12. Since that event, Spain has been ravaged by a civil war between Don Carlos, Ferdinand's brother, and the young Queen Maria Isabella. Three or four hundred thousand persons are supposed to have been killed in the course of this war, which lasted for several years. Since the termination of that contest, the peace of Spain has been several times disturbed by contending factions.

QUESTIONS.-1. What of Philip II.? What of Portugal? 2. What of the Invincible Armada? 3. Describe the death of Philip the Second's son. 6. What happened in the year 1700? Who succeeded Charles II.? Who were the Spanish Bourbons? 7. Why did Charles and Philip go to war? Who triumphed? 8. What of Spain? When was peace concluded between France and England? 9. What did Napoleon compel the Spanish king to do in 1808? Who was Ferdinand VII.? Whom did Napoleon make king of Spain? 10. What of the Spaniards? What of the English government? What of Lord Wellington? 11. When was Ferdinand replaced upon the throne? What of him? When did he die? 12. What of a civil war in Spain?

CHAP. CVI.-EUROPE continued.

A SHORT STORY ABOUT PORTUGAL.

1. PORTUGAL lies to the west of Spain, and is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the country is nearly four millions. The capital is Lisbon. This is a large city, and many of our vessels visit it for the purpose of getting wines, grapes, oranges, and lemons.

2. The climate of Portugal is similar to that of Spain. The people also resemble the Spaniards, but speak a language

somewhat different. The Portuguese are very ignorant, and, as they seldom read, they have plenty of time for dancing.

3. Portugal was originally considered a part of Spain, and shared in the events of that country. In the twelfth century it became independent. Since that time it has been considered a separate kingdom, though it has been subject to Spain for a portion of this period.

4. The history of Portugal is of little interest till about the year 1400, when the Portuguese took the lead in navigating the Atlantic Ocean. At this time, this great sea was little known, and nobody had gone across it to America, nor had any one dared to sail around Africa.

5. But the little Portuguese vessels ventured out farther and farther, and finally one of them reached the Cape of Good Hope. After this, a Portuguese fleet passed entirely around Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean, and reached India.

6. These wonderful adventures and discoveries excited other nations, and in a few years Christopher Columbus discovered America. Thus the Portuguese may be considered as having led the way to the discovery of this vast western continent, which was unknown to the people of Europe, Asia, and Africa, till the year 1492.

7. I need not tell you of what happened in Portugal from this time till the year 1755. At that date an earthquake took place, which shook down nearly the whole city of Lisbon. Houses, churches, and palaces, were suddenly

tumbled into heaps of ruins. Large chasms were opened in the earth, and hundreds of houses were plunged into them. The sea at first rolled back from the land, and then returned, sweeping every thing before it. In this awful calamity ten thousand persons lost their lives.

8. The Portuguese founded a good many colonies in different parts of the world. One of these was in Brazil, in South America. To this place the king of Portugal retired with his family in 1807, and established his court at Rio Janeiro, the capital of the country. This was done because Portugal had been invaded by the French.

9. The French being driven out in 1808, by the English and Portuguese, the king returned in a few years. After his death there was a struggle for the crown, but it was finally settled upon Donna Maria, the present queen.

Population?

Capital?

What of

Language? 3. What

QUESTIONS.-1. Boundaries of Portugal? Direction of Lisbon from London? Madrid? From you? Lisbon? 2. Climate of Portugal? The people? of Portugal? When did it become independent? What of Portugal since the twelfth century? 4. What of the Portuguese after about 1400? What of the Atlantic at this time? 5. What of the Portuguese vessels? Their discoveries? 6. What consequences followed the Portuguese discoveries? What of America till 1492? 7. What happened in 1755? Describe the earthquake. 8. Colonies of Portugal? What of the king of Portugal? When and why did he remove to Brazil ? 9. What followed?

CHAP. CVII.-EUROPE continued.

CHRONOLOGY OF TURKEY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.

THE Phoenicians trade to Spain about

The Carthaginians make conquests in Spain about
Hannibal attacks Saguntum in Spain

B.C.

900

500

219

The Moors defeated by Charles Martel, king of France

713

DESCRIPTION OF FRANCE. ITS CLIMATE. CITIES.
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE.

MANUFACTURES.

1. FRANCE lies in the western parts of Europe, and contains about thirty-five millions of inhabitants. Paris, the capital, is a very large city, surrounded with a wall of stone and several forts. It is full of fine houses, beautiful public gardens, pleasant walks, handsome streets, and interesting places of amusement. To a stranger, it is the most agreeable city in the world.

2. Beside Paris, there are a great many other large and