Standard by which he is to be tried, 336. Judicial Bribery considered infamous

in his own Age, 337. Though without public or personal Enemies, unanimous

Opinion against him, 337. His Case contrasted with that of Sir Thomas More's,

337. Hugh Latimer on judicial Bribery, 337. Bacon's own Opinion of Judicial

Bribery, 337. Futility of Arguments in his favour, 338. Atonement by his sub-

sequent Conduct, 338.

CHAPTER LVI.

CONCLUSION OF THE LIFE OF LORD BACON.

Bacon's severe Illness, 339. He is committed to the Tower in Execution of his

Sentence, 339. His Letter to Buckingham, praying that he may be liberated,

439,
Humane Interposition of Prince Charles, 340. Bacon is liberated, 340.

Goes to a Villa at Parson's Green, 340. He is annoyed by his Creditors, 340.

He retires to Gorhambury, 340. His Petition to House of Lords, 341. His

Penury, 341. Settlement of his Affairs, 341. Qualified Pardon granted to him,

342.
Bacon ill-used by Lord Keeper Williams, 342. His Hopes of being re-in-

stated, 342. He resumes his literary Labours, 342. His History of Henry VII.

342. He returns to Philosophy, 343. Publication of "De Augmentis," 343.

"Historia Vitæ et Mortis," &c., 343. His continuing Love of Show, 344. His

Want of Money and Credit, 344. Candidate for Provostship of Eton, 341. His

Firmness when disappointed, 345. Has an Interview with the King, 345. He

is disappointed in the Hope of being again employed, 345. His Congratulation

on Buckingham's Return from Spain, 346. His Exclusion from Parliament, 346.

His Letter to the King praying for a full Pardon, 347. Full Pardon granted to

him, 347. His Health and Strength decline, 347. His literary Labours, 347.

He compiles a Jest Book, 348. He commences Digest of Laws, and History of

Henry VIII, 348. Death of James I., 348. Bacon's Hopes at Commencement

of new Reign disappointed, 349. He renounces Politics and public Life, 349.

Transfer of Great Seal from Williams to Coventry, 349. Bacon makes his last

Will, 349. Solicits Williams to edit his Letters and Speeches, 350. His Trans-

lation of Psalmis, 350. He returns to Gray's Inn, 351. His last Experiment,

352. His sudden Illness, 352. He is carried to Lord Arundel's at Highgate,

352. He is visited by Sir Julius Cæsar, 352. His Letter to Lord Arundel, 352,

His Death, 353. His Judgment in the Court of Chancery, 353. Great merit of

his "Order,s" 353. His Lesson to King James to hear both Sides of a Cause,

354. His Addresses to the Judges in the Exchequer Chamber, 354. His excel-

lent Advice to a Judge, 355. His Feeling for the Honour of the Profession of the

Law, 355. His Character as a Statesman, 355. His Speeches, 356. Bacon as a

Philosopher, 356. Benefits conferred by his Writingi, 357. A great ethical wri-

ter, 358. His Style, 358. Essays, 358. "New Atlantis," 358. Tract "On

Church Controversies," 359, "Wisdom of the Ancients," 359. Latin and En-

glish Writings, 359. His Private Character, 359. Delightful Companion, 359,

Kind to Servants and Dependants, 360. Fanciful about Health, 359. Fable that

he always fainted away at Change of Moon, 359. Charge of Infidelity, 359. Free

from Jealousy of Rivals, 361. His Person, 362. Duty of duly discriminating

and delineating his Merits and Defects, 363. Regret that he did not confine him-

self to Philosophy, 363. His Funeral, 363. His Epitaph, 363.
His Epitaph, 363. He died Insol-

vent, 363. His Widow, 364. His Feelings on being childless, 364.

CHAPTER LVII.

LIFE OF LORD KEEPER WILLIAMS FROM HIS BIRTH TILL HIS INSTALLATION AS

LORD KEEPER.

Disposition of Great Seal when taken from Lord Bacon, 364. JOHN WILLIAMS,

Dean of Westminster, Lord Keeper, 364. His Genealogy, 365. His School

Education, 365. He is sent to Cambridge, 365. His extraordinary Industry,

365. Takes his Bachelor's Degree, 365. Master of Arts, 366. Parish Priest

366. Chaplain to Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, 366. His favour with the Lord

Chancellor, 366. Picks up a Smattering of Law, 366. Employed by Chancel-

lor to read for him, 367. Is allowed to dispose of Lord Chancellor's ecclesi-

astical Patronage, 367. Gains favour of King James, 368. Patronised by

Prince Henry, 368. Receives Lord Ellesmere's MS. law tracts as a Legacy, 369.

