services were affected from time to time by the excited state of the people's minds, caused by the disputes with their Roman Catholic fellowcountrymen. Of the translated Scriptures, only the Gospel of St. Matthew, in Luganda, had been printed and circulated in the country; but translations had been prepared in manuscript of the other Gospels, the Acts, the Epistles to the Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians, and the Book of Revelation.

The annual meeting of the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, which co-operates with the Church and seven other Protestant missionary societies in India, was held in London, April 27. Lord Reay presided. The receipts of the society had been £16,687, and the expenditure had been £850 more. The society had 47 woman missionaries and 26 assistants, with 203 native teachers and Bible women; 65 schools, with 2,554 pupils; and 3 medical missions, with hospitals connected with 2 of them, under the charge of 5 woman doctors. A new hospital had been opened in Lucknow, and a new medical mission in Patna. Eight thousand nine hundred and four patients had been treated at Lucknow, Benares, and Patna; 24,387 patients had visited the dispensaries; and 1,931 visits had been paid to the homes of patients.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.-The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was intrusted during the year 1891 with the administration of £116,520, which was expended chiefly in the form of block grants placed at the disposal of the respective bishops and synods throughout the world. The number of ordained missionaries on its list, including six bishops, is 672, viz., 225 in Asia, 153 in Africa, 16 in Australia and the Pacific, 211 in North America, 36 in the West Indies, and 31 in Europe. Of these, 127 were natives laboring in Asia and 35 in Africa. There were also in the various missions about 2,300 lay teachers, 2,600 students in the society's colleges, and 38,000 children in the mission schools in Asia and Africa. Among the more prominent features of the society's work in 1891 were the departure of a community of five missionaries to minister to the "peasant church" of the diocese of Chota, Nagpore; the formation of the diocese of Mashonaland, where Bishop Bruce in 1888 had planted mission stations and left teachers at many places; the mission in Corea, where a bishop and a body of clergy and teachers are supported in living a common life, without personal salaries; and the penetration into a district of the Betsiriry Sakalava, in Madagascar, by two missionaries, the first Europeans ever seen by the people. The work of the mission in Madagascar was temporarily arrested on account of the death of the Rev. A. A. Maclaren. During the one hundred and ninety years of this society's activity it has planted missions in every colony of the British Empire except the Falkland Islands; entering the several colonies successively as they have been or ganized or added to the list, it has taken care of its churches till they have reached a condition of independence and self-support. It is now working and maintaining missionaries in 50 dioceses. With the growth of the colonies in wealth and power, its resources are gradually set free to meet the claims of the heathen and Mohammedan

subjects of the empire. A little more than one fourth of its funds is all that is now spent on Christian colonists; five eighths are spent on the conversion of the heathen and building up the native churches within the empire; and the remainder is spent in foreign countriesChina, Japan, Borneo, Madagascar, the Sandwich Islands (Honolulu), and Corea.

The Universities' Mission.-The income of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa for 1891 was £18,782, showing a falling off of £2,281 as compared with the preceding year, while the total expenditure was £18,822, a slight increase on that of 1890. The missionary staff consisted of 64 persons. The report of work in the field narrated the advance that had been made in the enrollment of members, baptisms, schools, and attendance upon them in the several stations in Nyassaland, the Rovuma district, the Usambara country, and Zanzibar. Several translations of standard works into Suahili had been issued from the mission press. With the assistance of the British and Foreign Bible Society the third volume of the tentative edition of the Old Testament in Suahili had been printed and sent out to Zanzibar, completing the issue of the whole Bible by the society.

Other Societies.-The annual meeting of the Church House Corporation was held in London, June 30. An anonymous donor had conditionally offered at the annual meeting to give £1,000 to the fund of the House, provided £20,000 were subscribed. The challenge was generously responded to, but £8,000 was still wanting to complete this amount. The library contained more than 10,000 volumes. It was intended, the report said, that the Church House should be as much for the use of the Church abroad as of the Church at home, and it was the desire of the council that all members of the Church of England and of the churches in communion with it should make the fullest possible use of it.

