are filed, and after each license is granted a certain amount must be paid each year to the state, the amount in each case being determined by law according to the quantity of water used.

Mining

151. The State Mining Bureau, and Mineral Cabinet.1 has been one of the most important industries of California from the first. The mining bureau is simply a bureau of information concerning this great industry. It is under the control of a state mineralogist, who is appointed by the governor for four years at a salary of $3600 a year. The office of the mineralogist, which is the headquarters of the bureau, is in the ferry building in San Francisco. In the same building the bureau maintains a large collection of mineral specimens, and a library of some 5000 books and pamphlets, all bearing on the mining industry of the state. The library also contains numerous maps showing the locations of known mineral deposits, and models and drawings of machinery used in mining processes.

The mineralogist must investigate the operations of persons and corporations dealing, or purporting to deal, in mining stocks, bonds, lands, or other property, with a view to exposing and prosecuting those who are guilty of fraud. He may appoint such assistants as may be necessary to make these investigations, and to carry on the other work of the bureau. It is his duty from year to year to add to the collection of mineral specimens, books, pamphlets, maps, and drawings and models of mining machinery. He must biennially make a detailed report to the governor showing the results of his work and setting forth the condition of the mining industry in the state. He must also from time to time issue bulletins summing up the information which he has collected.

The state mineral cabinet consists of a number of cases of choice mineral specimens in the Crocker Art Gallery in Sacramento. The exhibit is under the control of three trustees appointed by the governor to serve during his pleasure without pay.

152. The Fish and Game Commission.2

Our state

laws contain many provisions for the protection of fish and

1 Statutes of 1913, Chapter 679; Statutes of 1907, page 935.

2 Political Code, §§ 642, 643.

game.1 Some of these provisions are as follows: that certain kinds of fish and game may not be killed at certain times of the year; that certain kinds of fish may be caught only with hook and line; that no fish may be caught through the ice; that certain kinds of fish may not be caught with nets of less than a certain specified mesh; that trout of less than one pound in weight may not be bought or sold; that no person may place a dam across a stream without providing a way for fish to pass up and down; that certain kinds of fish and game must never be killed; that birds' nests and eggs must never be destroyed; that no person may use more than one dog in hunting deer, etc.

The fish and game commission was created to enforce these laws. It consists of three members appointed by the governor to serve during his pleasure without pay. The senate must approve the appointments. The commission maintains its office in San Francisco. Its most important powers and duties are as follows:

1. To appoint a sufficient number of assistants to enforce the fish and game laws of the state. There are some two or three hundred of these assistants scattered throughout the state, who have the powers of peace officers in enforcing the fish and game laws. Some receive regular salaries, but most of them are paid only for the bona fide arrests they make.

2. To establish and maintain hatcheries for the purpose of stocking the waters of the state with fish. Such hatcheries are established at Sisson, Siskiyou county; at Tahoe and Tallac on Lake Tahoe; at Wawona, Mariposa county; at Brookdale, Santa Cruz county; on the Eel river in Hum

1 See section 25, article IV, of the state constitution.

boldt county, and in other places. Fish eggs are procured in countless numbers and are hatched in these hatcheries. The young fish are then distributed to different parts of the state, where they are placed in lakes and running streams. The commission has a special car equipped for transporting the young fish.

3. To raise game birds and other animals for distribution on the public lands or elsewhere in the judgment of the commission. For this purpose the commission has established a game farm in Alameda county.

4. To sell licenses to persons who wish to fish or hunt for sport or for commercial purposes, as well as to persons who wish to deal in fish or game. These licenses are also sold by county clerks. The law specifies the amount that must be paid for each kind of license. The receipts from this source, which amount to over $150,000 each year, are placed by the treasurer in the "fish and game preservation fund" to be used by the commission in carrying on its work.

The state hor

153. The Horticultural Commissioner.1 ticultural commissioner is at the head of a great state system which exists for the purpose of protecting our horticultural interests, including the raising of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamental trees and plants. In practice, the department does not confine its attention to these interests, but gives valuable assistance to the growers of alfalfa, cotton, potatoes, and other farm products. The system includes a horticultural commissioner and certain deputies, quarantine guardians, and other assistants, appointed by him; as well as all county commissioners, deputies, and inspectors. The state commissioner is ap

1 Statutes of 1911, page 1127; Political Code, § 2319 seq.; Statutes of 1899, page 91.

pointed by the governor to serve for four years at a salary of $4000 a year. His main office is in Sacramento, but he maintains an office also in San Francisco. His principal duties are as follows:

Dis

1. To guard the state against the introduction of tree or plant diseases and destructive insects from other states or from foreign lands. All shipments of nursery stock, fruit, or seed from foreign nations are inspected at the port of entry by horticultural quarantine deputies, who work in conjunction with the United States customs officials. Shipments from other states must not be taken from the custody of transportation companies until inspected. eased or infested stock is rendered harmless by fumigation or other treatment; or if this is impossible, it is either destroyed or returned to the place from which it came. Quarantine guardians in all parts of the state have an important part in this work of inspection. The commissioner, with the approval of the governor, may quarantine the state against shipments from places known to be dangerous.

2. To eradicate tree or plant diseases and destructive insects found within the state. Any part of the state may be quarantined at any time. County commissioners and quarantine guardians must be viligant in order that diseases and pests may be promptly located and reported to the state commissioner.

3. To rear and distribute beneficial insects. For this purpose the commissioner maintains an insectory on the capitol grounds in Sacramento. This building is con

1 County horticultural officers are practically all appointed state quarantine guardians by the state commissioner. But there are also quarantine guardians who are not county officers.

structed on the plan of a greenhouse and is devoted entirely to the rearing of insects and other life forms which prey upon destructive insects. These enemies of dangerous pests are frequently obtained from foreign nations or from other states. The United States government has trained entomologists searching for them in foreign lands, and the department of agriculture, which has charge of all such work, heartily coöperates with the horticultural commissioners of the various states.

4. To collect books, pamphlets, and periodicals containing information relating to horticulture; and to collect statistics showing the condition and progress of horticulture in this state and elsewhere. He must require annual reports from all county horticultural commissioners. He must issue bulletins from time to time, making public any information in his possession which in his judgment will be of benefit to the horticultural interests. He must make a detailed report each year, showing the work of his department and accounting for all money received and expended. This report is made to the governor on evennumbered, and to the legislature on odd-numbered, years.

This account of the work of the horticultural commissioner is exceedingly brief. Any person wishing more detailed information should write to the commissioner for bulletins and reports.1

1 The legislature of 1913 passed a law creating a state board of viticultural commissioners to consist of nine persons appointed by the governor to serve without pay for four years. The state is divided into six districts and one commissioner must be appointed from each district, the other three being appointed from the state at large. The board appoints a secretary who gives his entire time to his official duties. His office is in Sacramento. It is the duty of the board to "collect and disseminate useful information relating to viticulture, including the best methods of growing grapes and handling the grape and its products," to study diseases and pests of vineyards and methods of control, to study methods of coöperation among grape growers and manufacturers of grape products," and to arrange for meetings of persons interested in grape culture. This board has no connection with the horticul

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