On death of Lord Ellesmere, declines being Chaplain to Lord Bacon, 369. Re-

sides at his living in the Country, 369. Employed to convert Lady Catherine

Manners from Popery, 369. Prevails upon her to marry Buckingham, 370. Made

Dean of Westminster, 370. Meeting of Parliament by which Lord Bacon was

impeached, 370 Bacon deprived of Great Seal, 371. Competitors for the Great

Seal, 371. William's Estimate of Profits of Great Seal, 372. Dialogue between

King and Buckingham, when Williams was appointed Lord Keeper, 373. Im-

propriety of this Appointment, 374. James's Declaration against the Lawyers,

374. Great Seal in commission while Lord Keeper elect begins his Studies, 374.

Lord Keeper Pupil to an Equity Lawyer, 375. Great Seal delivered to him, 375.

Lord Keeper's Speech to the King, 375. King's Answer, 376. Lord Keeper

retains all his Church Preferments, 376. Rule, that no one to hold the Great

Seal above three Years, 377. Installation of Lord Keeper in Westminster Hall,

577. His inaugural Address, 377.

CHAPTER LVIII.

CONTINUATION OF THE LIFE OF LORD KEEPER WILLIAMS TILL THE END OF THE

REIGN OF JAMES I.

Sen-

Waggish Motion made before him to turn him into Ridicule, 380. His stupendous

Industry, 381. His success as Judge, 381. His Self-satisfaction, 881. Mirac-

ulous Power imputed to him, 381. A Parliament, 382. Lord Keeper's Speech,

382. Attack in the House of Lords on the Bishops, 382. Motion of Earl of

Essex, 382. Sir John Bouchier's petition against the Lord Keeper, 382

tence on the Petitioner, 333. Dissolution of Parliament, 383. Williams active

in promotion of Laud, his future enemy, 383. Prosecution of Archbishop Abbot

for shooting a Gamekeeper, 383. Williams's letter to King on this occasion, 384.

Commissioners appointed to decide Case of Archbishop, 384. In spite of Wil-

liams, Archbishop assoiled, 384. Williams's Spleen, 384. Lord Keeper's Letter

to the Prince in Spain, 385. Call of Serjeants, 385. Lord Keeper's Speech on

this Occasion, 385. Buckingham's Resentment against Lord Keeper, 386.

Meeting of Parliament, 386. Death of Duke of Lennox, 386. Lord Keeper's

Speech, 387. Allowance of Speaker, 387. Lord Keeper's Address to Speaker,

387. Reconciliation between Buckingham and Lord Keeper, 387. Impeachment

of Earl of Middlesex, 388. Resolution of Lords that Counsel be allowed to De-

fendants on Impeachments, 388. Lord Keeper detects Plot for incensing the

King against Buckingham, 389. Dialogue between the Lord Keeper and the

Prince, 389. The Heifer with which the Lord Keeper plowed, 389. Lord

Keeper's praise of Absolutism, 390. New Effort to turn out the Lord Keeper,

390. James's last Illness, 390. Lord Keeper warns him of his approaching

End, 391. Death of James, 391. Lord Keeper preaches his Funeral Sermon,

391 Legislation in the Reign of James I., 391. Jurisdiction of Court of Chan-

cery, 392 Writs of ne exeat regno, 392. Increase of business in Chancery, 392.

CHAPTER LIX.

CONTINUATION OF LIFE OF LORD KEEPER WILLIAMS TILL HIS APPOINTMENT AS

ARCHBISHOP OF YORK.

