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ry on its way to the Pacific, in orde

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dered himself bound to act rather for the interests they were thus placed, in a manner, conspicuously
than for the glory of the Pacific company.
among the ranks of its enemies. If Mr. Astor may
While the business of the transfer of the furs and be considered as having acted imprudently in any
merchandise at Astoria was in progess, the British part of his arrangement, it was certainly in engaging
sloop-of-war Rackoon entered the Columbia, under so large a proportion of persons unconnected with
the command of Captain Black, who had hastened the United States by birth, citizenship, or feelings,
thither in hope of securing a rich share of plunder in the formation of establishments which were so
by the capture of the fort and magazines of the Paci- essentially American in character and objects. That
fic company. He found the flag of the United States those establishments should have fallen, must be a
waving over the factory, which was surrendered, subject of regret to every American, as there can be
immediately on his appearance, by the chief agent, little if any doubt that, had they been maintained
M'Dougall; but the furs and goods which were to until the termination of the war, the enterprise would
reward himself and his crew for their exertions, had have succeeded, and the whole region drained by the
become the property of their own fellow-subjects, Columbia would now be in the quiet and undisputed
and were then floating up the river in the barges of possession of the people of the United States.
the Northwest company. The captain of the Rac-
koon could, therefore, only lower the flag of the
United States, and hoist that of Britain over the fac-
tory, the name of which he at the same time, and
with due solemnity, changed to Fort George. These
duties being completed, he took his departure for the
south.

It will be interesting, if not useful, here to insert the account of the capture of Astoria, as related by Ross Cox, who received his information at the place, shortly after the event:

66

Captain Black took possession of Astoria in the name of his Britannic majesty, and rebaptized it by the name of Fort George.' He also insisted on Three months afterward (that is, on the twenty- having an inventory taken of the valuable stock of eighth of February, 1814.) Mr. Hunt arrived at the furs, and all other property purchased from the AmeriColumbia in the brig Pedlar, which he had, as al- can company, with a view to the adoption of ulterior ready stated, chartered for the purpose of conveying proceedings in England for the recovery of the value the property of the Pacific company to Canton. He from the Northwest company; but he subsequently found Mr. M'Dougall in charge of the factory, not, relinquished this idea, and we heard no more about however, as an agent of that company, but as a part- his claims. The Indians at the mouth of the Columner of the North west company, into which he had bia knew well that Great Britain and America were been already admitted; and Hunt had, therefore, merely to close the concerns of the former association in that part of America, and to receive the bills given in payment for its effects. Having done this, he re-embarked in the Pedlar; and, taking with him three of his former companions in trade, he sailed for the United States, by way of Canton. Of the other persons who had been connected with this enterprise, some engaged in the service of the Northwest company, and some returned across the continent to the United States.

mouth of the Columbia; upon re n- he hastened to the Sandwich om there chartered the American bng Pe it in her for Astoria, where he amet in de ill eighth of February, 1814. to The fate of the Pacific compara ts, lishments in Northwest America, be decided ere the arrival of the Per e- On the seventh of October a boy rs service of the Northwest company can in river to Astoria, under the direction } in M'Tavish and Stuart. They arrive wi ; ammunition or provisions, while the p f factory, who nearly equalled them in - well supplied in every respect, and the tra r and heavy guns would have enabled f'stand any attacks which might have be sted under ordinary circumstances. The new however, brought information, upon vid ners at Astoria could depend, and when The perfectly correct, that a large armed's Isaac Todd, had been fitted out at Lond Northwest company, and was on her Columbia, under convoy of a frigate, wit of taking and destroying everything a that quarter. Messrs. M'Tavish and S municating this news, to which they a of the complete blockade of the coasts on States by British squadrons, at the sa posed to purchase the whole of the est turs, and other property of the Pac the territory of the Columbia, at pres by common consent; they also offem. the service of the Northwest compa persons attached to the American same wages which they were then merga send back to the United States such hoose to be thus employed. To the he partners at Astoria resolved to greement was accordingly signed, t and the chiefs of the other party, f the month, by which all the ex urs, and property," above mentioned, e Northwest company for about ollars, given in the shape of bills on M The business appears to have been m e side of the Pacific company, am r. M'Dougall, whose conduct on a ring the transaction, as well as ch as to induce suspicions that be w proper motives of self-interest. ficult to determine what other course e been pursued by him and the other Jer existing circumstances. They e held out their stockaded fort aga have effected a retreat with their ce in the interior; but this w pose, while they could expect neither p plies of goods for trading from the to send their furs for sale to Ca ares that he would have preferred: and property by a fair capture t onsidered disgraceful; and those who are convinced that he speaks as be antile men are, in general, suppose etion among their agents as the be