The annual meetings in connection with the Church Army spiritual and social movement were held in London during the first week in May, under the presidency of the Bishop of Rochester. From the report of the treasurer it appeared that the Church Army had 170 colporteurs and 50 nurses at work, with 12,000 communicant working members. A sum of £15,000 had been received to aid the work during the year. There were now 14 labor homes open, 7 of them in London. It was proposed to establish a colporteur's van, to travel in the country and distribute Christian literature and to aid in openair preaching.

The annual general meeting of the Church Defense Association was held in London, May 17. The Bishop of London presided. The report, after reviewing the year's work of the association, concluded with a testimonial to the vigor, spiritual growth, and loyalty of the Established Church in Wales. Resolutions were adopted declaring it the duty of Churchmen, irrespective of political party, to meet all attempts to effect the separation of the Church from the state with increased determination, and to refuse their support to any parliamentary candidate who declares himself in favor of the disestablishment of the Church, whether in England or in Wales; and expressing the opinion that every effort should be

made to support and to maintain the efficiency of the Church schools and the hope that the Government might see its way to lighten the burden now pressing on the voluntary schools in the matter of rates.

The thirty-third annual meeting of the English Church Union, which numbers 33,800 members, was held June 14. The meeting resolved that a memorial be addressed in its name to the members of the episcopate and to the synods of the provinces, begging them to take steps to insure that the holy eucharist be celebrated at least on every Sunday and saint's day in every parochial church or chapel having a cure of souls attached to it: to secure an earlier hour than 11 on Sundays for divine service, and to discourage all arrangements which have the effect of substituting matins for the great act of Christian worship; to provide, in all places where it is practicable, for two celebrations of the holy communion on Sunday-one to be said not later than 8 A.M., the second to be sung not later than 10.30 or 11 after matins have been previously said or sung, in order that opportunity may be given to all to attend public worship on Sundays; to make provision that in all cathedral and collegiate churches there be a daily celebration of the holy eucharist; and to provide, as far as possible, in all parochial churches and chapels having cure of souls attached to them, where the holy eucharist can only be celebrated once on Sundays and saints' days, that such celebration be not later than 9 or 9.30, in order to facilitate the observance of the universal custom of the Church that holy communion be received fasting.

The Church Union, April 26, adopted a resolution in which, “recognizing the great injury to family life and the morals of the country which has resulted from the various divorce acts passed within the last thirty-five years in violation of the law of God as to the indissolubility of the marriage bond-declared in Holy Scripture and set forth in the Book of Common Prayer"-it called upon the members and associates of the union to make a vigorous and united effort to arouse the conscience of the country on the subject; and to use their influence to procure the repeal of at least those clauses in the divorce acts which require the parochial clergy either to perform the service themselves or to allow the churches to be used for the marriage (so called) of a divorced person whose real husband or wife is still living; and to resist the passage of a certain pending bill for extending still further the grounds for divorce.

The income of the Curates' Augmentation Fund, as returned at the annual meeting, June 15, was £9,048, showing an increase of £324 over the funds of the society during the previous year, and being the largest income for several years. A large number of new applications had been received. Three fourths of the vacancies had occurred through preferment, which showed that the fund had been helping deserving curates.

An organization called the Clergy Fees Reform Association has been set on foot, having for its objects to obtain a reduction in the scale of fees at present payable upon institution, induction, dispensation, and sequestration, and for letters of orders and curates' license, and to advise the clergy when fees in excess of those allowed by statute or order in council are demanded of them.

The receipts of the Church Pastoral Aid Society for the year ending March 31, 1892, were £58,463, exceeding the gross receipts of the previous year by £2,149. Of the whole amount, £9,000 were given to be invested for special purposes, leaving £49,463 as ordinary income. The expenditure for the year had been £51,927. The whole number of grants was 808, or 54 more than during the previous year.