Accession of Charles I., 392. He continues Williams Lord Keeper, 393. Wil-
liams under Displeasure of Buckingham, 393. He is shunned by Laud and
other Courtiers, 393. A new Parliament, 393. Parliament adjourned to Oxford
against Advice of Lord Keeper, 393. Parliament dissolved, 394. Lord Keeper
charged with intriguing against the Court, 394. Buckingham resolved to turn

Un-

out Lord Keeper, 394. Lord Conway sent to demand Great Seal from Williams,

394. Williams writes farewell Letter to the Kiug, 394. Interview between

them, 394.. Warrant for demanding Great Seal from Williams, 395. Williams

delivers up the Great Seal, 395, William's Conduct as Lord Keeper, 395.

just Charge of Corruption against him, 396. Orders made by him in private,

396. His Irascibility, 396. He gave no Dinners, 396.
He gave no Dinners, 396. His Decrees, 396. Sub-

sequent Career of Williams, 396. He settles at Buckden, 397. Gives Offence

to the Court, 398. Forbidden to appear at the Coronation, 398. Refused a writ

of Summons to Parliament, 398. Takes his Seat in the House of Lords, 398.

Supports the Petition of Right, 399 Private Conference with the King respect-

ing the Puritans, 399. Ascendency of Laud on Death of Buckingham, 399.

Puseyism, or the Laudean Controversy, 400. Prosecution against Williams in

the Star Chamber, 400. Second Prosecution, 401. Trial and Sentence, 401.

Williams is committed to Tower, 401. Third Prosecution against him in Star

Chamber, 401. Sentence, 401. His Firmness, 402. Meeting of Long Parlia-

ment, 402. Williams is liberated and takes his Seat in House of Lords, 402.

His Moderation, 402. Records of all Proceedings against him cancelled, 403.

His Resentment against an Agent in his Prosecution, 403. Dissuades King from

assenting to Bill to prevent a Dissolution, 403. His Misconduct on Trial of

Strafford, 403. Visits his Diocese, 404. He is questioned by the House of

Commons, 404. Made Archbishop of York, 404.

CHAPTER LX.

CONCLUSION OF THE LIFE OF LORD KEEPER WILLIAMS.

Bill to exclude the Bishops from sitting in Parliament, 404. Opposed by Williams

404. Williams defends Westminster Abbey against Mob, 405. Protest against

violent Exclusion of Bishops, 405. Ten Bishops sent to the Tower, 405. Bill

for excluding Bishops passes, and receives Royal Assent, 406. Williams dis-

charged from Tower, 406. Ballads and Caricatures on the Bishops, 406. Wil-

liams at Cawood Castle, 406. Obliged to fly for his Life, 406. Interview with

His Defence of North Wales

the King, 407. Return to his native Town, 407.

against the Parliament, 407. Commission to him as Governor of Conway Castle

407. He attends the King at Oxford, 408. His advice about Cromwell, 408.

Bishops excluded from sitting in Royal Parliament at Oxford, 408. His Address

to the King, 408. His return to Conway, 408. Conway Castle taken by Sir John

Owen, 409. Williams for a time inactive, 409. He joins a Parliamentary Gen-

eral and retakes Conway Castle, 409. He retires to a Country House, 409.

Horror at hearing that Charles had trusted himself to the Scots, 410. Faints

His

away on hearing of the King's Death, 410. His midnight Prayers, 410.

Death, 410. His Character, 410. Fiery Temper, 411. His Munificence, 411.

Plays acted in his Episcopal Palace on Sundays, 411. Sincerely attached to the

Church of England, 412. Unfounded Scandal respecting him, 412. Accident

which befel him when a Boy, 412. His Person, 412. His Melancholy after the

King's Death, 413. Sons of Noblemen in his Family, 413. His Buildings, 413.

His Writings, 413. Archbishop Laud, 413. Williams's Speeches, 413. His Op-

portunities of Usefulness, 413. His Defects, 414. Attachment of Hacket, 414.

Williams's Funeral, 414. His Epitaph, 414.

CHAPTER LXI.

His

LIFE OF LORD KEEPER COVENTRY FROM HIS BIRTH TILL THE COMMENCEMENT OF

THE PROCEEDINGS RESPECTING SHIP-MONEY.

Sir THOMAS COVENTRY, Lord Keeper, 415. His Family, 415. His Birth and

Education, 415. Called to the Bar, 416. Proposed for Office of Chief Justice of

King's Bench, 416. His Domestic Habits, 416. Coventry made Solicitor General,

He is made Attorney General, 417.

and knighted, 417.

