf
Altzey, or Alzey (ält/si)
Aluta. See Aloota.
Alvarado (äl-vä-rä/Do)
Amager ('mü-ger)
Amalfi (a-mal/fee)
Amarante (ä-mä-rän/tā)
Amatriche (-mä-tree/châ)
Am'a-zon (Sp. Marañon,
ma-rin-yon; called also
Orellana, o-rěl-yä/nä)
Am'a-zo'nĬ-a
Amazuma (-mă-zʊʊ/mä)
Ambazac (ŎN/bä/zäk')
Am/berg (Ger. pron. äm'-
berg)
Ambert (ŎN/bêr')
Ambij (m-bi')
Ambil (m-beel')
Amblau, or Amblauw (m-
blou')

Amboise(ŎNb'wäz',almost

ŎNb/wiz') Ambow, or Ambau (ămbou') Am-boy' Am-boy'na Am'briz

Amednagur. See Ahmednuggur.

Ameland ('me-länt)
A-měr I-ca
Amersfort, or Amersfoort
(W/mers-fōrt)
Am/er sham
Amhara (m-hi/ra)
Amherst (am'erst)
Amherstburg (am'erst-
burg)

Anahuac (a-na-wak')
A-nam', or An'nim'
An'a-p, or Ä-nä/pä

An'a-to'li-a. Syn. Natolia.
An'a-tol'i-co

Anavelhana (ä-nä-vel-yänä)

An-co/ni

Andalusia (an/da-lu'shi-a)
(Sp. pron.
in-da-loo-
thee')
An/da-man'

Andelys, Les (laz Ŏnd/le')
Anderab (an/der-b')
Anderlecht (än/der-lčкV)
Andernach (n'der-näk')
Andes (an'dêz)
Andorra (än-doR/Rä)
An/do-ver
Andreasberg (än-drā'ls-
berg)
Andretta (in-dret/tä)
Andrichau (n'dre-Kow')
Andria (än/dre-)
Andro (än/dro), or An'dros
An'dros-cog'ğin
Anduze (ŎN'düz')
Andujar, or Anduhar (în-
doo/Har)
An'c-ga'da
An'ge-lï'na
Angerlo (ang'Her-lo') '
Angermannland (ang'er-
män-länd) (Sw.Angerm-
land, ong'erm-land)
Angers (anjerz); former.
ly written Angiers (Fr.
pron. ŎN/zha').
Anglesey, or Anglesea
(ang/gl-se)
An-goʻla

An-go'ra, or An-goo'ra
(Turk. En-goor')
Angostura (an-gos-too'rä
Angoulême (ĂN/goo/lâm”
Angoumois (ON/goo'mwa'
Angra Pequena (äng'grä
på-ka/nä)
Angrogna (än-gron/yä)
Anguilla (ang-gilla) (Sp.
Anguila, än-gee/15)
An'gus
Anhalt (än/hält)