afore-mentioned meridian.' Congress took no notice of this provision at the time, and, as the territory had not been surveyed, no one knew where the due east and west line would strike the lake, or whether it would strike it at all. In 1817 a Government surveyor by the name of Harris ran the boundary in accordance with the Chillicothe provision, and a little later another one by the name of Fulton ran it on the east and west line. These are known as the Harris and Fulton lines. Between the two lay a piece of land five miles wide on the Indiana end and eight miles on the lake end, containing 468 square miles. For a time the few inhabitants of this district seemed to care little whether they lived in the State of Ohio or in the Territory of Michigan. But a great public improvement brought a change in their views.

94. The Toledo War. In 1832 Toledo was founded at the junction of the Miami canal, which was then in course of construction, and the Maumee River. The people of the young town, who wished to

1 Judge Burnet, in his Notes on the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory, thus explains the action of the Convention in relation to the boundary: "When the Convention was in session in 1802, it was the prevailing understanding that the old maps were correct, and that the line as defined in the Ordinance would be terminated at some point on the strait far above the Maumee Bay, but while that subject was under discussion, a man who had hunted many years on Lake Michigan and was well acquainted with its position, happened to be in Chillicothe, and in conversation with some members mentioned to them that the lake extended much farther south than was generally supposed; and that a map he had seen placed its southern bend many miles north of its true position. His statement produced some apprehension and excitement on the subject, and induced the Convention to change the line prescribed in the act of Congress," etc. Cincinnati, 1847, pp. 360-61.

san

reap the full advantages of the canal, ardently desired to live in Ohio and not in Michigan. In 1835 the Ohio Legislature extended the adjoining Ohio counties over the disputed strip lying between the Fulton and Harris lines, and Governor Lucas called out the militia to support the claim. On the other hand,. Governor Stevens, of the Territory of Michigan, called out the Michigan militia to support the Michigan claim. There now ensued what is sometimes called Governor Lucas's War, and sometimes the Toledo War. Fortunately, the hostile forces were not anxious to spill blood, and before they had actually done so two messengers, who had been sent by President Jackson, arrived at Toledo and persuaded the two Governors to disband their forces and adjourn the dispute to Washington. Michigan was ready for admission to the Union, and she naturally incorporated the Ohio boundary of 1802, which was also the boundary given to her by Congress in 1805, in her Constitution, framed in 1835. In 1837 Congress passed an act for the admission of Michigan to the Union. This act gave Ohio the boundary that she claimed, and compensated Michigan by giving her the Upper Peninsula, which had thus far been considered a part of Wisconsin.'

1Still the Ohio-Michigan boundary is even now, in places, the subject of dispute. See The Ohio Archeological and Historical Publications, Vol IV., the articles entitled "Boundary Line between Ohio and Indiana, and between Ohio and Michigan," and "The OhioMichigan Boundary Line Dispute." At the session of 1896, the Legislature of Ohio passed a resolution authorizing a joint commission to re-run and mark the line. It is supposed that the Legislature of Michigan will take similar action.

95. The State Capitals.- The Constitution declared that Chillicothe should be the seat of government until the year 1808, and that no money should be raised by the Legislature for the erection of buildings for its own accommodation until 1809. Ross County

OLD CAPITOL, CHILLICOTHE

had already, in 1801, provided a Capitol, and this served the purpose as long as Chillicothe remained the Capital of the State. It was built of stone, was about sixty feet square, and was surmounted by a belfry and lightning-rod, upon which, it is said, the American eagle, with widespread wings, long did duty as a weather-cock.

In

In 1809 the Capital was removed to Zanesville. 1812 the Legislature accepted a proposition made by the owners of the lands on the east bank of the Scioto River, opposite the town of Franklinton, to establish the Capital at that point. These owners offered to erect buildings and to provide grounds for a State House square and a penitentiary. The site was then buried in the forest. The name of the discoverer of America was given to the new city. And here the seat of government was removed in 1817. Before this, however, it had been changed from Zanesville back to Chillicothe.

96. The New Constitution.- Some of the defects of the Constitution of 1802 have been pointed out in a

previous chapter. As time went on these defects became more and more apparent, until at last a convention, consisting of 108 members, was called to revise the Constitution and adapt it to the needs of the people of the State. This convention, which sat first in Columbus, then in Cincinnati, adjourned finally March 10, 1851. On its submission to the people, the new Constitution was ratified by a majority of about 17,000 votes. In 1873-74 a third constitution was framed by a convention formed for that purpose, but when it was submitted to the people for their ratification it was rejected by a large majority. So the Constitution of 1851 still stands, but it has been frequently amended. Some of the leading features of this Constitution will be presented in the following chapters.

97. Politics.- We have seen that, in the last years of the Northwest Territory, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans contended for the political mastery. In the admission of the State, the Republicans triumphed and the Federalists practically disappeared from the political field. The people of Ohio now adhered for twenty years to the party that they had chosen. In 1824 the State cast her electoral votes for Henry Clay. With the re-organization of parties soon after that time, the State politics became less stable. Ohio voted for Jackson, Cass, and Pierce, Democratic candidates for President, in 1828, 1832, 1848, and 1852; for Harrison and Clay, Whig candidates, in 1836, 1840, and 1844. From 1828 to 1856 the governors were about equally divided between the two parties. In 1856 Ohio cast her elec

toral votes for Fremont, the Republican candidate, and from that year she has never failed, at a Presidential election, to vote with the Republican party. Of twenty-one gubernatorial terms since 1856, Republican governors have served seventeen terms, Democratic governors four. This, however, is counting Tod and Brough (1862 and 1864), who had been Democrats, and were elected on a so-called Union ticket, Republicans.

98. Growth of Population. In 1800 the population of the district that was soon afterwards formed into Ohio was 42, 160. While this number had somewhat increased by 1803, the State still stood at the bottom of the list when she entered the Union. In 1810 she ranked No, 13, in 1820 No. 5. In 1830 she reached the fourth place, and ten years later the third. This rank she continued to hold until 1890, when the phenomenal growth of Chicago compelled her to resign it in favor of Illinois.1 Besides her own uninterrupted growth, Ohio has contributed largely to the population of other States. According to the last census, more than 1,000,000 Ohio-born people were living in States farther west. Twenty-nine of the 443 cities of the country having a population of 8,000 or more were within the limits of Ohio.

In 1890 the population 10 years of age and over engaged in the pursuit of gainful occupations was thus distributed:

1 The population of the State at the successive censuses has been as follows: 1800, 42,160; 1810, 230,760; 1820, 581,295; 1830, 937903; 1840, 1,519,467; 1850, 1,980,329; 1860, 2,309,511; 1870, 2,665,260; 1880, 3,198,062; 1890, 3,672,376.