The temporary insanity produced by the effects of opium, or ardent spirits, on the brain, brings this doctrine nearer to the proof of experiment; and the instantaneous intellectual brilliancy and vivacious wit, which the stimulus of laudanum on this organ exhibits, has rendered the declaration of the lady literally true, that she carried her talents for conversation in a pocket-phial. "A good sherris sack," too, "ascends me into the brain," and makes it "apprehensive, quick, forgetive, full of nimble, fiery, and delectable shapes, which, delivered o'er to the voice, becomes excellent wit." Madness is always accompanied with extreme heat in the head, and coldness of the feet-symptoms which are frequently complained of by persons occupied in prolonged mental exertion, and, of course, arising from the extra supply of blood attracted to the cranium, by increased mental action.† Other phenomena point to the same result.

A young man was brought to Sir Astley Cooper, who had lost a portion of his skull just above the eye-brow. "He was agitated by some opposition to his wishes, and directly the pulsations of the brain were increased, became more violent, and more blood rushed to the brain. If, therefore," he remarked," you omit to keep the mind free from agitation, your other means will be unavailing in injuries of the head." An injury of the head laid bare part of the brain of a patient of Sir Charles Bell. When the mind reposed in sleep, the brain sank perceptibly into the cavity of the skull; when it resumed its consciousness, the brain swelled beyond the inner plate of the cranium; and when it was excited by animating subjects, it obtruded so much, as to produce cerebral rupture. By this index of the mental state, the physician was also enabled to tell the patient whether his sleep had been sound, or its depth interrupted by dreams. Morgagni knew a learned man at Bologna, whose nose bled whenever he indulged in meditation in a horizontal posture; and Malebranche, when reading the Cartesian Theory of Man, was seized with violent palpitations of the heart, in consequence of the effect which excitement of the intellectual faculties produces on the circulation. Dr. Pierquin of Montpelier, saw a case exactly similar to those of Cooper and Bell, in 1821. Blumenbach, who inferred that during sleep the brain contained less blood than at other times,‡ records another; and in the Medico Chirurgical Review for October 1835, the same phenomena are stated to have been presented in the case of a robust young man, whose brain protruded so as to disturb the dressings, and throbbed tumultuously when excited by pain, fear, or anger. Acrel trepanned a young man on the temporal bone, which is immediately over the organ of Acquisitiveness, and the irritation of the wound produced an irresistible propensity to stealing. "A man at the battle of Waterloo (Hennen's Military Surgery), had a small portion of his skull-bone beat in upon the brain, to the depth of half-an-inch. This caused volition and sensation to cease, and he was nearly in a lifeless state. Mr. Cooper raised up the depressed portion of the bone from the brain, and then the man immediately arose, dressed himself, became perfectly rational, and recovered rapidly." Dr. Brigham notices a similar case:-Richerand attended an old woman,

by a lily; Montaigne knew men who were more afraid of an apple than of a musket-ball; and Hippocrates recollected one Nicano, who swooned at the sound of a flute. The same effect was produced on Scaliger, by water-cresses; on Boyle, by the splashing of water; on Erasmus, by fish; on Tycho Brahe, by a fox; on Henry the Third of France, by a cat; on Marshal d'Albert, by a pig; on some by silk, by honey, by a leveret, by sweeping with a broom, by a bagpipe, and by the taste of meat.

Dr. Andrew Combe gives the following narrative of an interview with a patient who was just reconvalescing from delirium, brought on by hard study:-" When I first went into the room, after he had been for some time in a state of repose, he was perfectly calm and collected, and answered every question most rationally; but after the lapse of three or four minutes, the stimulus of my presence and queries began to operate upon him by almost insensible degrees, and to rouse the brain to undue action, as indicated physically by a slight circumscribed redness of the cheek and glistening of the eye, and mentally by the interjection, at first, of a few vague and unmeaning words, and shortly after of whole sentences; reason, however, still maintaining the ascendancy, till in a minute or two more, the excitement became purely morbid, and the ideas totally irrational."

