The out being tormented by burning pas- | tomahawks in their hands. Our wigsions, like the white men, and without wams were forsaken, and our fields were committing murders or terrific crimes. uncultivated. We all appeared with Every one is here subject to the will empty stomachs and long faces. of the great Spirit. Here, every man venison took flight before us; the serserves him, in the best manner, in a pents hissed for anger, and lengthened plain temple without decorations, under their stings; the birds, nestling near our the shade of an ancient green tree, from wigwams, by their mournful voices sang which flows an odoriferous gum. Re- obituary tunes. But to-day, the sun is main for ever with us, and let our people brilliant, the sky is clear, the clouds be thy people." have moved, the roads are covered with roses, our gardens and fields will be cultivated, and we will offer to the great Spirit the firstlings of their fruits. The water is so clear that it represents to us our image; the serpents take flight, or are changed into eels; the birds rejoice as by their sweet song; our women and children dance and jump, that they forget to eat and drink. The heart of the whole nation laughs for joy, that, at present, we thy people can walk united on the same road. The same sun will give light to us both. We will have but one united word, and our hearts shall be one. In the year 1720, a savage, from the Chitimachas nation, had murdered a French missionary. Bienville, governor of Louisiana, declared and made war against the whole nation. Peace was obtained, on presenting the head of the murderer. În producing the cal umet of peace, one of the Indians addressed the governor thus: My heart laughs for joy to see thy face. All of us have heard the word of peace which thou hast sent. The heart of the whole nation laughs so for joy, as to hear it beat. Our women, in this moment, have forgotten the past, and have danced, and our children have jumped like young fawns. On thy command, we will run and jump, like deer, to please thee. O how beautiful is the sun to-day, in comparison with that time when thou wast angry at us! How dangerous is a bad man! Thou knowest that only one has killed the praying chief," the missionary, "whose death has brought our best warriors to the grave. We are only left with old men, women, and children, who stretch forth their hands to thee as a good father. The gall which formerly filled thy heart has been changed into honey. The great Spirit is no more angry against our nation. "Thou hast requested the head of the bad man, to make peace, and we have sent it. Heretofore the sun was red, the road was covered with briers and thorns, the clouds were black, the water thick and colored with blood. Our women wept, without cessation, over their dying men and relations, and were afraid even to fetch wood, to prepare our food. Our children wept for fear; our warriors were under arms, at the least screech of the night-owl, and they slept in no other manner than with their Whoever will kill the Frenchmen, them will we kill. Our warriors shall go hunting to kill venison for them, and then we will eat all together. Is this not good? What dost thou say to this, father?" When we take into view the extent of the territory of this state, with its variety of surface and soil-the number, directions, and navigable character of its streams, and the favorable nature of the climate-we can not but anticipate a rapid increase in population and wealth. Unfavorable circumstances indeed exist, but not greater than in many older states in its neighborhood, which have made, and are still making, great advances. Early and due attention to public education and moral improvement, can hardly be overlooked by the intelligent, virtuous, and public-spirited inhabitants of Arkansas; and here, as elsewhere, they will prove the most solid foundations of permanent prosperity. With so many sad warnings as are here presented, on the one hand, of the dangers of delay, and, on the other, the noble examples set by some other states, the Americans have enough to show them "in what their great strength lieth.” section has a rapid declivity toward the southwest, and is, in fact, the reverse side of the southern and highest section of Kentucky, which occupies the north slope of the same ridge. The western section, embracing above two thirds of the state and called Western Tennessee, is subdivided by its rivers into two parts, the northern of which embraces parts of the Cumberland and Tennessee valleys, the area lying in the former being eleven thousand nine hundred square miles, and that in the latter ten thousand square miles. Central Tennessee has a declivity toward the west, though Tennessee river has there a north course. Beyond that region, Western Tennessee slopes toward the Mississippi, into which it is drained. That portion of the state has a superficies of seven thousand, seven hundred and forty square miles, and contains the following rivers, which empty into the Mississippi: the Obion, Forked Deer, Big Hatchee, and Wolf. These