His Behaviour to Lord

Keeper Williams, 417. Floyde's Case explained, 417. Impeachment of Floyde,

by Commons before Lords, 418. Coventry made Lord Keeper by Buckingham,

419 His Letter to Lord Bacon, 419. His Patent, 419. Good Equity Judge, 419.

A Parliament, 420. Lord Keeper's Speech, 420. Expedient of making Sir E.

Coke a Sheriff, 421. Earl of Bristol refused Writ of Summons, 421. Sent to the

Tower, 421. The two Houses admonished, 421. Question, Whether the Sover-

eign can be examined as a Witness? 422. Earl of Arundel committed to the

Tower, 422. Dissolution of Parliament, 423. A new Parliament, 423. King's

Speech, 423. Parliamentary Leaders, 424. Declaration to the Two Houses, 424.

Petition of Right, 424. Tonnage and Poundage, 425. Abrupt Dissolution, 425.

Assassination of Buckingham, 425. Circulation of mutilated Copies of Petition

of Right, 425. Illegal Decision respecting Tonnage and Poundage, 425. Declar-

ation that Ministers not to be questioned for acting under King's Orders, 425.

Resolution proposed against Tonnage and Poundage, 426. Speaker Finch refuses

to put Question, 426. Tumultuous Dissolution, 476. Disuse of Parliaments, 426.

Plan of introducing Despotism into England, 426. Lord Keeper Coventry the

most culpable, 426. Commitment of Members of Parliament, 427. Dismissal of

Chief Justice Crew, and Appointment of Chief Justice Hyde, 427. Resolutions of

the Judges respecting Privilege of Parliament, 428. Members of House of Com-

mons convicted and punished for Words spoken in Parliament, 428. Leniency

of Lord Keeper in Chambers', 428 Sentence on Leighton, 428. Book in

support of Scheme of Despotism, 430. Sham Prosecution, 430. Arbitrary Pro-

clamations, 430. Cromwell, Pym, Hampden, and Hazelrig, prevented from emi-

grating, 430. Illegal Grants of Monopoly, 331. Trial of Lord Audley, 431.

King's Journey to Scotland to introduce Episcopacy, 432. Laud made Arch-

bishop of Canterbury, 432. Puseyism, 432. Sentence on Prynne, 432. Prosecu-

tions against Ex-lord Keeper Williams, 433. Prosecution of Lilburn, 433. Other

oppressive Proceeding of the Lord Keeper, 434.

CHAPTER LXII.

CONCLUSION OF THE LIFE OF LORD KEEPER COVENTRY.

Ship Money, 434. Death of Noy, 434. Address of the Lord Keeper to the Judges,

435. Questions to the Judges, 436. Their Opinions, 436. Fraud of the Lord

Keeper, 436 Pusillanimity of Judges, 437. Heroic Conduct of Hampden, 437.

Decision in favour of Ship Money, 437. Reflections of Lord Clarendon, 438.

Troubles in Scotland, 438. "The Tables," 439. The King's "Fool" prosecuted

for Defamation by the Archbishop of Canterbury, 439. Charles prepares to in-

vade Scotland, 439. He is obliged to yield to Abolition of Episcopacy in that

Country, 439. Threatened Invasion from Scotland to introduce Presbytery, 439.

A Parliament summoned, 440. Apprehensions of the Lord Keeper, 440. His op-

portune Death, 440. His Character, by Lloyd, 440. By Weldon, 441. By L'Es-

trange, 441. By Fuller, 441. By Clarendon, 441. Coventry responsible for Mis-

government of Charles I., and for the Civil War, 443. Anecdote of his opposing

a Grant to Buckingham of the Honour of Prince of Tipperary, &c, 443. Coven-

try a good Equity Judge. 443. HisOrders," 444. A Jest of the Lord Keeper

Coventry, 444. His Funeral, 445. His Descendants, 445.

CHAPTER LXIII.

LIFE OF LORD KEEPER FINCH, FROM HIS BIRTH TILL THE MEETING OF THE LONG

PARLIAMENT.

Infamy of new Lord Keeper, 445. Reasons for selecting him, 446, Family of Finch,

446. Birth of Lord Keeper Finch, 446. His Habits at Gray's Inn, 447. His Ca-

reer at the Bar, 447. Returned to Parliament, 447. Chairman of Committee on

Sir E. Coke's Case, 447. Elected Speaker of House of Commons, 448. His In-

augural Speech, 448. His Subserviency to the Court, 448. Brings Message from

the King, 450. Indignation of the House, 450. Committee of whole House, 450.