Dr. Elliotson observes,- -"Analogy renders it extremely probable that, during the inactivity of sleep, the brain having less occasion for arterial blood, has a less vigorous circulation than during the waking state; and we know, that whatever diminishes the ordinary determination of blood to the brain, or impairs the movement of the blood through it, disposes to sleep." Richerand, under a similar conviction, states, in treating of sleep-" While it lasts, the cerebral mass collapses, a sign that the flow of blood into it is remarkably lessened."

whose brain had been laid bare by caries. One day, while cleansing away the pus, he pressed downwards, when the patient, who an instant before answered his inquiries very correctly, became silent in the middle of a sentence; the respiration and pulse continued; the pressure was frequently repeated; and each time, the patient recovered her faculties the moment it was removed. The same author trepanned a man, whose faculties declined, and consciousness became more and more enfeebled, as the pus accumulated in the intervals between the dressings. In Chapman's Lectures, the frequent exhibition of a patient to Professor Westar's class is detailed, whose entire mind disappeared on the application of a similar pressure, and was held as it were under the thumb. But we are compelled to pass over the enumeration of an immense number of equally singular examples, in order to hasten to the following, recorded in Cooper's Lectures, which may teach bigotry a lesson of charity, and induce it to consult nature and the will of God, as expressed in his laws, before further dogmatising on the subject of materialism. A man named Jones, when capturing a vessel in the Mediterranean, received a blow on the head, and became insensible. From the vessel, he was removed to the hospital at Gibraltar, thence in a frigate to Deptford, and transferred to St. Thomas' Hospital, London. He lay constantly on his back, had been all along insensible, and breathed with difficulty. His pulse was regular, and each time it beat, he moved his fingers. Mr. Cline, the surgeon, found a portion of the skull depressed, trepanned him, and removed the incumbent bone. Immediately afterwards, the motion of the fingers ceased; and, in three hours, he sat up in bed, sensation and volition having returned; and, in four days, he got out of bed and conversed. The last thing he remembered, was the circumstance of taking a prize in the Mediterranean. From the moment of the accident, thirteen months and a few days, oblivion had come over him, and all recollection had ceased. He had for more than one year lived wholly unconscious of existence; yet, on removing a portion of bone which pressed upon the brain, he was restored to the full possession of the powers of his mind and body. Here the proof was conclusive, that the mind did actually stop like an unwound watch. For thirteen months, there was neither thought nor feeling. When the removal of a fragment of bone permitted intellect to return, the mind commenced exactly where it had left off, at the capture of a prize in the Mediterranean.

The correspondence betwixt cerebral and mental acquisitions, is strongly insisted upon even in the Edinburgh Review, where Dr. Gordon affirms, that "in precise proportion as we ascend the scale of creation, and the animal acquires a sense, a power, or an instinct, do its nerves multiply, and its brain improve in structure, and augment in volume; each addition being marked by some addition or amplification of the powers of the animal, until in man we behold it possessing some parts of which animals are destitute, and wanting none which they possess; so that we are enabled to associate every faculty which gives superiority, with some addition to the nervous mass, even from the smallest indications of sensation and will, up to the highest of sensibility, judgment, and expression." Lawrence also continues the evidence of the fact, not only that thought never existed without brain, but that the amount and quality of the one are the measure of those of the other. "The mind of the negro and the Hottentot, of the Calmuck and the Carib, is inferior to that of the European, and their organization is less perfect. The large cranium and high forehead of the orang-outang, lift him above his brother monkeys; but the developement of his cerebral hemispheres, and his mental manifestations, are both equally below those of the negro. The gradation of organization and of mind passes through the monkey, dog, elephant, horse, to other quadrupeds; thence to birds, reptiles, and fishes, and so on to the lowest links of the animal creation, the mental powers of all animals being proportioned to their organization." Dr. Neil Arnot, a non (if not an anti) Phrenologist, admits, that an originally mis-shapen or deficient brain causes idiocy for life; and most cases of madness or eccentricity can now be traced to a peculiar state of the brain." Vimont, one of the first anatomists in the world, commenced an elaborate work on comparative anatomy, for the express purpose of overturning Phrenology, by undermining this essential doctrine. But so invariable did he find the correspondence to be betwixt brain and character, that he was converted to the science by his own treatise against it.

