organizations; for example, the school funds belonging to those townships and districts which were the recipients of school lands. It is the Auditor's duty to apportion the interest accruing from these funds among the bodies for which they are held in trust.

In respect to

taxation, it is his duty to make the apportionment of the State tax among the counties. He has supervisory authority over the methods of County Auditors. The State Auditor is also an ex officio member of various executive boards.

188. The Treasurer of State. The custody and disbursement of the State moneys is entrusted to the Treasurer. The sum in which he gives bond, and the number of sureties required, are an indication of his responsibility. The exactness with which he is required to keep his accounts may be inferred from his relations to the Auditor. The rooms assigned to him in the Capitol, with the vaults and safes, constitute the Treasury of the State, and is the sole place of deposit for the moneys, notes, etc., which are in the Treasurer's custody. He must hold these, together with his accounts, open to examination by inspectors appointed by the General Assembly or the Governor.

189. The Attorney-General. This officer is legal adviser to all the executive officers of the State, to the directors of the State public institutions, to the members of the General Assembly, and to the prosecuting attorneys of all the counties. His other important function is to prosecute in the Supreme Court all suits to which the State is a party. He represents the State in the lower courts as well, when required to do so by the Governor. On the direction

of the Governor, General Assembly, or other proper authority, he brings suit against State officers for failure to discharge their duties.

190. The Commissioner of Common Schools.— This officer stands at the head of the school system of the State. His duties are outlined in the chapter that deals with that subject.

191. The Board of Public Works.-The public works of the State comprise the canal system. The two canals, extending from Cleveland to Portsmouth and from Toledo to Cincinnati, are divided into three grand divisions, and each one of these is under the supervision of a member of the Board of Public Works. The Governor appoints a chief engineer, and the Board local superintendents who are put under the direction of the engineer. The Board fixes the toll rates and appoints toll-collectors and lock-tenders.

192. Minor Executive Departments. -- Besides the Executive Departments that have been described above, there are still others of a minor character, the duties of which are indicated in a general way by their names. Some of the members of these departments are such ex-officiis; others are appointed for the purpose, commonly by the Governor. The following is a list of these departments, with other information concerning them:

State Board of Pardons: 4 members, length of term, 2 or 4 years.

Commissioners of Public Printing: the Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Attorney-General,

Commissioners of Sinking Fund: the Auditor of State, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General.

Board of State Charities: the Governor and 7 other members appointed for 3 years.

Soldiers' Roster Bureau: the Governor, Secretary of State, and Adjutant-General.

Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, 2 years.

Superintendent of Insurance and Inspector of Building and Loan Associations, 3 years.

Commissioner of Labor Statistics, 2 years.

Inspector of Mines: Chief Inspector, 4 years; 7 inspectors, 3 years. Inspector of Work-shops and Factories: Chief Inspector, 4 years; 11 district inspectors, 3 years.

State Inspectors of Oils: two State Inspectors, 2 years; 30 deputies, 2 years.

Supervisor of Public Printing and Binding, 2 years.

State Library: the Governor, Secretary of State, and State Librarian. The State Librarian's term is 2 years.

Live Stock Commissioners: 3 members, 3 years.

Commissioners of Fish and Game: 5 members, 8 years.

Dairy and Food Commission, 2 years.

State Board of Health: 7 members, 7 years; the Attorney-General

is a member ex officio.

Board of Pharmacy: 5 members, 8 years.

Canal Commission: 2 Commissioners, 2 years.

State Board of School Examiners: 5 members, 5 years.

State Board of Agriculture: 12 members, 2 years.

Agricultural Experiment Station: 3 members, 3 years.

Forestry Bureau: 3 members, 6 years.

Meteorological Bureau: 3 members.

State Geologist.

State Board of Veterinary Examiners: 3 members, 6 years; also 2 'members ex officiis.

State Board of Dental Examiners: 5 members, years.

Board of Arbitration: 3 members, 3 years.

Free Employment Bureau: 5 superintendents, 2 years.

CHAPTER XVII

THE COURTS

193. The Judiciary.-The third primary power of government is the Judicial power. This is the power to apply the laws to the actions of men in society in so far as their actions involve the laws. But this cannot be done without exposition or interpretion. It is the business of the Legislature to make the laws; but, as the Judicial power expounds, or interprets them, it is called upon to declare what is law and what is not law. The Judicial power in Ohio is vested in the Judiciary, which is, accordingly, the third great department of the State Government.

194. The Courts.-The Judicial Department of Ohio, or the Judiciary, consists of a system of courts. A court is a tribunal established for the public administration of the laws. It is an organized body, with defined powers. It is composed of one or more judges, and is aided in the transaction of business by its own officers. These are attorneys, or lawyers, who present the cases submitted for trial; clerks, who record the acts and decisions and certify them, and ministerial officers, such as sheriffs and constables, who maintain order in the court-room and execute the commands of the court. Such a court sits at stated times and places for the transaction of judicial business. Again, the court proper is sometimes composed of two classes of judges; the judges

properly so-called and the jury. The duties of the judges and the jury respectively will be explained further on. 195.

Cases or Causes.-A case, or cause, at law, is some state of facts which furnishes occasion for the exercise, by a court, of the judicial power. It is the business of the court to apply the laws applicable to the case to this state of facts. The object sought is to ascertain and to execute justice between man and man, or between individual men and the government itself. The peculiar business of a court, therefore, is to try cases. Such a case is also known as a suit, or a law-suit. Courts have no power to interfere with the actions of individuals outside of cases, causes, or suits. Cases are either civil or criminal, as will soon be explained.

If

196. Jurisdiction. By the jurisdiction of a court is meant its power to hear and determine cases. a court has such power, it is said to have jurisdiction; if it has not such power, it has no jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is of two kinds, original and appellate. When a court has original jurisdiction of a case or suit, the case may be begun in such court. When a court has appellate jurisdiction, the case may be carried up to it from some lower court for the purpose of having the decision of such court re-examined. In such instances, it is assumed that the decision of the court below involves some defect or error that needs to be corrected. There are still other kinds of jurisdiction. If a court has exclusive jurisdiction of a case, it is the only court that can hear and determine it. Concurrent, or co-ordinate, jurisdiction relates to two or more