M'Dougall may

have ready

distinct nations, and that they were then at war, but were ignorant of the arrangement made between Messrs. M'Dougall and M'Tavish, the former of whom still continued as nominal chief at the fort. On the arrival of the Rackoon, which they quickly discovered to be one of King George's fighting ships,' they repaired armed to the fort, and requested an audience of Mr. M'Dougall. He was somewhat surprised at their numbers and warlike appearance, and demanded the object of such an unusual visit. Comcomly, the principal chief of the Chinooks (whose Such was the termination of the Astoria enterprise, daughter M'Dougall had married,) thereupon addressfor no attempt has been since made by the Pacific ed him in a long speech; in the course of which he company, or by any of its members, to form a trad-said that King George had sent a ship full of waring establishment on the northwest coast of America. riors, and loaded with nothing but big guns, to take The scheme was most wisely projected, and its fail- the Americans and make them all slaves, and that, as ure can scarcely be attributed to any circumstances, they (the Americans) were the first white men who the occurrence of which might have been anticipated settled in their country, and treated the Indians like when its execution was begun. That ships might good relations, they had resolved to defend them be lost at sea, and that the adventurers might suffer from King George's warriors, and were now ready from cold, or hunger, or the attacks of savages-to conceal themselves in the woods close to the casualties such as those were to he expected, and wharf, whence they would be able with their guns provision was made against them; but in 1810, when and arrows to shoot all the men that should attempt the Tonquin sailed from New York, no one antici-to land from the English boats, while the people in pated that before the end of two years the United the fort could fire at them with their big guns and States would have been at war with the most power-rifles. This proposition was uttered with an earnestful maritime nation in the world. The war traversed ness of manner that admitted no doubt of its sincerevery part of the plan. Communications between ity; two armed boats from the Rackoon were apthe ports of the United States and the Columbia by proaching, and, had the people in the fort felt dissea, were rendered difficult and uncertain; while those posed to accede to the wishes of the Indians, every by land were of little advantage, and were liable to in- man in them would have been destroyed by an inviterruption by the Northwest company; beside which, sible enemy. Mr. M'Dougall thanked them for their the furs could no longer be transported with safety friendly offer; but added, that, notwithstanding the to Canton. Moreover, all the most active and skil-nations were at war, the people in the boats would ful persons in the employment of the Pacific com- not injure him or any of his people, and therefore, pany, except Mr. Hunt, were British subjects, whose requested them to throw by their war-shirts and feelings of attachment for their native land and its arms, and receive the strangers as their friends. cause naturally rendered them discontented, when They at first seemed astonished at this answer; but,

78

on assuring them in the most positive manner that little read," was the answer. "How then," asked he was under no apprehensions, they consented to the king, "do the common people know of these give up their weapons for a few days. They after- grievances of which they complain, and of which we ward declared they were sorry for having complied | have just been speaking?" "As to that," said he, with Mr. M'Dougall's wishes; for when they ob-"I can tell your majesty, that among a people who served Captain Black, surrounded by his officers and have felt the spirit of liberty, the news of oppression marines, break the bottle of port on the flagstaff, and is carried by the birds of the air, and the breezes of hoist the British ensign after changing the name of the fort, they remarked that, however we might wish to conceal the fact, the Americans were undoubtedly made slaves; and they were not convinced of their mistake until the sloop-of-war had departed without taking any prisoners."

heaven." "That is too figurative an answer from a matter-of-fact man, to a plain question," rejoined the king. "Well, to be plain," answered the rebellious subject, "among our people the tale of wrong is carried from man to man, and from neighborhood to neighborhood, with the speed of electricity; my countrymen feel nothing else-out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. I will add, with great respect to your majesty, that such a people cannot be put down with the sword."

