sand," written with great clearness and singular modesty. It is one of the most interesting works bequeathed us by antiquity, as the Retreat itself is the most famous military expedition on record.

36. The part which the Greek cities of Asia took in the expedi tion of Cyrus involved them in a war with Persia, in which they were aided by the Spartans, who, under their king Agesiláus, defeated Tisapher' nes in a great battle in the plains of Sárdis (B. C. 395); but Agesilaus was soon after recalled to aid his VII. THIRD countrymen at home in another Peloponnésian war, which PELOPONNÉhad been fomented chiefly by the Persian king himself,

SIAN WAR.

in order to save his own dominions from the ravages of the Spartans. Artaxerx' es supplied Conon, an Athenian, with a fleet which defeated the Spartan navy; and Persian gold rebuilt the walls of Athens. On the other hand, Athens and her allies were defeated in the vicinity of Corinth, and on the plains of Coronéa.' (B. C. 394). Finally, after the war had continued eight years, articles of peace were arranged between Artaxerx'es and the Spartan Antal' cidas, hence called the peace of Antal' cidas, and ratified by all the parties engaged in the war, almost without opposition. (387 B. C.) The Greek cities in Asia, together with the islands Clazom'enæ and Cy' prus, were given up to Persia, and the separate independence of all the other Greek cities was guaranteed, with the exception of the islands Im' brus, Lem' nos, and Sey' rus,' which, as of old, were to belong to Athens.

37. The terms of the peace of Antal' cidas, directed by the king of Persia, were artfully contrived by him to dissolve the power of Greece into nearly its original elements, that Persia might thereafter have less to fear from a united Greek confederacy, or the preponderating influence of any one Grecian State. It was the unworthy jealousy of the Grecians, which the Persian knew how to stimulate, that prompted them to give up to a barbarian the free cities of Asia; and this is the darkest shade in the picture. Both Athens and Sparta lost their former allies; and though Sparta was

1. Coronéa was a city of Bœótia, to the south-east of Charonea, and two or three miles south-west from the Copaic Lake. South of Coronea was Mount Helicon. (Map No. I.) 2. The Clazom' ene here mentioned was a small island near the Lydian coast, west of Smyrna, and in what is now called the Gulf of Smyrna. (Map No. IV.)

3. Im' brus, Lem' nos, and Scy' rus, (now Imbro, Statimene, and Scyro,) are islands of the Ægean. The first is about ten miles west from the entrance to the Hel' lespont, and the second about forty miles south-west. Scyrus is about twenty-five miles north-east from Eubœ'a (Map No. III.)

the most strongly in favor of the terms of the treaty, yet Athens was the greatest gainer, for she once more became, although a small, yet an independent and powerful State.

38. It was not long before ambition, and the resentment of past injuries, involved Sparta in new wars. She compelled Mantinéa,' which had formerly been her unwilling ally, to throw down her walls, and dismember the city into its original divisions, under the pretext that the Mantinéans had supplied one of the enemies of Sparta with corn during the preceding war, and had evaded their share of service in the Spartan army. The jealousy of Sparta was next aroused against the rising power of Olyn' thus, which had become engaged in hostilities with some rival cities; and the Spartans readily accepted an invitation of the latter to send an army to their aid. As one of the Spartan forces was marching through the Theban territories on this errand, the Spartan general fraudulently seized upon the Cadméia, or Theban citadel, although a state of peace existed between Thebes and Sparta. (B. C. 382.)

39. The political morality of the Spartans is clearly exhibited in the arguments by which Agesilaus justified this palpable breach of the treaty of Antal' cidas. He declared that the only question for the Spartan people to consider, was, whether they were gainers or losers by the transaction. The assertion made by the Athenians on a former occasion was confirmed, that, "of all States, Sparta had most glaringly shown by her conduct that in her political transactions she measured honor by inclination, and justice by expediency."

