In October, 1774, the owner and consignees of the ship "Peggy Stewart," loaded with tea, were forced by the citizens to burn her in the harbor, and throughout the War of Independence Annapolis bore an honorable part. At the close it be came for a time the national seat of government, but as a city it was rapidly eclipsed later by Baltimore, which, founded in 1739, had in 1850 169,054 inhabitants, while the population of Annapolis was but 3,011. In 1845 the United States Naval Academy was located here, which removed to Newport, R. I., during the civil war, but was restored in 1865. In 1888 the Academy wall inclosed 50 acre, the original grounds having been Fort Severn, an army post from 1809 to the founding of the institute. The several rows of barracks, etc., have been built at intervals since, the library being one of the oldest in the grounds, originally the residence of the Governors of Maryland from 1753 to 1866. In the United States Naval Institute building is one of the largest collections of captured British flags. The Tripoli monument, removed from Washington, D. C., where it was mutilated by the British in 1814, the Midshipmen's monument, and the monument to Commander Herndon are worthy of note, as are the brass guns of French manufacture captured at Vera Cruz, March 27, 1847. The course of instruction at the Academy covers six years, two of which are at sea. The Naval Ordnance Proving Grounds lie on the opposite bank of the river, on the site of Fort Madison, which was erected during the war of 1812. The Naval Hospital, erected in 1868-'69, is in a neglected condition. During the civil war earthworks were thrown up for the defense of Annapolis, and soldiers' hospitals and a parole camp for the exchange of prisoners were established. A national cemetery was located here in 1862, and the naval cemetery occupies a portion of the Government hospital grounds. The plan of Annapolis, with streets radiating from its two central points, the State House and St. Anne's Church, is said to have been that of Sir Christopher Wren for the rebuilding of London after the great fire in 1666, and by request of Washington to have been followed in laying out the capital city. Many of the streets have historic names, and, indeed, outside of the Naval Academy, the principal interest of Annapolis lies in its historic memorials, it being in other respects the "finished city' it was pronounced by De Tocqueville in 1776. The State House, a domed structure, the foundation of which was laid in 1772, has a total height of 200 feet, a frontage of 120, and a depth of 175 feet. The Senate Chamber, in which Washington surrendered his commission, in which the peace with Great Britain was ratified in 1784, and where the Annapolis Convention of 1786 was held, has been materially altered. The State library, which is contained in the building, consists of 70,000 volumes, 50,000 of which are law-books. The State Treasury dates from colonial times. The executive mansion is modern, and cost $150,000. The courthouse dates from 1820 and contains records from 1634. Several specimens remain of colonial mansions, and the city boasts a newspaper published since 1745. In all there are 2 daily and 4 weekly papers. St. Anne's Church (Episcopal), which has been twice rebuilt since its

foundation in 1694, owns a communion service presented by William III of England, engraved with the royal arms. There are also Methodist, Catholic, Presbyterian, and German Lutheran churches, and some belonging to colored people. St. John's College, chartered in 1784, has 148 students, and 11 professors and instructors. The average attendance of children at the four public schools is 400 white and 300 colored. Teachers for the whites are 20 in number, and for the colored 6. In addition there are 5 private and 3 parochial schools. Novitiates for the Catholic priesthood, of the Redemptorist order, are educated in the old Carroll mansion, given for the purpose by the granddaughters of Charles Carroll. Five priests are resident instructors, with an average attendance of 25 students. The assessed valuation of property in Annapolis is $2,500,000, and the tax rate is 80 cents on the $100. Fire protection is ample, and water is supplied by a company with a capital of $61,450, from a reservoir four miles distant, with pressure of 30 opunds in the mains. Gas is in use for illumination. There are two banks, one national. The leading industry is oyster shipping. There is also a glass factory and a marine railway in the suburbs.