ETHAN ALLEN IN ENGLAND. COLONEL ETHAN ALLEN was a man destined to The king made a long pause, as if strongly imstrike the world as something uncommon, and in a pressed with the truth of his remarks. At length, high degree interesting. He was but partially edu-changing the subject, he asked Colonel Allen if he cated and but obscurely brought up-yet no man knew Dr. Franklin; and being answered in the affir / was ever more at ease in the polished rank than he. mative, inquired concerning his experiments with elec Not that he at all conformed to their artificial rules tricity, and expressed a curiosity to experience an and title etiquette; but he had observed the dictates electrical shock. The British sovereign seemed to of natural good sense and good humor. His bearing take pleasure in the conversation which he kept up was in total defiance of fashion, and he looked and for more than an hour, and at length made Colonel acted as if he thought it would be a condescension Allen promise to visit him with his countryman, Dr. thus to trammel himself. It is well known that in Franklin, at his palace in London. Some weeks early life, in his own country, he acquired an in- after that, he was reminded of his promise by the fluence over his fellow-men, and led them on to nobleman above mentioned, and an hour fixed for some of the most daring achievements. He seemed the home-bred philosopher of America to explain the to have possessed all the elements of a hero-a de- mysteries of a new discovery in the science to the voted patriotism, a resolute and daring mind, and an royal family. They attended accordingly, and with excellent judgment. an apparatus chiefly of his own invention, Dr. Frank lin exhibited many of those simple and amusing ex periments, for which he was so noted, and at which the royal children, even those of a larger growth, were much delighted.

His conduct as a partisan officer is well known in this country, and was of great service to the cause of liberty during our revolutionary struggle. He was taken prisoner and carried to England-where his excellent sense, his shrewdness and wit, introduced him into the court region. A friend of our earlier life, who was well acquainted with this part of the history of this singular man, used to take great delight in telling us some anecdotes of Colonel Allen, while a prisoner in London. We have before mentioned the firmness with which he resisted the attempts to bribe him from the cause of his country, and the caustic satire with which he replied to a nobleman, who was commissioned by the ministry to make him formal offers to join the British cause in America. The incident is a striking one, and it will bear a repetition.

In this playful way, Dr. Franklin took occasion to convey instructions as to the properties of this astonishing fluid. While the royal habitation was thus in a most unkingly uproar, the premier was announced as in waiting. The king seemed for a moment disturbed. "I forgot my appointment with the minister," said he, "but no matter, I will eschew business for once, and let North see how we are employed." Accordingly the minister was ushered in with little ceremony, and it was soon concluded that he should have a shock. Allen whispered to the doctor to remember how he had shocked us across the waters, and to give him a double charge. Whether it was designed on the hint of his friend or not, was not ascertained, but the charge was so powerful on the nerves of his lordship, as to make him give way in the knees, at which all, especially the princesses, were almost convulsed with mirth.

The commissioner, among the tempting largesses, proposed that if he would espouse the cause of the king, he might have a fee-simple in half the state of Vermont. "I am a plain man," said Colonel Allen in reply, and I have read but few books, but I have seen in print somewhere, a circumstance that Some of Colonel Allen's happy retorts at the clubs forcibly reminds me of the proposal of your lord- and fashionable parties are still remembered and often ship: it is of a certain character that took a certain repeated. On one occasion he was challenged to a other character into an exceeding high mountain, glass of wine, by the beautiful Dutchess of Rutland, and showed him all the kingdoms of the earth and who seems to have been particulary pleased with his the glory thereof, and told him that if he would fall independent manner. "You must qualify your glass down and worship him, this would all be his; and with a toast," observed the lady. The Varmounter, the rascal," added he, "didn't own a foot of them!" very unaffectedly observed that he was not used to His interview with the king at Windsor is men- that sort of ceremony, and was afraid he might give tioned as highly interesting. His majesty asked the offence. If, however, the lady would be so good as stout-hearted mountaineer, if they had any newspa- to suggest a subject, he would endeavor to give a pers in America. "But very few, and these are but sentiment. "O yes," said she, "never mind the

ha' little read," was the answer. "

to the king, "do the common peca or er- grievances of which they compa ed have just been speaking?" "A I can tell your majesty, that aneu a p nd have felt the sprit of liberty, the site nds carried by the birds of the air. E of heaven." "That is too ferative a sh matter-of-fact man, to a plain ques Ivking. Well, to be plain," answard ir subject," among our people the tale utried from man to man, and from regi neighborhood, with the speed of countrymen feel nothing else of the heart the mouth speaketh. great respect to your majesty, the cannot be put down with the sword.” The king made a long pisse, im alpressed with the truth of his retsa

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- changing the subject, he asked Contes
n knew Dr. Franklin; and being answert?
.mative, inquired concerning his experie
stricity, and expressed a curiosity
s electrical shock. The British sovega
I take pleasure in the conversation whic.
'for more than an hour, and at leg
Allen promise to visit him with his co
Franklin, at his palace in London. Se
after that, he was reminded of his pr
nobleman above mentioned, and anx
the home-bred philosopher of Amer
mysteries of a new discovery in the
royal family. They attended according
an apparatus chiefly of his own invers
lin exhibited many of those simple a
periments, for which he was so nota
the royal children, even those of a
were much delighted.

