pondence consequent thereon between the two states-Debates on the subject in Parliament-Domestic affairs of Great Britain at this period- Union with Ireland -Scarcity of provisions, and efforts of Government to assuage it-Able measures of Napoleon for the pacification of France-Extinction of the liberty of the press -Establishment of the Court at the Tuileries-Establishment of the secret police CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO. Relative situation of both parties at the opening of the campaign-Advance of Moreau across the Black Forest-Victories of Engen, Moeskirch, and Biberach- Able conduct of Kray in the intrenched camp at Ulm-Measures of Moreau to dislodge him, which at length are successful-Operations in the Grisons-Armis- tice of Parsdorf-Operations in the Maritime Alps after Massena assumed the command-Severe actions round Genoa-Blockade and surrender of that place- Retreat of Suchet to the Var-Passage of the St Bernard by Napoleon with the army of reserve-Capture of Milan and battle of Montebello-Disastrous retreat of Elnitz from the Var-Battle of Marengo-Armistice of Alexandria, and cession of the Piedmontese fortresses-Reflections on this campaign.-P. 247-358. CAMPAIGN OF HOHENLINDEN. Negotiations of France with Austria and England for a general peace, which fail-Abortive English expedition to the coast of Spain-Operations in Italy and Switzerland-Advance of the Austrians from the Inn into Bavaria, and their total defeat at Hohenlinden-Disastrous retreat to Salzbourg-Action there, and con- clusion of an armistice-Movements of Macdonald's army in the Grisons-Pas- sage of the Splugen, and subsequent operations in the Italian Tyrol-Conflicts between Brune and the Imperialists on the Mincio-Retreat of Bellegarde, and armistice of Treviso-Peace with Naples under the intercession of Russia-Ope- rations in Tuscany-Peace of Luneville-Reflections on the first general pacifica- FROM THE PEACE OF LUNEVille to the DISSOLUTION OF THE NORTHERN Origin of the maritime and neutral question-Principles of the law of nations on the subject, and invasion of them by the Armed Neutrality in 1780-Subse- quent abandonment of these pretensions by the Northern Powers-Revival of the question in 1800-Violent proceedings of Paul against the English commerce- Formation of the maritime confederacy of the Baltic powers-Expedition to Co- penhagen-Victory of Nelson there-Death of Paul-Accession, character, and early measures of Alexander-Dissolution of the maritime confederacy, and peace State of the French army in Egypt when it was abandoned by Napoleon-Con- vention of El-Arish-Battle of Heliopolis-Assassination of Kleber-Arrival of Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition on the coast-Landing of the troops, and battle of Alexandria-Advance to and surrender of Cairo-Arrival of Sir D. Baird from India by the Red Sea-Siege and surrender of Alexandria—Naval operations-Successive battles in Algesiraz bay-Invasion of Portugal by France and Spain-Preparations for an invasion and attack on Boulogne-Treaty of Amiens, and peace between France and Russia-Debates on the subject in the British Parliament-Statistical details on the compara tive progress of France and England during the war, and the relative situation of both countries at its termi- RECONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE BY NAPOLEON. Measures of the First Consul to restore order in France-Explosion of the Infer- nal Machine, and consequent measures of severity against the Jacobins-Debates on that subject in the Council of State-On the Legion of Honour, which is car- ried after a warm opposition-On the reestablishment of religion, in which Napo- leon is also successful-Relaxation of the measures of severity towards the emi- grants-Measures for public aud military instruction-Cadastre, and attempts to correct its inequalities-Creation of the consulship for life, and great change on the constitution-Flattering aspect of Paris during the peace-Rapid increase of the Executive Power-Renewed correspondence with Louis XVIII.-Formation of the Code Napoleon-Revolutionary law of succession-Its prodigious effects— Law of divorce-Great public works set on foot in France.