His awe as he trod o'er the mouldering dust!
How bright were the waters--how cheerful the song
Which the wood-bird was chirping all the day long;
And how welcome the refuge these solitudes gave
To the pilgrims who toiled over mountain and
wave !

Here they rested-here gushed forth salvation, to bring

"

The fount of the Cross by the Beautiful Spring."

Soon after, another "Moravian Indian" town was founded, and named "Guadenhütten." It was on the same river, in the outskirts of the present Guadenhütten, Clay township, Tuscarawas county, Ohio. These were the first Protestant missions among the Indians beyond the Ohio, and the superintendent of both was Zeisberger. A number of Indian "converts" from Pennsylvania peopled these establishments, while others were added from the tribes living in the vicinity. It had been far better, as the sequel shows, had these missions never been established,

On the fourth day of January, 1773, David Jones, a minister of the gospel at Freehold, New Jersey, reached, by way of Pittsburgh, the mouth of the Scioto river, on a visit to the Ohio Indians. By the tenth he had moved up that river to an Indian town called "Kuskinkis," about fourteen miles below the mouth of Paint creek, a well-known affluent of the Scioto. The destination of Jones was now the Shawanese town of Pickaway, situated "south of a brook that, east of the town, empties into Deer creek." It contained about one hundred souls, being a mixture of Shawanese and other nations.

East

of Deer creek in a west northwest course, at a distance of about three miles from Pickaway, was a small town called "Blue Jacket's town." The village only con

tains about twelve houses. The chief who lived here was known to the English as the "Hardman." He was called a king. A trader who resided there invited the king to take breakfast with Jones, "having previously informed him [the Hardman] that I was no trader, but was a good man, whose employment among white people was to speak of God and heavenly matters, and came with that view to see my brothers, the Indians." From Pickaway the preacher journeyed to Chillicothe, "the chief town of the Shawanese Indians," "situated north of a large plain adjacent to a branch of Paint creek. The plain is their cornfield which supplies [a] great part of their town. Their houses are made of logs." About three miles west by north from Chillicothe was a small town, the Indian name for which signified "Crooked Nose's Place." It was, in appearance, a new village. Jones now directed his course toward the Delaware Indians, "reaching Kiskapookee before night, which is situated on a creek that empties into Scioto." The town was situated about one mile from the river, in a course northeast by north from Chillicothe, and at a distance of more than twenty miles from the village last mentioned. After crossing the Scioto in a canoe, Jones made his way to the Delaware Indian town, known as the "Standing Stone," near the present Lancaster, Ohio. Traveling thence through two small Delaware villages, he finally reached New Comer's town, the chief village of the Delawares. It was located on the west side of the Tuscarawas in the outskirts of what is now a town of the same name, in Tuscarawas county, Ohio.

The "Moravian Indian" village of Guadenhütten, already described, was visited by the traveler on the fourteenth of February. It was about ten miles, according to Jones' reckoning, up the river from New Comer's town. He found at the mission an Indian population consisting of Stockbridges, Mingoes and Delawares. They had neat log houses to dwell in and a good house for divine worship, about twenty-two feet by eighteen, well seated, and a good floor and chimney. Jones was informed by Zeisberger, who had charge of the two missions-Schönbrunn and Guadenhütten-that there were nearly eighty families belonging to the two towns and that there were two ministers besides himself. The traveler made his way back to New Comer's town, thence to the Ohio river below Wheeling, and after crossing that stream journeyed homeward.*

As early as 1764 the commissioners of trade, in England, matured a general plan for the future management and conduct of Indian affairs, regulating, of course, the trade with the different nations; but parliament did not pass a bill authorizing these regulations until the next year. Not later than the opening of the year 1766, the trade began with the various tribes living northwest of the Ohio. The traders

*See 'Jones' Journal' (New York: 1865), passim.

had their depots of supplies largely at Pittsburgh and Detroit. It is not too much to say that the whole country northwest of the Ohio was soon overrun with them, the Sandusky Indians being supplied from Detroit, the residue of the Ohio savages, by Pennsylvanians, from Pittsburgh. The Virginians were not largely engaged as traders. Such was the condition of the Indian trade at the close of the year 1773. †

Three years from the time of Washington's journey down the Ohio brought a great change in affairs between the Monongahela and the Ohio. There was now (December, 1773,) a number of settlements on the immediate bank of the river last mentioned, in what is now the Panhandle of West Virginia; and they were scattered through the wilderness eastward to the Redstone creek, where, in 1767, there was begun the first "clearing" in the woods, in the Monongahela valley. Civilization had in truth reached the Ohio, and it had come to stay; but across that stream was a country forbidden to the white settlers; emphatically the Indian country; and so it was called.

CONSUL WILLSHIRE BUTTERFIELD.

+ Pennsylvania Archives' (O. S.), Vol. IV., passim. Major Basset (from Detroit) to General Haldimand, April 29, 1773 - MS. letter: Haldimand Collection.

AMONG those who have made successful efforts in one of the most important departments of applied science is Mr. Isaac D. Smead of Toledo, Ohio, the well-known head of several associated firms, known as the Smead Warming and Ventilating company. Mr. Smead was born in Coleraine, Franklin county, Massachusetts, July 31, 1849. His father, Ezra Smead, was a mechanic, and added to his resources in providing for his family by the cultivation of a small farm. The boyhood of Isaac was passed in his quiet New England home, when the district school in winter and a few terms at a select school comprised his opportunities for obtaining an education. His naturally energetic spirit soon rebelled against the monotony and conservatism of rural New England life, and he determined to seek a more congenial situation in the young and growing west. Accordingly, at the age of sixteen, against the wishes of his parents, he left home and went to Bloomington, Illinois, where he came at once in contact with conditions which determined his future course and led him to the successful solution of his life problem.

It is well known that Mr. Smead has devoted more than twenty years of his life to the most assiduous and persistent efforts to solve the problem of warming and ventilating houses and public buildings in accordance with the principles of sanitary science, and that he has achieved a most

remarkable success. In these northern and middle latitudes where artificial heat is so much depended upon and where at the same time pure air in buildings is among the prime conditions of health, the value of Mr. Smead's discoveries and appliances should place him foremost among public benefactors. It is not too much to say that the system of warming and ventilating which he has brought so near perfection is one of the most valuable contributions ever made to practical sanitary science.

The beginning point of his successful career in this direction was with the firm of W. A. Pennell & Company, with whom he first found employment on his arrival at Bloomington in 1867, the firm having been organized but a short time previously. A brief history of the firm will show the relation of Mr. Smead to Mr. Ruttan, upon whose original method he has made so many important improvements.

The important questions of sanitary heating and ventilation had been discussed, but no attempt had been made to solve them scientifically or practically prior to the efforts of Honorable Henry Ruttan of Coburg, Canada. Mr. Ruttan, after devoting careful study to the subject and procuring several patents, published in 1862 a large volume, setting forth the theories which form the underlying principles of the Ruttan system of warming and ventilation. Among the first to be