Ann Arbor, a city of Michigan, county seat of Washtenaw County, on Huron river, in the southeastern part of the State, 38 miles from Detroit. In 1870 the population was 7,363; in 1880, 7,849; in 1890, 9,431. The first settlement was made in February, 1824, by pioneers from Genesee County, N. Y., and in 1828 the village contained 150 inhabitants. In 1834 it was incorporated, in 1837 was made the seat of the University of Michigan, and in 1851 received its city charter. It stands upon several long, sloping hills, 824 feet above sea-level, and from 50 to 70 feet above the river, a pretty winding stream, which enters from the north and leaves at the southeast. The soil is a drift of sand overlying a gravel-bed 50 to 70 feet thick, which with the descent to the river renders drainage easy. The average annual temperature is about 47°; the average rainfall something over 31 inches. The climate is equable, the summers being cooler and the winters warmer than in many other places having the same latitude. The streets are broad, terraces abound, and shade trees of hard maple, elm, and oak add much to the beauty of the city. The avenues surrounding the university campus are over 100 feet wide, with trees in the middle. Ingalls Street and Washtenaw Avenue, lined with handsome residences, deserve especial mention, and Cedar Bend Avenue is the most noted among many picturesque drives. There are three principal parks, and numerous neighboring resorts on small lakes. The assessed valuation in 1890 was $4,771,000, and the total of all taxes 135 per cent. The city debt is about $21,000, bonds having been issued to aid in building the University Hospital. Disbursements for the year ending Feb. 1, 1891, were $45,823.37, of which $9,425.40 were for streets, $5,858.17 for the fire department. $1,957.79 for police, and $5,119.25 for public lighting; $535,945 were spent in improvements, including a new electric street railway costing $70,000. The water works are owned by a private company, the supply being drawn from

springs and wells and collected in 2 reservoirs 2 miles west of the city, from which it is pumped to a storgage reservoir, 175 feet above, with storage capacity of 3,000,000 gallons. Constant pressure of from 60 to 95 pounds is maintained. There are 26 miles of mains. The value of property of the paid fire department, which has 41 alarms, is $25,000. The loss by fire in the year ending April 1, 1891, was $1,844.74. Two lines of electric railway cover 4 miles, the total property being valued at $100,000. The Thompson-Houston system of electric lighting is in use in addition to gas, 80 lamps of 2,000 candle power each being suspended at intervals in the center of the streets; 35 arc and 885 incandescent lights are used. The Michigan Central Railroad reached Ann Arbor in 1839. Seven trains are run daily by it each way: the depot, built of bowlder stones, cost $35,000. The Toledo, Ann Arbor and North Michigan Railroad passes also through the city, doing an annual business here of $100,000. Free delivery is being extended over the entire city, and the post-office receipts for the year ending June 30, 1891, were $25,641.38, an increase of $1,704.47 over the preceding year. The post office is a three-story structure, and there is an opera house, with seating capacity of 1,200. The hotels number 3, and there are 1 daily and 7 weekly newspapers (2 in the German language), exclusive of college papers. The usual telegraph and express facilities are afforded, and there is a telephone system. There are 3 banks (1 national and 1 savings) with a capital of $335,000. The deposits reach $1,250.000 yearly. The court house, covering an entire square, was finished in 1878, and cost, exclusive of furniture, $70,000. The county jail cost $20,000. Ann Arbor is frequently termed the Athens of the West, owing to the location here of the State University, having the largest number of students (1,885) and the largest total income ($274.272) of any institution of its kind in the United States. The sum of $500,000 was realized from sales of lands granted by the General Government at an early date, and the present value of the grounds and buildings is placed at $740,000 that of the scientific apparatus is $450,000; $156,272 were received from State appropriation in 1889-'90. Six departments are comprised, of which the medical at one time was the largest in the country. In 1890 its enrollment was 375 regulars and 71 homopathic. Two large hospital structures have been lately completed at a cost of $80,000. The building containing the law department is so crowded that it has been decided to build an addition to cost $30,000. Of the 581 students enrolled in 1890, only 165 were from the State proper. The law library contains 10,208 volumes. Exclusive of professional works, the general library contains 59,735 volumes, and an important part is made up of presentations-the Parsons library, the McMillan Shakespeare, the Hagerman collection of history and political science, the GermanAmerican Goethe, and the Dorsch libraries. The course of study at the university covers four years, admission being gained by the presentation of diplomas from the high schools or examination. Women and men are admitted under the same conditions and pursue the same studies. Instruction is almost free. In the museum is to