-P. 640-744. NAPOLEON'S ASSUMPTION OF THE IMPERIAL CROWN. Origin of the conspiracy of Georges, Pichegru, and the Royalists-Measures HISTORY OF EUROPE. CHAPTER XX. CAMPAIGN OF 1796 IN ITALY. ARGUMENT. Birth and Parentage of Napoleon-His Character, Residence, and Habits when in Corsica-Removed to the Military School at Brienne-His Character thereIs sent to the Ecole Militaire at Paris-His Character there-Enters the armyAnd with his Regiment espouses the cause of the Revolution-His first service in Corsica And at the Siege of Toulon-His first acquaintance with Junot-Is attached to Dumerbion's Army in the Maritime Alps-Sent to Genoa, and there arrested and liberated-Returns to Paris-His destitute condition there-Receives the Command from the Directory on the 13th Vendemaire-His Marriage with Josephine-Her History, and remarkable Adventure at the fall of RobespierreHer Character-He marries her, and receives the command of the Army of Italy -State of Italian Military force-Calamities which the French Invasion brought on the Peninsula-State of the French Army when Napoleon assumed the command-Character of its Officers-Berthier-Massena-Augereau-SerrurierState of the Allied Forces-Napoleon's first Proclamation to his Soldiers-His Plan of the Campaign-Battle of Montenotte-Heroic Conduct of Colonel Rampon-Success of the French-Action at Millesimo, and at Dego-Bold Advance of Wuckassowich to Dego, which, at first successful, being unsupported, at length fails-Arrival of the Republicans on the Heights of Monte ZemoloActions of Serrurier with Colli-Danger of Napoleon-Action at MondoviImmense Advantages gained to the French by these Operations-Consternation of the Court of Turin-They resolve to submit to France-Armistice-Its conditions, followed by a Treaty of Peace between France and Sardinia-Its immense importance to Napoleon-His triumphant Proclamation to his Soldiers-Intoxication at Paris on this Intelligence-Designs of Napoleon-He crosses the Po, and proceeds against Beaulieu-Action at Tormio-Capitulation of the Grand Duke of Parma-Commencement of Napoleon's System of levying Contribution of the Works of Art- Terrible Passage of the Bridge of Lodi-Napoleon enters Milan-His Proclamation there to his Troops-Euthusiasm excited by these VOL. III. A СНАР. XX. Successes among the Popular Party in Italy-Cruel dispelling of the illusion by the French Contributions-War made to support War-The Directory, jealous of his power, orders Napoleon to proceed to Rome-He refuses-Alarming Insurrection at Pavia-Storm and Sack of that City by the French Troops-Napoleon enters Brescia and the Venetian Territory-Debates in the Venetian Senate on what should be done-They merely deprecate the hostility of France-Massena enters Verona, and Napoleon is established on the Adige-Description and Blockade of Mantua-Napoleon resolves to proceed against Florence and Rome before the Austrian succours arrive-Castle of Milan taken-Genoese Fiefs subdued-Enters Modena and Bologna-Submission of the Pope-Violation of the neutral Territory of Tuscany and seizure of Leghorn-Massacre of the Peasants at Lugo-Efforts of the Austrians for the relief of Mantua-Advance of Wurmser through the Tyrol with 30,000 men-Description of the Theatre of WarAustrian plan of attack, and great success in the outset-Extreme peril of Napoleon-He raises the Siege of Mantua-Napoleon resumes the offensive, and stops Quasdanowich-Wurmser enters Mantua-Battles of Lonato and Castiglione-Surrender of 4000 Austrians to Napoleon's Staff and 1200 men- - Decisive Battle at Medola-Retreat of the Austrians-Blockade of Mantua resumedFormation of the Polish Legion- Wurmser again advances, and the French issue forth to meet him-Defeat of Davidowich near Calliano-Napoleon advances against Wurmser-Action near Primo Lano in the Val Sugana-Wurmser defeated near Bassano by Massena, and throws himself into Mantua-Results of these actions-Vast efforts of both sides to recruit their forces-Alvinzi again advances-Defeat of Vaubois by the Imperialists-Napoleon hastens in person to the Plateau of Rivoli-Returns to Caldiero, and is defeated there by AlvinziHis desperate situation-His new designs-He moves down the Adige to turn the position of Caldiero by Arcola-Dreadful Struggle there-Operations of Davidowich-Result of these Actions-Extraordinary joy at Paris-Mission of Clarke to negotiate for Peace-Thwarted by Napoleon-Vast efforts of the Austrians—They make a fourth effort to relieve Mantua―They advance to RivoliDecisive Victory of Napoleon-He hastens to the Lower Adige-Operations of Provera there, who is forced to surrender-Results of these Battles-Surrender of Mantua-Napoleon marches towards Rome-Treaty of Tolentino between France and the Pope-Retrospect of the Campaign-Extraordinary Composition of the French Army-Great Genius of Napoleon-His System of War-But it will not succeed against Troops equally brave and skilful-Causes of the Disasters of the Austrians-General reflections on the Result of the CampaignUnconquerable Tenacity of the Austrians. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, on the 15th August, 1769.' The Duke of 'Bourrienne, Wellington was born in the same month.* 1769. j. 18. 2 Welling "Pro vidence," said Louis XVIII., "owed us that counton's Life by terpoise." 3 Sherer, 1. 3 Las Casas Mem. i. 157. 3 His family, though noble, had not been distinguished; and had suffered severely from misfor |