In this playful way, Dr. Frankla
to convey instructions as to the prame
astonishing fluid. While the royal wi
thus in a most unkingly uproar,
announced as in waiting. The king s
moment disturbed. "I forgot my app
he minister," said he, “but no mis
business for once, and let North se 24
mployed." Accordingly the minster
n with little ceremony, and it was s
hat he should have a shock. Alet va
he doctor to remember how he h
cross the waters, and to give himến
Whether it was designed on the basa

not, was not ascertained, but the ca owerful on the nerves of his lonkép m give way in the knees, at which

e princesses, were almost convulsed via Some of Colonel Allen's happy rel d fashionable parties are sull remembers peated. On one occasion he was th ass of wine, by the beautiful Dusche You must us o seems to have been particulary p ependent manner.

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th a toast," observed the lady. The

y unaffectedly observed that he was bo t sort of ceremony, and was atrast leve ence. If, however, the lady wod 29. Suggest a subject, he would eniget

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619

subject, anything will do, so that it has no treason considered to be worth fifty guineas. An oriental
in it." "Well," says he, "this may do for a truth ruby of thirty-one carats' weight, of perfect color,
if not for a toast," and, fixing his eyes adoringly on and without flaws, is considered almost as valuable
the far-famed court beauty, he proceeded:-
as a diamond of the same weight. It is usually set
with foil; but, if peculiarly rich in color, it is some-
times set with a bottom or a jour, that the stone may
be seen through.

"If anything could make a double traitor out of a good patriot, it would be the witchcraft of such eyes as your ladyship's."

The blunt sincerity with which this was spoken, In the construction of time-keepers, no stones have together with its exact fitness to the occasion and the been found sufficiently hard for jewelling the holes person, caused it to be long hailed in the beau monde, except the ruby and the diamond. It does not apas an excellent good thing; and although it had the pear that the ancients ever engraved figures upon this effect of heightening for a moment that beauty to mineral. All the engraved sapphires preserved in which it was offered as a tribute, it is said the fair collections are of modern date; and of these one of dutchess often afterward boasted of the compliment the most beautiful is a red sapphire, or oriental ruby, as far beyond all the empty homage she had received on which is cut the figure of Henry IV. of France from the glittering coxcombry of the city.

A lady once sneeringly asked Colonel Allen, in a large assembly, at what time fashionable ladies of America preferred taking the air. He perceived her drift, and bluntly answered, "Whenever it was necessary to feed the geese and turkeys." "What," inquired the lady, "do the fine women in your country descend to such menial employments?" Allen was always aroused at any attempt to depreciate the fair ones of his own country, and with a great deal of warmth he replied: "American ladies have the art of turning even amusements to account. Many of these ladies could take up the subject of your grace's family history, and tell you of the feats of valor and bursts of eloquence to which your ladyship is probably indebted for your distinguished name, most of which it is likely would be as new to you as the art of raising poultry." The sarcasm produced a deep blush in the face of the fair scoffer, but it produced for the captive and his countrymen an indemnity against court ridicule for the future.

SAPPHIRE.

SAPPHIRE is a precious stone. The white and

EXCELLENT HINTS TO MECHANICS. THERE is so much truth, wholesome advice, and good sense, in the following, which we extract from an exchange paper, that we cannot avoid giving it a place in our columns: "Avoid giving long credits, even to your best customers. A man who can pay easily will not thank you for the delay, and a slack doubtful paymaster is not too valuable as a customer to dun sharply and seasonably. A fish may as well attempt to live without water, or a man without air, as a mechanic without punctuality and promptness in collecting and paying his debts. It is a mistaken and ruinous policy to attempt to keep on and get business by delaying collections. When you lose a slack paymaster from your books, you only lose the chance of losing your money-and there is no man who pays more money to lawyers than he who is not prompt in collecting for himself."

TO MECHANICS.