be seen the Chinese exhibit, brought over to the New Orleans Exposition and presented to the university, valued at $250,000. For a gymnasium $20,000 have been given, and a like amount raised by subscription. Educational advantages are afforded, in addition, by six primary and grammar schools, in fine buildings, and one high school, the total value of school property being $205,000. The total enrollment in 1890 was 2,036, and 51 teachers were employed. The enrollment in the high school was 699. The school expenditure for 1890 was $37,746.38. There are 3 parochial schools also-1 Catholic, 1 German Evangelical, and 1 Lutheran. The Ladies' Library Association has a building costing $3,000. Church property, divided among 13 denominations, is valued at $365,500. A capital of $526,000 is invested in manufacturing interests, employing 590 men. These include agricultural works with capital of $75,000, employing 100 men; furniture factories employing 125; 3 flouring mills, with an annual output of $800,000; 4 factories of carriages and road-carts; 3 planing mills; a factory turning out pianos and organs to the amount of $75,000 yearly; 1 foundry and boiler factory, a dried-fruit and vinegar factory with evaporating capacity of 525,000 bushels of fruit yearly, and several smaller establishments.

Appleton, a city of Wisconsin, the county seat of Outagamie County, 185 miles north of Chicago and 100 miles northwest of Milwaukee, on the Grand Chute of Lower Fox river. It is a thriving place, the population in 1880 having been 8,005, and in 1890, 11,869. The Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western railways all connect with the city, giving outlets for its large manufactured output. Situated on a large plateau overlooking the river, it possesses many natural beauties and is noted for picturesque scenery. Its altitude is 723 feet above sea-level. Lake Winnebago, with its 350 square miles of area, fed by Wolf and Upper Fox rivers and numerous smaller streams, furnishes the Lower Fox with an inexhaustible supply of water at all seasons, and this river, in its flow of 150 miles from the lake to Green Bay, has a fall of 150 feet, 50 of which lie within the city limits. This body of water is said to furnish over 16,000 horse power, and it has been utilized by the construction of a system of dams and canals embracing all the rapids on the river. The canal is under the control of the United States Government. and large steamers and barges can pass from the lake to Green Bay. An electric street railway is in operation, and the city is lighted with electric lamps in addition to gas. The paid fire department has an electric fire-alarm system. The streets are broad and well paved, and there are several miles of sewers. Water works of the Holly system are in use. Two daily and six weekly newspapers are published, four of the latter in German. Two national banks have aggregate capital of $450,000 and surplus of $50,000. The assessed valuation of property in 1888-'89 was $3,145,000, (actual value, $7,862,500). The total expenditure for school purposes in the same year was $38,106. The total value of public property used for school purposes was $176,500, and the enrollment

in six ward schools was 2,119, with 48 teachers. There are also a high school, and two Roman Catholic parochial schools. Lawrence University, founded by Hon. Amos Lawrence, of Boston, Mass., was chartered in 1847, and in 1888-'89 had 284 students, of whom 94 were women, and 11 professors and instructors. The observatory has been completed recently. The churches number 11, including a Jewish synagogue. Appleton is known as the "Paper City," $2,500,000 being invested in paper mills, which turn out 250,000 pounds of paper, valued at $7,500, every twentyfour hours. A sulphite pulp manufacturing company has a capital of $350,000, employs 150 men, with an annual pay roll of $75,000, aud has an output of 30 tons a day. In all, 130 tons of wood pulp are manufactured every day, and 120,000 cords of spruce and poplar are consumed yearly in the mills of this kind along the river. Appleton has also 2 agricultural-implement works, a woolen mill, carding, hub, and spoke mills, linen, flax, and Turkish-towel factories, 2 planing mills, 4 flouring mills, two large breweries, 2 factories for paper-mill machinery, factories of boots and shoes, sash, door and blinds, chairs, toys, furniture, and cigars, a wood-veneering plant, screen plate works, lime kilns, a grain elevator, and foundries and machine shops.

