6. The matter employed in amplification is never, nor in any degree, to be treated as independent.-A. D. Hepburn.

7. That is the best disposition which (provided the virtue of adaptation is not neglected) exhibits the theme from different points of view, and contains those main thoughts the development of which affords the greatest variety of new and important truths.-Ibid.

8. God has put something noble and good into every heart which his hand has created.-Mark Twain.

9. Goethe says that Shakespeare's characters are like watches with dial-plates of transparent crystal-they show you the hour like others, and the inward mechanism also is visible.-Carlyle.

10. I can feel very little ambition to follow you through your ordinary routine of pettifogging objections and barefaced assertions, the only difficulty of making which is to throw aside all regard to truth and decency, and the only difficulty in answering them is to overcome one's contempt for the writer.-Fielding.

11. Now, too, there was his temporary alliance with Kossuth, the arrival of whom in England, and the extraordinary eloquence and subtlety of his speeches in English, were a public topic for many months.-David Masson.

12. Every strong and every weak point of those who might probably be his rivals were laid down on his charts.-O. W. Holmes.

13. Ministers had information of their designs from the information of Edwards.-Alison.

14. The secret spring of all his actions was a deep and manly feeling of piety which pervaded all his actions.-Ibid.

15. It would seem as if in the very disposition of the seats, it had been intended to point to the intended union of the Orders.-Ibid.

16. He was left with her injunctions, and the spirit of the oracle. though the divinity was no longer visible, pervaded his life and mind.-Disraeli.

17. That he should be in earnest it is hard to conceive; since any reasons of doubt which he might have in this case would have been

and knowledge of the matter before him, which may naturally produce some motions of his head and body, which might become the bench better than the bar.-Guardian.

19. The sharks, who prey upon the inadvertency of young heirs, are more pardonable than those who trespass upon the good opinion of those who treat with them upon the foot of choice and respect.Ibid.

20. His own notions were always good; but he was a man of great expense.-Burnet.

21. Joseph desired to alight, and that he might have a bed prepared for him.-Fielding.

22. I pray you, tarry all night, lodge here, that thy heart may be merry.-Bible.

23. This being admitted, it appears to me highly probable that they were primarily construed as such, joined either with the nominative or the objective case, as the verbs had either a transitive or intransitive meaning; and that they were followed by either single words or clauses.-Crombie.

24. I saw simple Sloth and Presumption lie asleep, a little out of the way, as I came, with irons upon their heels; but do you think I could awake them? I also saw Formality and Hypocrisy come tumbling over the wall, to go (as they pretended) to Zion; but they were quickly lost, even as I myself did tell them; but they would not believe; but above all, I found it hard work to get up this hill, and as hard to come by the lions' mouths; and truly if it had not been for the good man, the Porter that stands at the gate, I do not know but that, after all, I might have gone back again; but now, I thank God, I am here, and I thank you for receiving me.--Bunyan.

CHAPTER VII.

METHODS OF EXPRESSION - SUPPLEMENTAL AIDS.

The genius of an author consists in designing well and pointing well. - LA BRUYÈRE.

The elements which enter into the composition of the highest bodies are subtle and inconsiderable. The rudiments of every art and science exhibit, at first, to a learner, the appearance of littleness and insignificancy; and it is by attending to such reflections as to a superficial observer would appear minute and hypercritical, that language must be improved and eloquence perfected.LORD CAMPBELL.

WIT

ITH the best arrangement of recorded words there is need of additional facilities for the effective communication of thought. Particularly is this true in English, where the relations of constituent parts are not determined by inflection, but almost wholly by position. Observe the otherwise inevitable obscurity of sentences.

Asadandhideoussightitwasyetonetoocommoneventheninthoserem

oterdistrictswherethehumaneedictsweredisregarded whichthe prayers of thedominicanfriarstotheireverlastinghonorbeit spokenhad wrungfr

omthespanishsovereignsandwhichthelegislationofthatmostwisevirtuo

usandheroicinquisitorparadoxicalasthewordsmayseem pedrodelagasca

hadcarriedintoeffectinperukingsley.

To make the sense more intelligible, spaces are introduced, the size of the letters is varied, and certain marks are inserted, indicating the syntax, and corresponding more or less closely to the pauses made in speaking. Thus:

A sad and hideous sight it was; yet one too common even then in those remoter districts, where the humane edicts were disregarded, which the prayers of Dominican friars (to their everlasting honor be it spoken) had wrung from the Spanish sovereigns; and which the legislation of that most wise, virtuous and heroic inquisitor (para

doxical as the words may seem), Pedro de la Gasca, had carried into effect in Peru.-Kingsley.

It is hence obvious that capitals, commas, semicolons, etc., are valuable auxiliaries, enabling the writer to distinguish or emphasize terms especially prominent or significant, and to include in a period its incidents and adjuncts, which else would form a multitude of short and distinct propositions, rendering the style very disjointed.

The all-important principle to be grasped is, that these mechanical devices, whether they consist in capitalizing a word or indenting a paragraph, are primarily guides to the construction and meaning. Thus to denote their special office (that is, for the sake of perspicuity), the interjection, O, and the pronoun, I, are written as capital letters. Lectures' and 'art' are common nouns, and 'lectures on art' may be a common phrase; but if the combination be used to designate an individual object, it becomes a proper noun, and this preeminent use of it calls for a peculiar form; as, Taine's Lectures on Art, Taine's Lectures on Art, or Taine's 'Lectures on Art.' Similarly, while in the body of a letter we write friend, father, brother, sister, in the complimentary address both conspicuity and importance require Friend, Father, Brother, Sister. There is a distinction between middle age and the Middle Age; between a revolution in politics and the Revolution of 1776; between the reformation of Gough and the Reformation of Luther; between He is bold, and Charles the Bold. Referring to created things, pronouns are begun with small letters except in initial positions; but, referring to the Creator, with capitals, yet only when necessary to make the reference clear:

And I will trust that he who heeds

The life that hides in mead and wold,
Who hangs yon alder's crimson beads,
And stains these mosses green and gold,

Will still, as he hath done, incline

His gracious ear to me and mine. - Whittier.

Behind the dim unknown

Standeth God within the shadow, keeping watch above his own.

Again, one use of 'too' is represented thus:

Another:

Thilke same kidde (as I can well devise)
Was too very foolish and unwise.-Spenser.

-Lowell.

They will, too, interest not merely children but grown-up people. -Westminster Review.

Taken adverbially, however' will be written:

Illusions, however innocent, are deadly as the canker-worm. – Froude.

Conjunctively:

We prefer him, however, as he is interpreted to us by the engraver. Spectator.

Note the difference between, 'What can the devil speak true?' and,

What, can the devil speak true ?—Shakespeare.

Or between, 'There is nothing more wonderful than a book,' and,

Except a living man, there is nothing more wonderful than a book!-Kingsley.

Though both are declarative in form, the second reveals more of the force of conviction than the first. Even where the form is exclamatory, the exclamation-point may or may not be hoisted as a signal, according to the degree of energy or emotion thrown into the utterance or sought to be conveyed:

When we coveted a cheap luxury (and O! how much ado I had to get you to consent in those times!) we were used to have a debate two or three days before.-Lamb.

How pretty

Her blushing was, and how she blushed again.-Tennyson.