our proclamation;" "we owe an apology to the public for not noticing this work on its first publication."

EXERCISES UNDER RULE X.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE X.-a. I know these men, said Monmouth; they will fight. If I had but them, all would go well. C. S.

b. Every man in the community, whatever may be their condition, should contribute to the common weal. F. S.

C.

A milk-white hind, immortal and unchanged,

Fed on the lawns, and in the forest ranged.
Without unspotted, innocent within,

She feared no danger, for she felt no sin.-DRYDEN.

C. S.

Note I.-The committee was divided in its opinions. F. S. Note II. The crowd was so great that the judges with difficulty made their way through them. F. S.

Note III-a. The infant put its loving hands upon its mother's neck. C. S.

b. The deer, pursued by the hounds, hurried back to its old. haunts. C. S.

Note IV.

In Hawick twinkled many a light;

Behind him soon they set in night. C. S.

Note V.-Read "Kent's Commentaries." It will furnish you with a clear statement of the doctrine. C. S.

Note VI. We have taken up this book chiefly for the purpose of presenting our own views on the subject of which it treats.

C. S.

RULE XI.-The Same Pronoun should not refer to Different antecedents in the same sentence; as, "He (Philip) wrote to that distinguished philosopher in terms polite and flattering, begging of him (Aristotle) to come and undertake his (Alexander's) education, and to bestow on him (Alexander) those useful lessons of magnanimity and virtue which every great man ought to possess, and which his (Philip's) numerous avocations rendered impossible for him (Philip)."-GOLDSMITH.

Note I.-The same or a similar form of the pronoun should be preserved throughout the sentence: "Pain! pain! be as impor

tunate as you please, I shall never own that thou art an evil.” Here either thou or you should be preserved throughout.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XI.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XI.-a. He pursued the fugitive with his man-at-arms; but he, proving treacherous, deserted, and consequently he made his escape. F. S.

b. She was devoted to the welfare of her daughter, and furnished her with an accomplished governess, but she became discontented, and sought another home. F. S.

Note I.-a. Think me not lost, for thee I Heaven implore,

Thy guardian angel, though a wife no more;

I, when abstracted from the world you seem,

Hint the pure thought, and frame the heavenly dream. F. S.

b. Thou shalt be required to lie down in death, to go to the bar of God, and give up your account. F. S.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XII.-The Pronoun and the Antecedent must not be introduced together as subjects of the same verb; as, "My trees they are planted." There are in the language, as written and spoken, numerous exceptions to this rule. See §§ 481 and 580.

Note I. When the Name of a person is employed in apposition with a pronoun in the way of explanation, as in formal writings, the two are subjects of the same verb, and the pronoun precedes the name; as, "I, John Hancock, of Boston;" "Seest thou, Lorenzo, where hangs all our hope."

Note II. The pronoun sometimes précedes the noun which it represents in the same clause; as, "She was seated outside of the door, the young actress."--BULWER.

Note III. The pronoun ME is sometimes used as an expletive, and is equivalent to for me; as, "Rob me the exchequer." This expletive use of ME occurs more frequently in the Latin than the English, and more frequently in the Greek than in the Latin. As the dative case existed in the Anglo-Saxon, so GUEST has shown, by a large induction, that it is found in the Old English, though the inflections in Anglo-Saxon had disap

peared. Certain forms of the current English like the one quoted indicate the dative case; as, "Now play me, Nestor;" "I will roar you as gently as a sucking dove."

Note IV. The personal pronoun THEM is sometimes improperly used for the demonstrative pronouns THOSE or THESE; as, "Give me them books."

Note V.-Personal pronouns are improperly used in the wrong See exercises.

case.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XII.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XII-a. The commander of the detachment was killed, and the soldiers they have all fled. F. S.

b.

The lamb thy riot doom'd to bleed to-day,

Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? C. S.

Note I.-I, Franklin Pierce, President of the United States. Note II-a. It curled not Tweed alone that breeze. C. S. b. It is gone, that sensibility of principle, that chastity of honor, which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired courage while it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and under which vice lost half its evil by losing all its grossness. —BURKE. It here represents the "sensibility of principle and the chastity of honor."