Liberation Society.-The triennial conference of the Society for the Liberation of Religion from State Patronage and Control was held in London, May 3 and 4. Mr. R. Spence Watson presided. In opening the conference, he said that the work during the last three busy political years in which the society was especially interested, had shown decided progress. There were many indications of the fact. The report of the executive committee spoke of the past three years as a period during which the progress of opinion and events had been favorable to religious equality. Detailing the work of the society, it recognized the fact that it would not be possible, without a severe struggle, to establish completely the principle of religious equality in connection with national education. Decisive progress was making on the question of disestablishment in Wales, but it was recognized that the real ground of objection to Welsh disestablishment was the certainty that it must be followed by disestablishment in England. The question of Scottish disestablishment occupied substantially the same position. In regard to the approaching general election the committee called attention to the enthusiasm with which the idea of disestablishment was accepted by all advanced reformers. The financial statement showed that the receipts of the society for the past year had amounted to £5,350, that a balance of £302 was left in bank, and that there were accounts outstanding to the amount of £1,900. Resolutions were adopted congratulating the supporters of the society on the advanced position of the question of disestablishment in Wales and Scotland, as it was shown by the debates in Parliament during the past three years, by the declarations and pledges of politicians, and the attitude of the public press; expressing satisfaction that so large a number of candidates had declared in favor of religious equality; urging the importance of strenuous exertions to secure the return of such candidates and to elicit an expression of public opinion which will exert a powerful impression on the action of the new Parliament and of the next Liberal administration; citing the meager results of recent parliamentary efforts to remove abuses and anomalies in the Established Church as further proofs of the impossibility of satisfactorily regulating its affairs by parliamentary enactment, but objecting to the removal of parliamentary control from the Church as long as it remains a national institution; demanding education wholly free from sectarian influence; expressing the opinion that disestablishment would greatly facilitate the management of local affairs in rural parishes, would diminish persecution for conscience' sake, and by more fully extending religious liberty would promote not only the spiritual but also the social interests of village populations; and urging the enactment of a broader burials act.

The Case of the Bishop of Lincoln.-The Court of Privy Council rendered a decision in August in the matter of the appeal of the members of the Church Association from the decision of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the case of the proceedings against the Bishop of Lincoln for offenses in ritual, dismissing the appeal. An abstract of the decision of the Archbishop, which is thus sustained, is given in the Annual Cyclopedia for 1891.

The Church in Ireland.-The General Synod of the Anglican Church in Ireland met April 26. The Archbishop of Dublin presided, and having represented the present condition and prospects of the Church as, in his mind, full of hope, proceeded to speak in opposition to the granting of "home rule" to Ireland.

Anglicanism and Nonconformity in Wales. An assertion made by the Bishop of St. Asaph, in 1891, that 16 nonconformist ministers in Wales had applied for ordination in the Church of England, has excited much discussion and been sturdily denied by the nonconformists of the principality, and particularly by the representatives of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church. It has been confirmed by Prof. Lias, chaplain to the Bishop of Llandaff, who said publicly at a meeting in Cambridge in June, 1892, that he had seen and read a great pile of letters from dissenting ministers in Wales, and in the preceding year had examined 16 of the writers.

Church Congress.—The thirty-second annual Church Congress met at Folkestone, Oct. 4, under the presidency of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The principal subjects discussed were: "The Attitude of the Church toward Labor Combinations in Respect to their Aims and their Methods." "The Work of the Church of England on the Continent," "The Result of the Neglect of Religious Education in Elementary Schools," The Duty of the Church to the Agricultural Population in View of their Spiritual and Social Needs, and their Increased Responsibilities as Citizens," "The Temperance Movement," "The Church in Wales," Canon Law in Connection with the Government and Discipline of the Church of England," "Christian Ethics, Individual and Social," "The Permanent Value of the Old Testament for the Christian Church in its Educational, Evidential, and Devotional Aspects," "Do the Interests of Mankind require Experiments on Living Animals, and if so, up to what Point are they Justifiable?," Foreign Missions," "Thrift and the Poor Law," "The Preparation for Deacons' and Priests' Orders, and the Preparation of Laymen for Evangelistic Work," The Duty of the Church toward Soldiers," "Preaching in the Church of England,” and “Church Work at the Seaside, among Residents and Visitors." A special meeting for women was held, at which the subjects of "Training of Workers," "The Industrial Condition of Women," "Co-operation," "Temperance," and "Physical Recreation" were discussed wholly by

women.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, a federal republic in South America. The executive authority is vested in a President, elected for six years by representatives of the federated provinces, each of which chooses twice as many presidential