Argentine, a city of Kansas, in Wyandotte County, in the eastern part of the State, on the south bank of Kansas river and adjacent to Kansas City, Kan., had a population in 1890 of 4,732. It is connected with Kansas City, Kan., by a cable line of street railway, and is supplied from its water works. It has also good sewers,

a fire department, electric street cars, a library, a new city hall, 2 State banks, an opera house, 4 large school buildings, and 10 churches. The assessed valuation of property is $599,665.80, of which $76,120.80 is in railroads. The shops of the Santa Fé Railroad Company here employ between 600 and 700 men the year round; they embrace a roundhouse and extensive yards. To accommodate the great quantities of grain coming over this railroad 2 elevators have been erected, one having a capacity of 60,000 bushels. The leading industry is an immense smelting and refining works, erected in 1881, the grounds of which contain 18 acres, one third of which are covered with buildings. The works have a capacity for handling 23,000 tons of ore a month, and a total refining capacity of 50,000 tons of lead and 20,000,000 ounces of silver. Gold-separating and copper-refining plants have been completed recently. The output of the smelter for the year ending Dec. 31, 1891, was 15 per cent. larger than that of the previous year, and was, approximately, 25,000 ounces of gold, 8.750,000 ounces of silver, and 50,000,000 pounds of lead. The smelter is claimed to produce one fifth of all the silver and lead smelted in the United States. It employs more than 900 men. There is also a factory of radiators, employing, in 1889, 100 hands, and reporting a capital of $200.000. A corrugated-iron factory, with capital of $100,000, employed 40 men.

Bangor, a city and port of entry of Maine, county seat of Penobscot County, at the head of ship navigation on the west bank of the Penobscot, the largest river in the State, 25 miles above

its entrance into Penobscot Bay, and 60 miles from the ocean. By railroad it is 73 miles from Augusta, 138 from Portland, 246 from Boston, and a little more than 200 from St. John, N. B., with which place and with Halifax and other Canadian cities there is connection by 3 trains daily. By the census of 1890 it is the third city in population in the State, having increased to 19,103 from 16,856 in 1880. Latitude 44° 45' N., longitude 68° W. The first settlement, known as Kenduskeag Plantation, from the small stream of that name which here flows into the Penobscot, was made in 1770, on the ancient camping ground of the Tarratines, one of the most famous and intelligent of the Indian tribes of northern New England. The pioneers, who came from Massachusetts, had no title to the soil, and after the Revolution, in which the small hamlet suffered severely while the British held control of the river, the General Court of Massachusetts provided (in 1801) that each settler prior to 1784 for $5, and each settler between 1784 and 1798 for $100, should have a deed of 100 acres. In 1791 it was incorporated as a town of 169 inhabitants under its present name, and in 1834 as a city with a population of about 8,000. It is connected with Brewer on the opposite bank of the river by steam ferry and a bridge 1,300 feet long. The harbor, exceptionally fine for a river port, has a deep-water frontage of 3 miles. The number of vessels of all classes registered, enrolled, and licensed in 1891 was 135, with a total tonnage of 20.569 tons. The imports for the year were $1,256,371, and the exports $219,315. Steamship lines connect with Boston, New York, Bar Harbor and the river towns, and there is a line of steam tugs. The first iron steamship built in America (in 1845) ran between Bangor and Boston, and one of the first railroads in the country was built from the city to Oldtown, 12 miles distant, in 1836. The Maine Central Railroad radiates in five directions from the city, the European and North American to the New Brunswick border, the Maine Shore line to Bar Harbor and other resorts on Mount Desert Island, and the Bangor and Piscataquis to the foot of Moosehead Lake. Surveys of the Bangor and Aroostook, incorporated in 1891, are under way. The assessed valuation of property in 1888-'89 was $9,955,102, and the bonded debt $680,000, $500,000 of which were for water works. These are of the Holly system, and were erected in 1876. The supply is drawn from the river, a dam being built across just above the city, which affords water power for mills also. Six reciprocating pumps and 1 rotary have a drawing capacity of 10,000,000 gallons daily, with reserve force for fire emergency. In addition to the 25 miles of street mains, there are 5 miles in Brewer also supplied from the pumping station. The paid fire department has the Gamewell system of alarm. In addition to excellent natural drainage, 20 miles of sewers had been constructed in 1888, and the city had 130 miles of streets opened and surveyed. The paving of the principal business streets with square granite blocks was begun the same year. Seven miles of electric street railway are in operation, the road having been chartered in 1887 and opened in 1889. It connects the city with Brewer. Gas and electric lighting are employed. Five national banks