40. On the seizure of the Theban citadel the most patriotic of the citizens fled to Athens, while a faction, upheld by the Spartan garrison, ruled the city. After the Thebans had submitted to this roke four years they rose against their tyrants and put them to leath, and being re-enforced by the exiles, and an Athenian army, soon forced the Spartan garrison to capitulate. (B. C. 379.) Pelop'idas and Epaminon' das now appeared on the field of action, and by their abilities raised Thebes, hitherto of but little political import

1. Mantinéa was in the eastern part of Arcádia, seventeen miles west from Ar' gos. It was situated in a marshy plain through which flowed the small river A' phis, whose waters found a subterranean passage to the sea. Mantinéa is wholly indebted for its celebrity to the great battle fought in its vicinity in the year 362 between the Spartans and Thebans. (See p. 91.) The locality of the battle was about three miles southwest from the city. The ruins of the ancient town may be seen near the wretched modern hamlet of Palaiopoli. (Map No. I.)

2. Olyn' thus was in the south-eastern part of Macedónia, six or seven miles north-east from Potida' a. (Map No. I.)

ance, to the first rank 'n power among the Grecian States. Al. though Athens joined Thebes in the beginning of the contest, yet she afterwards took the side of the Spartans. At Teg'yra,' Pelop' idas defeated a greatly superior force, and killed the two Spartan generals; at Leuc' tra,' Epaminon' das, with a force of six thousand Thebans, defeated the Lacedæmo' nian army of more than double that number. (B. C. July 8, 371.) Epaminon' das afterwards invaded Lacónia, and appeared before the very gates of Sparta, where a hostile force had not been seen during five hundred years; and at Mantinéa he defeated the enemy in the most sanguinary contest ever fought between Grecians. (B. C. 362.) But Epaminon' das fell in the moment of victory, and the glory of Thebes perished with him. A general peace was soon after established, on the single condition that each State should retain its respective possessions.

41. Four years after the battle of Mantinéa the Grecian States again became involved in domestic hostilities, known as the Sacred War, the second in Grecian history to which that epi- vIII. SECOND thet was applied. During the preceding war, the Phó- SACRED WAR. cians, although in alliance with Thebes by treaty, had shown such a predilection in favor of Sparta, that the animosity of the Thebans was roused against their reluctant ally, and they availed themselves of the first opportunity to show their resentment. The Phócians having taken into cultivation a portion of the plain of Del' phos, which was deemed sacred to Apóllo, the Thebans caused them to be accused of sacrilege before the Amphictyon' ic council, which con demned them to pay a heavy fine. The Phócians refused obedience, and, encouraged by the Spartans, on whom a similar penalty had been imposed for their treacherous occupation of the Theban citadel, took up arms to resist the decree, and, under their leader, Philomélus, plundered the sacred treasures of Del' phos to obtain the means for carrying on the war.

1. Teg' yra was a small village of Bϗtia, near the northern shore of the Copaic Lake. (Map No. I.)

2. Leue' tra (now Lefka) was a small town of Bϗtia, about ten miles south-west from Thebes, and four or five miles from the Corinthian Gulf. It is now only a heap of ruins. (Map No. I.)

3. Phócis was a small tract of country, bounded on the north by Thes' saly, east by Boeotia, south by the Corinthian Gulf, and west by Lócris, Ætolia, and Dóris. (Map No. I.)

a. The first sacred war was carried on against the inhabitants of the town of Cris' sa, on the northern shore of the Corinthian Gulf, in the time of Solon. The Crisseans were charged with extortion and violence towards the strangers who passed through their territory on their way to the Delphic sanctuary. "Cris'sa was razed to the ground, its harbor choked up, and its fruitful plain turned into a wilderness.—Thirwall, i. 152.

42. The Thebans, Lócrians,' Thessálians, and nearly all the States of Northern Greece, leagued against the Phócians, while Athens and Sparta declared in their favor, but gave them little active assistance. At first the Thebans, confident in their strength, put their prisoners to death, as abettors of sacrilege; but Philomélus retaliated so severely upon some Thebans who had fallen into his power, as to prevent a repetition of the crime. After the war had continued five years, a new power was brought forward on the theatre of Grecian history, in the person of Philip, who had recently established himself on the throne of Mac' edon, and whom some of the Thessálian allies of Thebes applied to for aid against the Phócians. The interference of Philip forms an important epoch in Grecian affairs, at which we interrupt our narrative to trace the growth of the Macedónian monarchy down to the time when its history became united with that of its southern neighbors.