streams have a remarkable resemblance in their courses, all of them flowing in parallel curves, first northwest, then west, and finally southwest. The declivity down which they flow rises at about the distance of twenty-five miles west of Tennessee river, and descends westward by a gentle slope. This state, when first known to white men, was covered with a thick forest, in which the growth varied greatly, according to the various elevation, soil, and relative situation of different parts. These are very diversified, from the highest points of Cumberland mountains to the rich valleys beside the principal rivers, and the low, inundated banks of the Mississippi. HISTORY. The whole territory of Tennessee was embraced by the second charter of North Carolina, granted by Charles the Second in 1664; but the first settlement was made in 1754. This was not a permanent one; for the few families composing it, being much exposed to the Indians in their remote position on Cumberland river, were obliged to abandon it in the French war. In 1757, Fort London was erected on the Little Tennessee river, about a mile above the mouth of Tellico river, now in Blount county. This was attacked and taken by the savages in 1760, when two hundred persons, of different ages and both sexes, were killed. In the following year, however, Grant's expedition reduced the Indians, and established a permanent state of tranquillity by treaty, which encouraged the peopling of the country. In 1765, settlements were commenced on the Holston, which increased rapidly in spite of the opposition made by the natives. When the revolution began, the inhabitants, led by Colonel John Sevier, made a successful resistance to the encroachments of the savages; and, assisted by a few Virginia troops, defeated them in the month of June, 1776. Difficulties, however, continued through the war. Delegates from Tennessee appeared in the first assembly of the state of North Carolina, and some of her soldiers assisted in the defeat of the British and tory army at King's mountain, on the 7th of October, 1780. So great, however, were the obstacles in the way of a settlement of West Tennessee, that the site and vicinity of Nashville were a wilderness in 1779. North Carolina made a provisional cession of the territory of this state to the United States in 1784. This act was soon repealed, but the people adhered to their favorite plan; and, as North Carolina persevered in her opposition to their independence, the country suffered from the evils of an uncertain and unsettled government. The people adopted the name of Frankland for the country; but in 1790 the territory was ceded to the United States, and disorders ceased. It received the name of the territory southwest of the river Ohio. The first printing-press was introduced at Rogersville in November, 1791, and on the 5th of that month the Knoxville Gazette appeared-the first newspaper in Tennessee. MINERALS.-Tennessee abounds in gypsum and marble of different colors; and burr-millstones are quarried in some parts of the Cumberland mountains. Iron mines are numerous, and several lead mines have been worked. Salt springs are known in many places, but they are not of sufficient strength to be very valuable. Saltpetre abounds in caves. Harpeth Ridge. In a recent exploration in this region (which is in Davidson county), in company with the geological class of the college, new evidences were discovered of the correctness of what has been said of these formations-in the American Journal of Science, No. 2, new series, p. 222-in relation to their relative age, position, and identity with the corresponding formations of Ohio and New York. The rocks in this vicinity correspond with the blue shaly limestone of Cincinnati and the surrounding region, above which, in the knobs and ridges in Middle Tennessee, we find a stratum, of a few feet in thick ness, corresponding with the red encrinital limestone of the Niagara group, New York; succeeding which, in most places, are the water-lime, Onondaga limestone, and Marcellus shale, of the New York geologists, which correspond with the water-lime, cliff-limestone, and black shale, of Louisville, Kentucky. Immediately upon the shale was found a stratum composed almost entirely of the columns of encrinites, and occasionally a beautiful head, which, from the disintegration of the rock, may be found detached and upon the surface. In this formation at Louisville have been found eight or ten undescribed species of encrinites, some of which Dr. Troost, state geologist of Tennessee, has figured and described for the memoirs of the Geological society of France. Above the lastinentioned rock occurs a layer of dark-brown slate, a few feet in thickness, containing the strophomena setigera, and tentaculites fissur ella, probably corresponding with the Genesee slate of New York. This is succeeded by olive shales and sandstone, corresponding with the portage group of New York. In the year 1846 a skeleton was discovered in Tennessee, which was at first reported to be a fossil giant. An examination of it, however, by scientific men, soon detected the error. We copy the following "remarks on the fossil bones recently brought to New Orleans from Tennessee." 