have an aggregate capital of $900,000; there are 2 savings banks with deposits aggregating $3,600,000, 3 private banks, 3 local insurance companies, and a building and loan association. The Board of Trade, organized in 1872, has a membership of 200. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers and a literary monthly are published. In 1888-'89 the public schools of Bangor numbered 68, including 13 suburban (ungraded), in 36 schoolhouses. The value of school property was placed at $125,000; 91 teachers were employed, and the total attendance was 3,040. The expenditures for school purposes were $41,198. Private and parochial schools had an attendance of 300, and the high school an enrollment of 128. Bangor Theological Seminary (Congregational) has been in operation since 1817; the value of grounds and buildings is $65,000; the number of students varies from 40 to 60. The library contains 16,000 volumes. The religious societies and places of worship number 18, of 10 different denominations. A legacy to the city of $100,000 has been applied to the maintenance of a public library containing 25,000 volumes, and other funds are held in trust for various institutions, including a Children's Home, homes for aged and indigent women, and a Mechanics' Association. The city has a fine opera house, and the Eastern Maine State Fair Association has its grounds and driving parks on an eminence 1 mile from the business center, overlooking the city and the harbor. The granite customhouse cost $201,755. The industries of Bangor include 300 manufacturing establishments, employing about 2,500 hands, and turning out a product valued at more than $8,000,000. Next to Chicago it is the largest lumber market in the United States, and the city supplies not only the large mills in its immediate vicinity but also logging camps of from 2,500 to 3,000 men and 2,000 horses during the winter months in the woods, and on the drives in spring and early summer. The annual shipments reach 200,000,000 feet, and from 1832 to 1888 the amount surveyed was estimated at 8,537,628,202 feet. Four steam and 1 water saw mill and 3 large steam planing mills lie on the water front, and another mill on the Kenduskeag in the center of the city; the majority, however, are without the limits. The product of 1887 in long and short manufactured lumber was $2.304,000, and of boxes and box boards $210,000. This item is of considerable importance, 1,500,000 packing boxes of pine and spruce being the record of 1887, while 700,000 orange and lemon boxes, valued at $50,000, were shipped in shooks to the Mediterranean, and 365,000 to Florida and the West Indies, and 125,000 onion and tomato boxes to Bermuda. The molding and planingmill products of 4 mills reached $250,000, and the cooperages turned out 80,000 fish barrels, supplied to fishing villages of Massachusetts. Spool wood, last blocks, and excelsior were manufactured to the amount of $216,000, 5,500,000 feet of spool bars having been shipped to Scotland. There is 1 furniture and 1 sash, door, and blind factory, and 1 establishment making brush handles and backs. The ship timber realized $100,000. Wood and sawdust for pulp was shipped to the amount of $55,000. Lumbermen's driving tools are the product of 3 firms, and there are 1 saw, 2 edge-tool factories, and 2

factories of hand-made files. Shipbuilding and repairing, carried on by 3 firms, realized in 1887 $75,000. Next to lumber, the largest industry is the manufacture of boots, shoes, and slippers, the product in 1887 being $1,000,000. Five slip per factories employ 600 hands during the busy season, with a weekly pay roll of nearly $5,000, and 1 five-story factory of men's boots produces more than $350,000 yearly. Five tanneries have an aggregate product of $160,000, and there are 3 paper-box factories. Among other establishments are 2 iron foundries and machine shops, steam-boiler works, 2 large stove foundries, 1 shoddy and wool-carding mill, grist mills, salt and plaster works, 5 cigar factories, 5 bottling works, factories of clothing with annual production of $300,000, 5 carriage factories, and 1 of carriage trimmings, a wholesale coffin and casket factory, brickyards, 3 granite- working and 4 marble yards, and potteries. The permanent ice houses on the river and in the city have a storage capacity of 230,000 tons. The total value of wool, skins, furs, etc., shipped was $200,000, and of hay and country produce $100,000.