electors as it has representatives in both branches of Congress. The Senate has 30 members, 2 from each province and 2 from the Federal District. The House of Deputies consists of 86 members, elected directly by the people for four years, the moiety being renewed every two years. The Vice-President acts as Chairman of the Senate. Dr. Carlos Pellegrini. who was elected Vice-President for the presidential term ending Oct. 12, 1892, succeeded to the presidential office. Dr. Juarez Celman resigned on Aug. 6. 1890. Luis Saenz Peña was elected President, and Z. S. Uribarru Vice-President, for the term beginning Oct. 12, 1892, in the election of April, 1892.

Finance. The ordinary revenue of the Government in 1887 was $58.135,000, and the expenditure $54.098,227. In 1888 the receipts were $57,651,711, and the disbursements $50,801,638. In 1889 the receipts increased to $74,676,706, and the expenses were still only $50,687.544. In 1890 the revenue was $73,407,670, while the expenditures, owing to special appropriations not set down in the budget, leaped up to $92,853,846. For 1891 the revenue was estimated at $73,150,855, of which $47,546,785 represent customs duties on imports, $4,246,266 direct taxes, $4,010,240 stamp duties, $2,185,809 postal revenue, and $15,161,755 other receipts. The ordinary expenditure was originally reckoned at $67,881,884, of which $25,989,893 were allocated to the Finance Department, $16,237,406 to the Interior, $9,517,026 to Public Instruction, $9,507,839 to the Ministry of War, $4,029,440 to the Navy, and $2,600,280 to Foreign Affairs. Subsequently the total estimate of expenditure was cut down to $58.252,362. These estimates are in paper dollars. The value of the currency dollar declined from 80 cents on the gold dollar in 1886, when $70,000,000 of currency were in circulation, to 40 cents in 1890, when there were $200,000,000 out, and 274 cents in 1891, when the amount issued was $300,000,000. The national debt is said to have grown from $117,200,000 in 1886 to $355,800,000 in 1890, and $475,000,000 in 1891. According to an official statement, the funded liabilities consisted of $157,100,000 of foreign debt, $161.766,600 of 44-per-cent. bonds owned by national banks and deposited in the treasury to secure circulation, and $1,225,631 of internal bonds. A proposition to fund the interest on the foreign debt in 6-per-cent. gold bonds was approved by Congress in May, 1891. The floating debt was stated to be $700,961 in gold and $10,174,548 in currency. An inventory of property belonging to the National Government makes the valuation $703,793,172.

The Army and Navy.-The regular army numbers 5.585 men, including 11 generals, 1,118 officers, 2,331 infantry, 2,227 cavalry, 789 artillery, and 238 engineers. The militia numbers 236,000 men.

The naval force consists of 1 ironclad war vessel of 4,200 tons, 2 ironclad monitors, 2 deckprotected cruisers, 7 gunboats, 2 transports, 7 avisos, 1 torpedo school-ship, 4 torpedo boats, and 4 spar torpedo boats. The sea-going fighting ship is the "Almirante Brown," built in England in 1880. She is plated with 9 inches of steel-faced armor, and carries 6 11-ton Arm

who would harmonize the party. The Radical element was not disposed to fall in with the Roca-Mitre coalition. A cry was raised against their financial conservatism and their desire to please the foreign creditors and the English investors and speculators, or perhaps to join with them in drawing profits out of the land. Dr. Alem was the head of the new patriotic movement, and Dr. Yrigoyen was put up as the Radical candidate for President. The contest was carried on with bitterness for some months, and, just as before, a considerable section of the military were on the side of the Radicals, who were unable to cope with the political organization of their opponents, and placed their hopes in popular demonstrations, or, as the last resort, in insurrection. Dr. Saenz Peña was placed in nomination on March 6, 1892. In his speech of acceptance he promised to give the minority a fair representation in the Administration; to propose a reform of the electoral laws, and to punish electoral frauds; to preserve the autonomy of the provinces; to foster desirable immigration and concede land to colonists, while putting an end to the purchase of tracts in the country by speculators; to create a Council of State to assist the Executive, like that in Chili; to advocate the establishment of the right of habeas corpus; to reorganize the army and navy, and to cultivate international friendships, especially with the United States and other American nations. The reciprocity proposals of the United States Government were rejected about this time by the Argentine Government. The Radicals, as soon as they began to agitate against the coalition candidate, were met by repressive measures. Their meetings were broken up, and some active men were arrested. They prepared for a violent conflict such as had occurred many times in the past electoral contests in Argentina. On April 2, the eve of the day set for a great Radical mass meeting in Buenos Ayres, the authorities scented, or pretended to have discovered, a gigantic conspiracy not only to start an insurrection, but to murder the President and Gens. Roca and Mitre, and proclaim Dr. Alem Dictator. All the troops were gathered in the central part of the city.