66

It is admitted on all hands, that there never existed mind where there was no brain, or a healthy brain where there was no mind; but this, it has been contended,

.

by no means establishes their mutual dependence. It is evidence, however, which we do not consider the less conclusive, when applied to other objects. Every part of the human body has been sanctified to the discharge of some peculiar functionthe eye to see, the liver to secrete bile, the stomach to digest, the heart to circulate the blood, the lungs to breathe and to oxygenate. But these never make an exchange of labour. The eye never hears, nor does the ear see. Yet we have no direct testimony from the senses, that the lungs are the instruments of respiration, or the heart of circulation; the eyes of sight, or the ears of sound. But when we find the blood deteriorated by defective breathing, and its circulation rendered languid or accelerated upon a change of pulsation; that we are blind when the optic nerve is destroyed, and deaf when the ears are stopped, although we observe no other consequent obstruction; we consider this evidence of their function to be perfectly satisfactory and conclusive. The proof of the relation betwixt mind and brain is entirely similar, and, by parity of reason, must be equally entitled to reception. If the latter merely furnish the former with a knowledge of the external world; if it be simply the janitor or ground-steward ordered to show strangers through the policy, but not the proprietor of its acres, its office is little removed from the sinecure place of an aged domestic, whose imbecility is only fitted for the cares of keeping the gate. No one doubts that the ostrich digests, the eagle sees, the dog smells as perfectly with an ounce or two of brain, as man with several pounds. What employment are we to find for all that man possesses over and above the portion necessary to discharge the functions of sensation and animal life? Unless it be the exercise of intellect, the production of passion, the manufacture of emotion, the large and prodigiously developed hemispheres of the human brain are only of use to guard against a vacuum, or to shape the face with a nicer symmetry. We would then ask our facetious antagonist, if the mind have no relation to, or dependence upon, the brain, how does it happen that the one is never seen when not in the other's company, and a lawyer surely cannot dispute the axiom, that de non existentibus et non apparentibus eadem est ratio? How does he venture to speak of educating an immaterial entity, or of its pliancy, durability, elasticity, buoyancy, or weakness?* What does he mean by the habit, custom, or exercise of a spirit? What can physicians possibly imply by the phrase, "physical education of the intellect?" We pause for a reply, and are likely to do so for some time to come, before one can be given that at all promises to be satisfactory.

SECTION III.-Plurality of Organs and Faculties.

BEYOND the simple truth, that the brain is the organ of the mind, even the ancients had advanced a very considerable way. They arrived at the further conclusion, which forms the second great proposition in the solution of the Phrenological problem, that the whole brain is not employed in every mental act; and that it consists of a congeries of organs, the instruments of a corresponding number of mental faculties, each possessing an individual and separate function. After the time of Pythagoras, who, with Democritus, placed sensitive and vegetative life in the blood, but the intelligent mind in the head; and of Plato, who assigned the viscera for the seat of the passions, and the brain for the mansion-house of reason; Aristotle pronounced the first or anterior ventricle of the brain to be the region of common sense-the second or central, that of judgment and reflection—while the third, or posterior was appropriated to memory. The Arabians followed his division; as did Nyssenus; Nenesius, Bishop of Emesa, in the reign of Theodosius; Albertus Magnus, Bishop of Ratisbon; Bernard Gordon of Montpelier; Ludovico Dolce, in the thirteenth cen

"If the pure spirit within us," says Bishop Brown, "could think and reason independently of all material and bodily organs, we should never be tired with thinking; but, on the contrary, we find it to be a labour of the brain, and we find ourselves as much wearied with intense thought as with hard bodily labour." The same line of argument is pursued in a Theological Survey of the Human Understanding, dated 1776.

