northward, reaching the junction of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers early in August. Here he built Ft. Defiance, on the spot where the town of that name now stands. Again he pressed forward, and on the 20th of the month inflicted on the Indians, at the battle of the Fallen Timbers, on the north side of the Maumee, a total defeat. From the effects of this defeat the Ohio Indians never recovered.1

54. The Treaty of Greenville.- After inflicting still further blows upon the Indians, and building a fortification at the source of the Maumee, where the City of Fort Wayne now stands, General Wayne returned to Greenville to await results. The Indians were at first divided in counsel, but finally they all submitted to terms of peace that they could not longer resist. On August 3, 1795, the thirteen confederated tribes, called the Thirteen Fires, entered into a treaty with the United States that, taking its name from the place where it was negotiated, is called the Treaty of Greenville. The Indians ceded and relinquished to the United States forever all lands lying east and south of the following series of lines: The Cuyahoga River, the portage path from that stream to the Tuscarawas, and this stream to Ft. Laurens; a line drawn from this point southwesterly to Loramie's Store, at the beginning of the portage from the Big Miami to the St. Mary's branch of the Maumee;2 a line drawn westerly from Loramie's Store to Ft. Recovery, on a branch of the Wabash, and from this point a straight line south

1 Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II.,

pp. 393-401.

2 In documents of the last century the Maumee is commonly called the Miami also. To distinguish the streams, they are known as the Miami of the River and the Miami of the Lake.

westerly to the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River. This line was long known as the Indian boundary. The lands west and north of it the Indians retained in their own hands, except that they ceded to the Government some small tracts at specified places. Perpetual peace and good will between the parties were declared. All prisoners were restored on both sides. The Government paid the tribes $20,000 in gifts, and promised them annuities amounting in the aggregate to $9,500 forever. The Indians also promised to abjure all other influence and put themselves under the protection of the United States.

55. Fruits of the Treaty.-The Treaty of Greenville did not secure to the Government all the lands that had been conceded at Fts. McIntosh and Harmar. Still the treaty ranks among treaties with the Indians as the battle of the Fallen Timbers ranks among victories over them. General Wayne was the heroic figure in both transactions. The most prominent of the Indian leaders was Little Turtle. The treaty was the definite surrender by the Indians of the Ohio border, for which they had contended forty years; it opened more than one-half of Ohio to peaceful settlements, and prepared the way for the surrender of the remainder. The war over, the Territory immediately began to increase in population and in prosperity.

56. Course Pursued by the British Government. -The treaty of 1783 with Great Britain made the St. Lawrence, west of its intersection with parallel 45 degrees north, and a line running through Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior, with the intermediate river connections, a part of the boundary between the

United States and Canada. When the time came, the British Government refused to give up certain posts on the Northern frontier that lay on the southern side of the line, Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, Mackinaw, and others, but retained them in its own possession. The officers commanding the garrisons at these posts, and the British agents among the Indians, sympathized with the Indians in their efforts to drive the Americans beyond the Ohio River, and often furnished them with arms and other necessaries of war. More than this, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, of Canada, in the spring of 1794, with a British force, marched to the falls of the Maumee, where Perrysburg now stands, and built a strong fortification there. The battle of the Fallen Timbers was fought just above this fortification. At last, a few months after this battle was fought, the British Government agreed to give up the posts that they had so long wrongfully held. On July 11, 1796, the British garrison evacuated Detroit, and a body of American troops marched in and took possession. The other posts were given up about the same time. The flag of the Republic now floated for the first time over the ancient French settlements of Michigan. Wayne's victory contributed to this end, as well as put an end to the Indian war.

57. Governor St. Clair. While Governor St. Clair was a man of ability and education, a gentleman of high character and much knowledge of the world, he was also set in his own opinions, exacting in his relations with men, and bent on maintaining the full power and dignity of his office. More than this, he was a Federalist in politics, while the majority of

the people of the Territory adhered to the opposing party. Accordingly, there grew up a strong opposition to him. Many of the leading men of the Territory were his bitter enemies. Efforts were once made to prevent his re-appointment, and again to secure his removal from office, but in vain. But at last he made

a speech to the Convention that framed the Constitution of the State, which so offended President Jefferson that he removed the veteran Governor. St. Clair had served fourteen years. He now retired to his old home in Pennsylvania, where he died in poverty and neglect in 1818.

58. Indiana Territory. In the Ordinance of 1787 Congress had reserved the right to divide the Northwest Territory into two districts. In 1800 Congress exercised this reserved right. It enacted that all that part of the territory lying west of the Indian boundary of 1795, from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Ft. Recovery, and a line drawn from Ft. Recovery due north to the International boundary, should, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate district, and be called Indiana Territory. The form of government that had been first set up in the original Territory was established in the new one. William Henry Harrison was appointed the first Governor. For the short time that the name was yet to linger on the map, the Northwest Territory was but a small part of the vast domain to which the name was first given. It embraced Ohio and portions of the present States of Indiana and Michigan. St. Clair was succeeded as Governor by William Willing Byrd, who had been Secretary of the Territory.

CHAPTER VI

OHIO ENTERS THE UNION.

59. Party Strife. The fierce party strife that sprang up during President Adams's administration in the old States extended to the Northwest. Most of the New England settlers were Federalists, the men from the South were nearly all Republican-Democrats, while those who came from the Middle States were divided somewhat equally. The result was that the people of the Territory became divided politically into two parties: there were Adams men and Jefferson Partisan feeling entered deeply into the opposition to Governor St. Clair, and at last the most important Territorial questions were made to turn on National politics; for example, the admission of Ohio. to the Union became a party question.

men.

60. The Scheme of 1801.-The Federalists, who had at the time a majority in the Territorial Legislature, in November, 1801, carried a bill that proposed a new boundary for the State that was soon to be born. This boundary, on the west, was the Scioto River, a line drawn from the intersection of the Scioto and the Indian boundary of 1795 to the southwestern corner of the Western Reserve, and the western boundary of the Reserve north to the International line. The other boundaries of the State as proposed by the Ordinance of 1787 were not disturbed. Had Ohio been brought into the Union in accordance with the terms of this bill, the Federalists would have had, for