66 THE GIGANTIC FOSSIL.'-Considable interest has been recently excited by the announcement of the discovery in Tennessee of the remains of a man eighteen feet high. The papers teem with accounts of the prodigy, and public confidence was secured by the assertion that the distinguished physicians of the west had testified that they were human remains. About the last of December these remains reached this city; and on the first of January I was requested by a distinguished surgeon here to go with him, on the invitation of the proprietor, to examine them, and give an opinion. They had been erected in a high room; the skeleton was sustained in its erect position by a large upright beam of timber. At a glance it was apparent that it was nothing more than the skeleton of a young mastodon (one of Godman's tetracaulodons, with sockets for four tusks). The bones of the leg and ankle were complete, the metatarsal bones wanting. The bones of the anterior extremities were complete to the metacarpal bones, which were pres ent in one leg, the phalanges wanting. Most of the vertebræ were present; the ribs mostly of wood. The pelvic arrangement was entirely of wood; the scapulae were present, but somewhat broken, and were rigged on with a most human-like elevation, pieces of ribs supplying the want of clavicles. The osseous parts of the head were portions, nearly complete, of the upper and lower jaws. Some of the molars were quite complete; of the tusks, only one little stump remained, but the four alveoli of the upper jaw had large incisive-looking wooden teeth fitted into them, and the lower jaw supplied to correspond. The cranium was entirely wanting from the lower margin of the orbits, back; but a raw-hide cranium was fitted on, which was much more becoming to the animal in his new capacity than the old one would have been. The artificial construction was principally in the pelvis and head; and, taking it as thus built up-in its halfhuman, half-beastlike look, with its great hooked, incisive teeth-it certainly must have conveyed to the ignorant spectator a most horrible idea of a hideous, diabolical giant, of which he dreamed, no doubt, for months. To one informed in such matters, it really presented a most ludicrous figure. "The person who had it for exhibition was honest, I believe, in his convictions as to its being the remains of a man, having been confirmed in them by numerous physicians, whose certificates he had in his possession; and, having asked and received my opinion, he determined to box it up, never again to be exhibited as the remains of a human being." breadth, in which is found stone coffins Dr. Troost endeavors to show that the bodies which have been found in the caves of Tennessee are not probably mummies, but merely dried cadavers, exhibiting no marks of embalming or artificial preparation. He doubts whether one of these, which he examined, was even of remote antiquity. The other question is respecting the numerous graves found in the western states some years ago, and which were said to contain the remains of an extinct pigmy race of human beings. Dr. Troost supposes these graves to contain the collected bones of the slain in battle. The Indian custom was to carry their slain CAVERNS.-The caves may well be to their own towns, and hang them up ranked among the natural curiosities of in mats on trees. At their general burn- the country. One is four hundred feet ing festivals, the bones thus preserved deep, with a stream of pure water at the were collected and buried, "and thence bottom; and one cave, on one of the in my opinion," says the doctor, "those peaks of Cumberland mountains, is of numerous small graves which are attrib-greater extent than is yet known. Some uted, but I believe erroneously, to pigmies. I have opened numbers of these small graves, and have found them filled with a parcel of mouldered bones, which, judging from some fragments I have seen, belonged to common-sized men. In one of them I found, among these mouldered bones, two occipital bones; of course, it was a mere mixture of bones belonging to more than one body. These bones lay without any order." The doctor then considers the circumstances attending the ancient and extensive burying-grounds found in Tennessee. He mentions one near Nashville, about a mile in length and of unknown of them are several miles in extent, and present sides and roofs of remarkable uniformity, with the appearance of having been cut by art, or worn by the washing of streams. One has been explored for a distance of ten miles. STATISTICS. According to the census of 1840, the population of the state was 829,210; of whom there were 325,434 white males; 315,193 white females; 183,059 slaves; 2,796 free colored persons. According to the census of 1850, the population was 767,319 whites, 6,280 free colored persons, and 249,519 slaves; total 1,023,118. FURNACES.-An official report to the |