tury; and Peter Montagnana;* the two latter of whom, however, divided the brain and mind into six organs and faculties. Anaxagoras and Thomas Aquinas recognised a plurality of cerebral and mental powers, followed by Vieussens, Lancisi, and La Peyroney; and Saint Augustin, enumerated with some precision, those proper to man, and others which he shared with the lower creation. Serveto added one organ to those of Aristotle, as did Willis of Oxford. Hartley regarded each fibre of the brain as an organ of the mind. Degerando, in his theory of association, supposed that " a vibration which takes place in one organ is communicated to another, or to several, and awakens the impressions deposited there;" and Bonnet conjectured "that an intelligent being, who should thoroughly comprehend the mechanism of the brain, and should see in its minutest detail, all that is going on within it, would read as it were in a book. The prodigious number of organs, infinitely small, appropriated to sentiment and to thought, would be to such a being what printing-types are to us. We turn over the leaves of a book, we study them; this intelligent being would contemplate nothing but brains." Gregory of Nice, compares the brain to a city, "where the coming and going of the inhabitants occasion no confusion; because each one has his fixed point of departure, and definite place of arrival." Mundini, of Luzzi (in the 14th century) supposes that "cellules exist in the brain, each the seat of a distinct mental faculty." Malacarne discovered that intellect lay not in the medullary substance, but in the cineritious convolutions, the number of the folds

indicating the variety of powers. Herder approached so near the Phrenological doctrine, as to point out the mode of discovery. Boerhaáve deemed different portions of brain necessary for imagination and judgment, in which opinion he was confirmed by Haller, Galen, and Van Sweiten. Meyer of Frankfort, Prochaska, and, after them, Tiedemann, Wrisberg, Sommering, Chanet, and a host of others, assigned a cerebral compartment to each intellectual power. In a work on Human Physiognomy, by Porta, a Neapolitan of the 16th century, a catalogue is given of faculties common to man and the lower animals, said to be drawn by Aristotle. He compares the heads of known persons with those of brutes, and manifests a disposi tion to adopt the inductive method of philosophising. Rhasis preferred a round head, compressed below each ear, and elevated behind. Albertus inferred from the form of the head of Pericles, that length of cranium indicated providence and circumspection; that a round head was without memory and wisdom; and that a long anterior lobe (longa frons) accompanied mental vigour and aptitude for learning. He also noticed, as a doctrine of physicians, that imbecility followed from a small head, and that Aristotle, in conformity with his own opinion, found irascibility the accompaniment of a thick neck and large inflated temples. Plutarch dilates on the length of Plato's anterior lobe; while Neanthes, on the authority of Diogenes, states that this philosopher received his peculiar name from his large face and forehead. This author observed the same appearance in Dante. Sir John Presbyter's works contain the following singular passage:

"He had a geometric scale

To measure heads like casks of ale,
All for to find out the intentions,
Capacities, plots, and inventions

Of lawyers, doctors, quacks, and jugglers,
Of soldiers, sailors, cheats, and smugglers."

Huarté, a Spaniard, in a work dated 1580, maintained that each man is born with peculiar tendencies and talents, which correspond with a certain form of the head. The Marquis of Mascardi, President of the Neapolitan Criminal Court from 1778 to 1782, had studied the work of Porta, and seen the manuscript of Cabanis' physiology. Whenever a criminal condemned to death fell to suffer, but had not confessed, he ordered him to appear before him, whatever had been the strength and

*"Nel capo son tre celle
Ed io diro di quelle

Davanti e lo intelletto

E la forza d'apprendere

Quello que puote intendere;
In mezzo e la ragione

E la discrezione

Che scherne buono e male;

E lo terno e l'iguale
Dirietro sta con gloria

La valente memoria
Che ricorda e retiene

Quello ch'in essa viene."