A state of siege was proclaimed, the troops were confined to the camps of Zarate and Maldonado, the sentinels were doubled, the officers were forbidden to pass the lines, the guns were kept ready horsed, and for two successive nights the Minister of War slept in camp. In the early morning of April 3 Dr. Alem, Gen. Garcia, and the rest of the Radical leaders, civil and military, were arrested and taken on board a manof-war. The Government issued a proclamation charging them with plotting the wholesale destruction of the chief of the republic, the leaders of the army, and prominent citizens, by means of dynamite, and claiming to have discovered a great number of explosive bombs in a Radical club, as well as cloaks and canes by which the conspirators were to recognize each other, and documents implicating Dr. Alem and others, and unfolding the details of the plot. Many Radical chiefs who escaped arrest fled to Montevideo, and others were banished to that city by order of a court of justice. The prisoners were held in custody till after the popular election of the

presidential electors on April 10. The Radicals abstained generally from voting, and consequently Dr. Saenz Peña was declared the choice of the people by a great majority. Most of the prisoners were then released, yet Dr. Alem was still held, in spite of an order for his release that was obtained from the Federal court. In the provinces, likewise, Radical clubs were shut up, some arrests were made, and on election day no opposition was made to the return of the coalition candidate, who had the united support of the Catholic conservative element, the Nationalist party, and the greater part of the Union Civica. On the meeting of Congress President Pellegrini received an act of immunity justifying his proceedings. Dr. Alem was finally released without a trial, after many weeks of detention. The casting of the electoral votes took place on June 12. By an almost unanimous vote Luis Saenz Peña was elected President and Señor Uriburu Vice-President for the term beginning Oct. 12, 1892. The banished Radicals refused to return from Montevideo unless the state of siege was terminated, and in the beginning of July it was ended by proclamation. Riotous demonstrations against Peña took place in August in the streets of Buenos Ayres, and the tumults recurred until after his inauguration.

ARCHEOLOGY. American. Civilization of the Ohio Mound-Builders.-Warren K. Moorehead, in his book on "Primitive Man in Ohio," presents the results of four seasons' exploration of ancient remains in that State. He draws the conclusions that the tribes did not occupy the northern parts of the State for any considerable length of time, but were settled chiefly in the larger river valleys; that both the brachycephalic and the dolicocephalic races mingled largely in all the valleys save the Muskingum; and that nothing more than the upper status of savagery was attained by any race or tribe living in the present State of Ohio. If the field testimony alone is considered, primitive man can be accredited with high attainments in only a few things, and these indicating neither civilization nor an approach to it. First, he excelled in building fortifications and in the interment of his dead; second, he made surprisingly long journeys for mica, copper, lead, shells, and other foreign substances, to be used as tools and ornaments; third, he was an adept in the chase and in war; fourth, he chipped flint and made carvings on bone, stone, and slate exceedingly well when we consider the primitive tools he employed; fifth, a few of the more skillful men of his tribe made fairly good representations of animals, birds, and human figures in stone... On the other hand, he failed to grasp the idea of communication by written characters, the use of metal (except in the cold state), the cutting of stone, or the making of brick for building purposes, and the construction of permanent homes. Ideas of transportation other than upon his own back or in frail canoes, or the use of coal, which was so abundant about him, and which he frequently made into pendants and ornaments, and a thousand other things which civilized beings enjoy, were utterly beyond his comprehension."

Age of the Central American Monuments. -From his studies of the monuments of Central