Note III.

Villain, knock me at this gate,

And rap me well.-Taming of the Shrew. C. S. Note IV. Do you see them soldiers escorting the governor to the State-house? F. S.

Note V. a. Gentle reader, let you and I, in like manner, endeavor to improve the inclosure of the car.-SOUTHEY. Here I should be changed to me.

b.

At an hour

When all slept sound, save she who bore them both.-ROGERS. Here the nominative she should be changed to the objective her.

c. It is not fit for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land. -SCOTT. Here "such as us" should be changed to "such as we."

d. Stimulated in turn by their approbation, and that of better judges than them were, he turned to their literature with re

doubled energy.-Quarterly Review. It should stand "better judges than they were," not "than them were."

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XIII.-Personal pronouns are employed without any antecedents when the nouns which they represent are assumed to be well known. Thus the pronouns I, THOU, YOU, YE, and WE, representing either the persons speaking or the persons spoken of, are employed without having any antecedents expressed.

You is used indefinitely for any person who may read the work in which the word is thus used; as, "You may trust an honest man." HE and THEY are used in the same indefinite manner; as, "He seldom lives frugally who lives by chance;" "Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted."

Note I.-The pronoun ME is often incorrectly substituted for I; as, "Who is there? me," "Is she as tall as me." The reason of this erroneous practice seems to lie in the fact that there is less consciousness of personality indicated in the objective me than in the subjective I. Grammatically, too, it seems to us as if I always requires something to follow it.

Note II. Instead of the true nominative YE, we use, with few exceptions, the objective case; as, "You speak," "You two are speaking." In this we substitute one case for another. Instead of the true pronoun of the second person singular THOU, we use, with few exceptions, the pronoun of the second person plural YE, and that in the objective rather than in the nominative We not only say ye instead of thou, but you instead of ye. GUEST remarks that, at one time, the two forms ye and you seem to have been nearly changing place in our language: "What gain you by forbidding it to tease ye,

case.

It now can neither trouble you nor please ye."-DRYDEN. YE, in the accusative, is now sometimes used by poets. Its use should not be encouraged. See § 289.

Note III.-The use of one number for another is current throughout the Gothic languages, as you for thou in the English. A pronoun thus used has been termed pronomen reverentia, a pronoun used in the way of respect for the person addressed. In the German and the Danish, the pronomen reverentiæ is got at by a change not of number alone, but of number and person

NN

The pronoun of the third person is used instead of that of the second, just as if in English we should say, Will they walk= will you walk; will ye walk; wilt thou walk.

Expressions of respect, like "your Honor," "your Excellency," "your Highness," are followed more generally by pronouns of the third person, but sometimes by pronouns of the second person.

Note IV. The tenth rule with respect to gender applies only to pronouns of the third person, HE, SHE, IT. I, THOU, WE, YOU, THEY, have the same form for the several genders.

Note V.-a. Ir is used with verbs called impersonal; as, “It rains." Here there is no antecedent.

b. It is used to introduce a sentence, preceding a verb as the nominative, but representing a clause that comes afterward; as, "It is well known that the Jews were at this time under the dominion of the Romans." Here it represents the whole sentence, except the clause in which it stands.

c. Ir is used as the representative of the subject of a proposition when the subject is placed last; as, "It is to be hoped that we shall succeed." Here that we shall succeed is the subject which it represents.

d. It is used to represent a plural noun; as, "It was the Romans that aimed at the conquest of the world."

e. It is used to represent a pronoun of the first, or the second, or the third person; as, "It is I;" "it is you;" "it is he." f. It is used to represent a noun in the masculine or the feminine gender; as, "It was Judas who betrayed his Master."

g. It is used to express a general condition or state; as, "How is it with you?"

h. It is used after intransitive verbs in an indefinite way; as, "Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it," "The mole courses it not on the ground."

When the sentence admits of two nominatives, we now make it the subject of the verb. Anciently it was the predicate.

"It am I

That loveth so hot Emilie the bright,

That I would die present in her sight."-CHAUCer.

Note VI.-ITs is probably a secondary genitive, and is of late origin in the language. The Anglo-Saxon was his, the genitive