Leave of Absence to the Speaker, 450. He intrigues with the King against the

House, 451.

Firmness of the popular Leaders, 451. Petition of Right passed,

451. Tonnage and Poundage, 451. Meeting after Recess, 451. Finch refuses to,

put the Question, 452. Tumultuous Proceedings in the House, 452. Dissolution,

452. Masque by the Four Inns of Court, 452. Procession to Whitehall, 453.

Finch returns thanks to the King and Queen, 453. He is made a Judge, 454.

His Misconduct, 454. He is made Chief Justice, 454. His Judgment in Hamp-

den's Case in favour of Ship Money, 454. His Conduct in the Star Chamber,

455. His Amendment to Sentence on an old Friend, 456. His Reason for altering

his Conduct to Bishop Williams, 456. Gross Impropriety of his Appointment

as Lord Keeper, 456. His Principles as an Equity Judge, 456. Preparations for

Meeting of Parliament, 457. Parliament meets, 457. Lord Keeper's Speech to

the two Houses, 457. Commons proceed on Grievances, 458. Lecture to the two

Houses at Whitehall, 458, Conference between the two Houses, 459. Resolution

of Commons, 459. Dissolution, 459. Commitment of Members of House of Com-

mons, 460. Illegal Proceedings of Convocation, 460. Flight of Army at Newburn

460. Grand Council of Peers summoned, 461. Proceedings of Grand Council of

Peers, 461. Writs for a new Parliament, 461.

CHAPTER LXIV.

CONCLUSION OF THE LIFE OF LORD KEEPER FINCH.

Meeting of the Long Parliament, 462. Artful Address of the Lord Keeper against

the Scots, 462. Sympathy with the Scots, 462. Commitment of Lord Strafford,

463. Finch intrigues with the popular Leaders, 463. Proceedings in the House of

Lords, 464. Prosecution of Lord Keeper Finch, 464. Speech of Bagshaw against

him, 464. Lord Falkland moves his Impeachment, 464. Motion of Hyde, 465.

Information from Judges, 465, Lord Keeper desires to be heard in House of Com-

mons, 465. Leave given to him by Lords, 465. Plans of opposite Parties with re-

spect to Finch, 495. The Lord Keeper in the House of Commons, 466. His

Speech, 466. Effect produced by it, 466. Analysis of this Speech, 466.

turns to House of Lords, 467. Speech of Rigby for Impeachment, 467. Motion

for impeachment, 468. Scheme to further his Escape, 463. Finch flies the Coun-

try, 463. Lord Falkland brings up Impeachment against him, 469. Finch's Letter

from Holland, 469. Finch in Exile, 470. His Return to England, 470. Sits on

Trial of the Regicides, 470. His Death, 470. Influence of his Example, 470.

CHAPTER LXV.

He re-

LIFE OF LOND KEEPER LITTLETON, FROM HIS BIRTH TILL THE COMMENCEMENT OF

THE CIVIL WAR.

Difficulty in selecting a Lord Keeper, 421. Sir EDWARD LITTLETON appointed,

471. Sketch of his Character, 471. His Family, 472. His Education, 472. At the

Inner Temple, 472. Returned to Parliament, 472. Takes popular Side, 472. As-

sists in carrying Petition of Right, 472. Goes over to the Court, 473. Is made Re-

corder of London, 474. His great Eminence at the Bar, 474. Is made Solicitor

General, 474. His famous Argument in support of Ship Money, 475. Chief Jus-

tice of the Common Pleas, 476. Excellent Common-law Judge, 477,
A Privy

Councillor, 477. His high Contentment with his present Position, 477. Speaker

of House of Lords, 477. He is forced to accept the Great Seal, 478.

stalled, 478. Made a Peer, 478. Triennial Bill, 478. His Cowardice, 479.

raignment of Strafford, 479. Lord Keeper pretends Illness to avoid presiding at

he Trial, 479. Fate of Strafford, 480. Inefficiency of Lord Keeper in: House of

Lords, 480. He encourages Prosecution of Lord Kimbolton and the Five Mem-

bers, 482. Charles's Attempt to seize the five Members, 482. Unavailing Conces-

sion, 482. Bill for regulating the Militia, 482.

He is in-

Ar-