Tesoretto of Brunetto Latini, preceptor of Dante.

respectability of the evidence on which his sentence proceeded, examined him attentively, and particularly his head, after which he pronounced his definitive judgment, in the terms of the following examples:

"1st, Having heard the evidence on both sides, examined the countenance, and manipulated the head, we condemn him to be executed.-2d, Having heard the evidence on both sides, the panel having maintained his innocence on being put to the torture, and having viewed his physiognomy, and examined his head, we commute the sentence of death to imprisonment." Berard and Montegre, in their article, Cranioscopie, in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales, in offering the most determined opposition to the system, declare, that "all admit the reality of organology: they hesitate only in regard to designating the organs."

If the brain be, as we have shown, the organ of the mind, it seems to follow as a necessary corollary from the plurality of the faculties of the latter, that the former must consist of a corresponding number of compartments. The economy of nature in the use of her instruments, is wonderful; and the very fact, that she does not employ the same instrument for any two varieties of action, shows that she cannot do it, and that, therefore, she is not able to produce complicated emotions from an individual organ. We cannot feel, and hear, and taste, and smell, by means of the optic nerve. Of this we are satisfied by the fact, that if the olfactory, and auditory, and gustatory nerves be destroyed, their relative senses no longer exist, although the optic nerve should remain unimpaired. As little, then, is it to be expected that men can love, or hate, or reason, or sing, or worship, by the agency of the same individual instrument. Physiologists know, that in the animal economy two nerves, even although inclosed within one mechanical apparatus, are necessary to the discharge of functions, whose action to our consciousness appears simultaneous, and almost identical, as that of motion and sensation;* and the tongue, for example, has, on each side, nerves of motion, touch, and taste. By fair analogy, then, the inference is legitimate and the deduction obvious, that, with the postulate of the proposition, that the action of the mind depends upon the brain, the complicated functions of the mental faculties, demand an equal multiplicity of cerebral organs. This receives countenance from evidence of a more satisfactory nature than that which may be derived from mere analogy. Richerand, in treating of the anatomy of the brain, observes, that "it is impossible to study an arrangement so systematic, without being impressed with the idea of design, and that this division of the cerebral mass into so many distinct parcels, so diversely conformed, is relative to the different parts each is to perform in the composition of thought." Vimont, Serres, Tiedemann, and Vicq d'Azyr, have observed a distinct increase in the number of cerebral parts, with every proportionate rise in the intelligence of the animal creation, the various kingdoms of sentient nature, having each their own organs, and those of the grades below them, distinctly formed; so that, in the fish may be seen the exact brain of the insect, and additional lobes peculiar to itself; in the bird, that of the fish, with an increase of convolutions; in the mammiferi, that of the bird, and others peculiar to themselves; and in man, that of all the rest, and a distinct accession of better developed organs. Tiedemann has even traced in the foetal brain, first, distinctly perfected, the convolutions of the insect, then of the fish, bird, and beast, separately, distinctly, respectively, and successively developed, "until," to use the words of the Edinburgh Reviewer, "in man we behold it possessing some parts of which animals are destitute, and wanting none which they possess." It will subsequently appear, that the European brain does not form itself all at once into the perfection of civilization, but that it goes through the forms of the different inferior races of mankind— possessing in infancy an ample endowment of the propensities, and a very humble portion of either sentiments or intellect the moral feelings being, invariably, the last to attain their maturity of developement. Cuvier attests the same correspon

The discovery of the complicity of these nerves, is, perhaps, destined to explain many phenomena, of which no known hypothesis can solve the principle. May not somnambulism be caused by the activity of the nerves of motion, while those of sensation are asleep? And is not the magnetic sleep the result of the dormant state of these latter nerves-the former, and the brain, being awake? Walderstein of Gottingen, in his Diary, which records the agonies of his hypochondriasis, declares "My misfortune is, that I never exist in this world; but rather in possible combinations, created by my imagination to my consciousness." was afraid I should become all thought, and no feeling."

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