Barre, the fifth town of Vermont, in Washington County, 6 miles southeast of Montpelier, on a branch of Winooski river. It increased in population from 2,060 in 1880 to 6,812 in 1890. It is principally known for its granite industries. the granite deposit being found in a range of hills, and extending 3 miles with a width of half a mile. The quarries are 3 or 4 miles from the village, which was incorporated in November, 1886, and there is a railroad connecting with the shops where the granite is worked. Quarrying of any sized block is allowed by the nature of the deposit, which is in layers of varying thickness. Blocks 10 feet square and upward are obtained, and shafts of any length. Barre granite is of two varieties, light and dark, remarkably clear and even in texture, and susceptible of the highest polish, while the contrast afforded by the polished and hammered surfaces makes lettering and designs stand out in bold relief. One of the 6 quarrying companies owns quarries covering 230 acres. About 1,500 men were employed in 1890 in connection with the business, which is carried on by 19 firms, turning out vast quantities of monuments and monumental work, shipped to all parts of the United States. There is also a factory of hay forks, rakes, diggers, etc. One national bank has a capital of $100,000, and there is a savings bank and a trust company, with total resources of $500,000. The town has a fine system of water works, a graded school system, a seminary, and a town hall which cost $30,000. Its altitude is 515 feet above sea level. Bennington, a town of Vermont, one of the county seats of Bennington County, in the southwestern part of the State, 55 miles south by west of Rutland, and 35 miles northeast of Albany, N. Y. By the census of 1890 it had a population of 6,391. It has an altitude of 641 feet above sea level, and the surrounding scenery is magnificent. From Mount Anthony, on which there is an observatory, the Adirondacks, 100 miles away, can be seen on a clear day; and in ascending the mountains the Bennington and Glastonbury Railroad makes a deviation of 8 miles to attain a height of 1,600 feet. Other railroads are the Fitchburg to Troy, the

Bennington and Rutland, and the Lebanon Springs. The town is the site of the State Soldiers' Home, which with its grounds and buildings covers about 200 acres. It was a gift to the State from the heirs of Trenor W. Park. It has a fine fountain which obtains its supply from springs on Bald mountain and throws a stream 187 feet high. The water for the town is obtained from mountain springs 3 miles distant, and there are 33 fire hydrants. The various religious denominations are represented, and there is a large, fine hotel. The Bennington gradedschool district was organized and chartered in 1870, and there is, in addition to a high school, a fine public-school house, which with its grounds covers 3 acres. Two national banks have a capital of $200,000, and there is a savings bank. Two weekly newspapers are published. The town is essentially a manufacturing place, and about one third of the inhabitants are engaged in the mills and shops. It lies also in a fine farming district. The manufactures include woolen mills turning out fine dress fabrics, cloakings, and cassimeres, 6 knitting companies, one of which employs 200 persons, and two others 150 each; factories of knitting machinery, light hardware, powder-mill, pulp and papermaking machinery; yellow ochre, crystallized quartz, and mineral soaps; steam governors and water wheels; wooden specialties, knitting-needles, and other minor industries. There are also fulling mills, marble and granite works, and a planing mill and sash, door, and blind factory.

Brainerd, a city of Minnesota, county seat of Crow Wing County, near the geographical center of the State, on Mississippi river, 115 miles from Duluth, 138 from Minneapolis, and the same distance from Fargo, N. D. In 1880 the population was 1,865; in 1890 it was 5,703. It is one of the most important stations on the Northern Pacific Railroad between Duluth and the Red River of the North, and has shops of that road employing 800 men, with a monthly pay roll of $60,000, the entire plant being valued at more than $2,000,000. The Brainerd and Northern Railroad, partially built and constructing to the international boundary line, completed 100 miles in the season of 1892. The city has an altitude of 1,209 feet above the sea, and is built on a level plateau 55 feet above the river. A dam across the Mississippi, just north of the city, gives 25,000 horse power at low water, the back water covering 2,500 acres, while the overflowage covers the bottom lands of a large lake and gives boomage for 1,000,000,000 feet of logs. There is a sewerage system furnishing thorough drainage; and water works of the Holly system, drawing from the river, have 15 miles of mains and 72 fire hydrants. The volunteer fire department consists of 5 companies, and has an electric aların system. Contracts were let for 4 miles of electric street railway in 1892, to be in running order by Dec. 1 of that year, and the city is lighted by electricity. The paving with cedar blocks and granite curbs of one of the principal streets was undertaken in 1892, and numerous brick blocks were built. There are 6 school buildings, a high school which cost $50,000, a large Catholic parochial school, 15 churches, an opera house with a seating capacity of 1,000, a county courthouse of brick and fire proof, a jail,