SECTION II.

GRECIAN HISTORY FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PHILIP ON THE THRONE OF MAC EDON TO THE REDUCTION OF GREECE TO A ROMAN PROVINCE: 360 TO 146 B. C. 214 YEARS.

ANALYSIS. 1. Geographical account of Macedónia.-2. Early history of Macedónia. Grecian rulers. PHILIP OF MAC' EDON.-3. Philip's residence at Thebes.-4. His usurpation of the kingdom of Mac' edon. His wars with the Illyrians and other tribes. His first efforts against the Phócians.-5. Philip reduces Phocis. Decree of the Amphictyon' ic council against Phocis. Growing influence of Philip.-6. The ambitious projects of Philip. [Illyria. Epirus. Acarnánia.]-7. Rupture between Philip and the Athenians. [Chersonésus.] Devotion of the orator Æs' chines to Philip. [Amphis'sa.] Philip throws off the mask. [Elatéia.]—8. Thebes and Athens prepare to oppose him. Dissensions.-9. The masterly policy of Philip. The confederacy against him dissolved by the battle of Charonéa. [Chæronéa.]-10. Philip's treatment of the Thebans and the Athenians. General congress of the Grecian States, and death of Philip.

11. ALEXANDER succeeds Philip. He quells the revolt against him. His cruel treatment of the Thebans.-12. Servility of Athens. Preparations of Alexander for his career of Eastern conquest.-13. Results of his first campaign. [Gran' icus. Halicarnas' sus.]-14. He resumes his march in the spring of 333. Defeats Darius at Is' sus. [Cappadocia. Cilic' ia. Is' sus.] Results of the battle. Effect of Alexander's kindness.-15. Reduction of Palestine. [Gaza.] Expedition into Egypt. [Alexandria.] Alexander returns and crosses the Euphrates in search of Darius.-16. The opposing forces at the battle of Arbėla. [Arbėla. India.]-17. Results of the battle, and death of Darius.-18. Alexander's residence at Babylon. His march beyond

1. The Lécrians proper inhabited a small territory on the northern shore of the Corinthian Gulf, west of Phocis. There were other Locrian tribes north-east of Phocis, whose territory pordered on the Euboean Gulf. (Map No. I.)

the Indus. [Hyphasis R.]-19. His ret rn to Persia. [Persian Gulf. Gedrósia.] His measures for consolidating his empire.-20. His sickness and death.-21. His character.-22. As judged of by his actions. The results of his conquests. [Seleúcia.]—23. Contentions that followed his death.-24. Grecian confederacy against Macedónian supremacy. Sparta and Thebes. Athens is finally compelled to yield to Antip' ater.-25. Cassan' der's usurpation. Views and conquesta of Antigonus. Final dissolution of the Macedónian empire. [Ip' sus. Phryg'ia.]