WHERE did Franklin first cultivate the knowledge, pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat, become that at length bore him to the height of fame? In a snow white, and when cut exhibit so high a degree printing-office. Where did Bowditch study matheof lustre that they are used in place of diamond. matics? In early life, on shipboard, and ever after, The most highly prized varieties are the crimson in hours snatched from the cares of busy life. How and carmine red; these are the oriental ruby of the jeweller, and, next to the diamond, are the most valuable minerals hitherto discovered. The blue varieties, the sapphire of the jeweller, are next in value to the red. The yellow varieties, the oriental topaz of the jeweller, are of less value than the blue or true sapphire.

did Ferguson begin to study astronomy? Tending sheep in Scotland: lying on his back upon the bare earth, and gazing upon the heavens-mapping out the constellations by means of a simple string, stretched from hand to hand, with beads upon it, which, sliding back and forth, enabled him to ascertain the relative distances of the stars. Where did young FarThe asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful raday commence his studies-still young, and yes variety, in which the color is generally of a reddish successor in London to Day? He began his chemiviolet, and the form a rhomboid, with truncated api-cal studies a poor boy, in an apothecary's shop ces, which exhibit an opalescent lustre. If cut en Sir Richard Arkwright, who was knighted for the cabochon, or in the form of an ellipse, the summit improvement he introduced into cotton-spinning, and of the ellipse being situated exactly over the point whose fine seat upon the Wye is one of the fairest corresponding with the summit of the rhomboid, in England, was a barber till he was thirty years there will be produced the appearance of a star with six rays, from which, when held in the sunshine, a bright yellowish light shoots forth, forming a beautiful contrast to the rich violet blue of the other part of the gem.

Sapphire is now usually set with foil of its own color: but it was formerly the practice, instead of a foil, to place under the gem the blue part of a peacock's feather. A sapphire of ten carats' weight is

old. And at this moment there is a man in New England, who has read fifty different languageswho was apprenticed-who has always worked, and who still works, as a blacksmith.

IT is a humiliating fact, that the ugliest and most awkward of the brute creation have the greatest resemblance to man-the monkey and the bear.

THE KNIGHT S EPITAPH.-BRYANT.

This is the church which Pisa, great and free,
Reared to St. Catharine. How the time-stained wall
That earthquakes shook not from their poise, appear
To shiver in the deep and voluble tones

Rolled from the organ! Underneath my feet
There lies the lid of a sepulchral vault.
The image of an armed knight is graven
Upon it, clad in perfect panoply.

Cuishes, and greaves, and cuiras, with barred helm,
Gauntleted hand, and sword, and blazoned shield.
Around, in gothick character, worn dim

By feet of worshippers, are traced his name
And birth and death and words of eulogy.
Why should I pore upon them? This old tomb,
This effigy, the strange disused form

Of this inscription, eloquently show

His history. Let me clothe in fitting words

The thoughts they breathe, and frame his epitaph:--
"He whose forgotten dust for centuries
Has lain beneath this stone, was one in whom
Adventure and endurance and emprise
Exalted the mind's faculties and strung
The body's sinews. Brave he was in fight,
Courteous in banquet, scornful of repose,
And bountiful and cruel and devout,
And quick to draw the sword in private feud.
He pushed his quarrels to the death, yet prayed
The saints as fervently on bended knees
As ever shaven cenobite. He loved

As fiercely as he fought. He would have borne

The maid that pleased him from her bower by night To his hill castle, as the eagle bears

His victim from the fold, and rolled the rocks

On his pursuers. He aspired to see
His native Pisa queen and arbitress
Of cities; earnestly for her he raised
His voice in council, and affronted death

In battle-field, and climbed the galley's deck,
And brought the captured flag of Genoa back,
Or piled upon the Arno's crowded quay
The glittering spoils of the tamed Saracen.
He was not born to brook the stranger's yoke.
But would have joined the exiles, that withdrew
For ever, when the Florentine broke in
The gates of Pisa, and bore off the bolts
For trophies-but he died before that day.

"He lived, the impersonation of an age
That never shall return. His soul of fire
Was kindled by the breath of the rude time
He lived in. Now, a gentler race succeeds,
Shuddering at blood; the effeminate cavalier,
Turning from the reproaches of the past,
And from the hopeless future, gives to ease,
And love and musick his inglorious life."

tors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor tioned among the several states which may be incluIded within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six ; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

SECTION 3.

1. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divi ded, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year, and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherWE, the people of the United States, in order to wise, during the recess of the legislature of any form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure state, the executive thereof may make temporary apdomestic tranquillity, provide for the common de-pointments until the next meeting of the legislature, fence, promote the general welfare, and secure the which shall then fill such vacancies. blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, DO 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have ORDAIN AND ESTABLISH this CONSTITUTION for the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

ARTICLE I.

SECTION 1.

1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

SECTION 2.

attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.

4. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.

5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of

1. The house of representatives shall be compo-president of the United States. sed of members chosen every second year by the 6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all people of the several states; and the electors in each impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they state shall have the qualifications requisite for elec- shall be on an oath or affirmation. When the presi

Itors of the most numerous branch idee
lature.

2. No person shall be a representve e
not have attained to the age of we
and been seven years a citizen of the
and who shall not, when elect, a
that state in which he shall be cheer.

3. Representatives and direct uns vay
tioned among the several states with
Ided within this union, according whe
numbers, which shall be determined
¡ whole number of free persons, indlag
to service for a term of years, and categ
not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.
tual enumeration shall be made with
lafter the first meeting of the congres
States, and within every subsequen
years, in such manner as they sharin
The number of representatives shar
for every thirty thousand, but earb saa m
at least one representative; and mat
tion shall be made, the state of Nvh
shall be entitled to choose three: Jan
eight; Rhode-Island and Providene fr
one; Connecticut, five; New York, s
four; Pennsylvania, eight; Dile&
land, six; Virginia, tên; Nơi (ai
South Carolina, five; and Georgia.in

4. When vacancies happen in de
from any state, the executive author
issue writs of election to fill such ram
5. The house of representatives s'a
speaker and other officers, and shad ba
power of impeachment.

SECTION 3.

1. The senate of the United St
posed of two senators from each stac
egislature thereof, for six years; and
hail have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be
consequence of the first election, they d
ed, as equally as may be, into three
eats of the senators of the first class se
ed at the expiration of the second past
ond class at the expiration of the list
f the third class at the expiration of the
that one third may be chosen every s
nd if vacancies happen, by resig
ise, during the recess of the lesin
ate, the executive thereof may make i
intments until the next meeting of the
hich shall then fill such vacancies,
3. No person shall be a senator who
ained to the age of thirty years,
ars a citizen of the United States, and
t, when elected, be an inhabitant of tas
ich he shall be chosen.
4. The vice-president of the United St

esident of the senate, but shall have
y be equally divided.

5. The senate shall choose their ethere
a president pro tempore, in the shee

-president, or when he shall ereris
sident of the United States.
5. The senate shall have the sale:

eachments. When sitting for the ga

nath or affirmation. Me?"

621

dent of the United States is tried, the chief justice 2. Every bill which shall have passed the house
shall preside; and no person shall be convicted with- of representatives and the senate, shall, before it be-
out the concurrence of two thirds of the members come a law, be presented to the President of the
present.
United States. If he approve, he shall sign it; but
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that
extend further than to removal from office, and dis-house in which it shall have originated, who shall
qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honour, enter the objections at large on their journal, and
trust, or profit, under the United States; but the par- proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera-
ty convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to tion, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the
indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, accord-bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to
ing to law.
the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon-
sidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house,

SECTION 4.

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elec-it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the tions for senators and representatives, shall be pre- votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but nays; and the names of the persons voting for and the congress may, at any time, by law, make or al- against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of ter such regulations, except as to the places of choos- each house respectively. If any bill shall not be reing senators. turned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress, by their adjourn ment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day.

SECTION 5.

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the at

3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn ment) shall be presented to the President of the shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by United States; and before the same shall take effect, him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the senate. pro-and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. and house of representatives, according to the rules.

tendance of absent members, in such manner and un-
der such penalties as each house may provide.

2. Each house may determine the rules of its
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly beha-
viour, and with the concurrence of two thirds, expel
a member.

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION 6.

SECTION 8.

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4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and

measures.

1. The senators and representatives shall receive
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained
by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United
States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, fel-
ony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from ar-
rest during their attendance at the session of their the
respective houses, and in going to or returning from
the same; and for any speech or debate in either
house, they shall not be questioned in any other
place.

2. No senator or representative shall, during the
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any
civil office under the authority of the United States,
which shall have been created, or the emoluments
whereof shall have been increased, during such time;
and no person holding any office under the United
States shall be a member of either house during his

continuance in office.

SECTION 7.

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post offices and post roads.

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court: to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations.

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land

and water.

11. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years.

12. To provide and maintain a navy.

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