26. The four kingdoms that arose on the ruins of the empire. Those of Egypt and Syria the most powerful.-27. The empire of Cassan'der. Usurpation of Demétrius. Character of his government. The war carried on against him.-28. Unsettled state of Mac' edon, Greece, and Western Asia.-29. Celtic invasion of Mac' edon. [Adriatic. Pannónia.]-30. Second Celtic invasion. The Celts are repelled by the Phocians. Death of Brennus, their chief.-31. Antig'onus, son of Demétrius, recovers the throne of his father. Is invaded by Pyr' rhus, king of Epirus-32. Pyrrhus marches into Southern Greece. Is repulsed by the Spartans. He enters Argos. His death.-33. Remarks on the death of Pyr' rhus. Ambitious views of Antig' onus 34. THE ACHE' AN LEAGUE. Arátus seizes Sicyon, which joins the league.-35. Arátus rescues Corinth, which at first joins the league. Conduct of Athens and Sparta.-36. Antig'onus IL-37. League of the Etolians, who invade the Messénians. [Ætolia.] Defeat of Ará tus. General war between the respective members of the two leagues.-38. Results of this war. The war between the Romans and Carthaginians. Policy of Philip II. of Mac' edon.39. He enters into an alliance with the Carthaginians. His defeat at Apollónia. [Apollónia.] -40. He causes the death of Arátus. Roman intrigues in Greece.-41. Overthrow of Philip's power. The Romans promise independence to Greece.-42. Remarks on the sincerity of the promise. Treatment of the Ætolians. Extinction of the Macedónian monarchy. [Pyd' na.] -43. Unjust treatment of the Achæ' ans. Roman anbassadors insulted.-44. The Achæ' an war, and reduction of Greece to a Roman province. Remarks of Thirwall.-45. Henceforward Grecian history is absorbed in that of Rome. Condition of Greece since the Persian wars. In the days of Strabo.

COTEMPORARY HISTORY.-1. Cotemporary annals of other nations:-Persians-Egyptians.HISTORY OF THE JEWS.-2. Rebuilding of the second temple of Jerusalem. The Jews during the reigns of Xerxes and Artaxerxes. Nehemiah's administration.-3. Judea a part of the sat' rapy of Syria. Judea after the division of Alexander's empire. Judea invaded by Ptolemy Soter.-4. Judea subject to Egypt. Ptolemy-Philadelphus. The Jews place themselves under the rule of Syria.-5. Civil war among the Jews. Antiochus plunders Jerusalem. Attempts to establish the Grecian polytheism.-6. Revolt of the Mac' cabees.-7. Continuation of the war with Syria. [Bethóron.] Death of Judas Maccabéus.-8. The Syrians become masters of the country. Prosperity of the Jews under Simon Maccabéus.-9. The remaining history of the Jews.

10. GRECIAN COLONIES. Those of Thrace, Mac' edon, and Asia Minor. Of Italy, Sicily, and Cyrenaica. 11. MAGNA GRÆCIA. Early settlements in western Italy and in Sicily. [Cuma. Neap' olis. Nax' os. Gėla. Messana. Agrigen' tum.]-12. On the south-eastern coast of Italy. History of Syb ́ aris, Crotóna, and Taren' tum. [Description of the same.]-13. First two centuries of Sicilian history. [Him' era.] Géla and Agrigen' tum. The despot Gélo.-14. Growing power of Syracuse under his authority.-15. The Carthaginians in Sicily-defeated by Gélo. [Panor' mus.]-16. Hiero and Thrasybulus. [Ætna.] Revolution and change of government.17. Civil commotions and renewed prosperity. [Kamarina.]—18. Syracuse and Agrigen' tum at the time of the breaking out of the Peloponnésian war. The Ion'ic and Dórian cities of Sicily during the struggle. Sicilian congress.-19. Quarrel between the cities of Selinus and Eges' ta. [Description of the same.] The Athenian expedition to Sicily. [Cat'ana.]-20. Events up to the beginning of the siege of Syracuse.-21. Death of Lam' achus, and arrival of Gylip' pus, the Spartan.-22. Both parties reinforced-various battles-total defeat of the Athenians.-23. Carthaginian encroachments in Sicily-resisted by Dionysius the Elder. Division between the Greek and Carthaginian territories. [Him' era.]-24. The administration of Timóleon. Of Agathocles. The Romans become masters of Sicily.

25. CYRENAICA.-Colonized by Lacedæmonians. Cyréne its chief city. Its ascendancy over the Libyan tribes. War with the Egyptians.-26. Tyranny of Agesilaus-founding of Bar' ca -the war which followed. Agesilaus. Civil dissensions. Camby' ses.-27. Subsequent hisDistinguished Cyreneans. Cyreneans mentioned in Bible history.

tory of Cyrene and Bar'ca.