§ 168. Defective verbs are those that want some of their principal parts. When any of the principal parts are wanting, the tenses derived from them are also wanting.

The defective verbs are beware, may, can, must, might, could, would, should, shall, ought, and quoth.

REMARK. Ought is not varied in familiar style, but in grave style est is annexed in the second person singular of the present indicative. Ought is sometimes used in the imperfect tense. Quoth is obsolete, except in ludicrous style, and is not varied. It is generally used in the imperfect tense in the third person with the nominative following it; as, quoth he. Quoth is supposed by some to be derived from quod which is sometimes used for quoth in old English works.

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

§ 169. Impersonal verbs are those which can be used only in the third-person singular, from the nature of the subject to which they refer; as, it rains, it snows, it thaws, it thunders, it lightens, it hails. The pronoun it which is always joined to these verbs,

FIRST COURSE.

What are defective verbs? What are impersonal verbs? What does the pronoun it joined with these verbs represent?

SECOND COURSE.

When is ought varied? When is quoth used?

represents no particular noun, but simply a state or condition of things.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"The general gave orders to his soldiers."

What part of speech is gave? § 122. Why? § 122? Conjugate it? § 149. Regular or irregular? § 167. Why? 167. What kind? § 125. Why? § 125.

What mode?

135. Why? § 135. What tense? § 142. Why? § 142. What number? § 147. 147. Why? § 147. What person ? § 148. Why? 148. What is its subject-nominative ? General.

EXAMPLES FOR PARSING.

Then Jesus said unto them, Go2 your way and tell John what things ye have seen and heard,' how that the blind see. Saul hath slain his thousands. Till moons shall wax and wane no more. He treads the lonely halls. Think' on me when it shall be well with thee. He wore his cloak when I first beheld' him, but soon laid1 it aside.

of men.

"Did you admire my lamp, quoth he,

As much as I your minstrelsy."

But Beware7

It rained violently. It thaws slowly to-day. It snows.

PARTICLES.

§ 170. The parts of speech not inflected, are called particles. They consist of adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. To which of these parts the different particles belong, depends much upon their construction in a sentence. The same particle may be an adverb in one construction, a preposition in another, and a conjunction in another.

ww

FIRST COURSE.

What are the parts of speech called which are not inflected? Name them. How may we know to which of these parts the different particles belong?

ADVERBS.

§ 171. An adverb is a particle used to modify or limit the meaning of a verb, a participle, an adjective or another adverb; as, "James studies diligently;" "he is remarkably faithful."

§ 172. Adverbs may be divided into classes according to the nature of the modification denoted by them.

§ 173. There are four classes of adverbs; adverbs of time, of manner, of place and of quantity.

§ 174. Adverbs of time are those which answer to the question when? how often?

REMARK. Adverbs of time admit of the following subdivisions; viz.:

1. Of present time; as, forthwith, immediately, instantly, now, presently, to-day.

2. Of past time; as, ago, anciently, already, erewhile, formerly, heretofore, hitherto, lately, recently, since, yesterday. 3. Of future time; as, erelong, henceforth, hereafter, soon,

to-morrow.

4. Of absolute time; as, always, ago, continually, eternally, ever, never, perpetually.

5. Of relative tiwe; as, after, as-far-as, as-soon-as, as-longas, before, betimes, early, late, long, seasonably, till, then, until when, while, whilst.

6. Of repeated time; as, again, daily, anon, frequently, monthly, occasionally, often, oft, once, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, thrice, weekly, yearly.

etc.

7. Of ordinal time; as, first, secondly, thirdly, fourthly,

§ 175. Those adverbs which answer to the question, how? are called adverbs of manner.

FIRST COURSE.

How may adverbs be divided into classes?
What are they? What is an adverb of

What is an adverb? How many classes are there? time? Of manner?

SECOND COURSE.

Of how many subdivisions will adverbs of time admit? Name them.

REMARK 1. These admit of the following subdivisions: 1. Of affirmation; as, aye, amen, doubtless, certainly, forsooth, indeed, surely, truly, undoubtedly, verily, yea, yes.

2. Of quality; as, as well as, foolishly, unjustly, quickly, well, wisely, etc.

3. Of cause; as, why, wherefore.

4. Of mode; as, across, apart, asunder, else, however, howsoever, how, like, much, necessary, otherwise, particularly, so, somehow, thus, together.

5. Of doubt; as, haply, perhaps, perchance, peradventure, possibly.

6. Of negation; as, no, nay, not, nowise.

REM. 2. When the following adverbs, why, wherefore, where, whether, whence, whereto, and whereunto, are used to ask questions, they are interrogatives, yet belong to the same classes under which they are arranged.

§ 176. Those adverbs which answer to the question where? whither? or whence? are called adverbs of place.

REMARK. Adverbs of place, admit of the following subdivisions :

1. "Of place in which;" as, above, about, around, anywhere, below, elsewhere, everywhere, here, hereabout, nowhere, somewhere, thereabout, there, wherever, within, without, whereabout, where, herein, yonder.

2. "Of place to which;" as, backwards, back, down, downwards, forth, forwards, hither, in, inwards, thereunto, thereto, thither, whereto, whereunto, whither.

3. "Of place from which;" as, away, hence, out, thence, whence.

4. "Of the order of place;" as, first, second, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly.

177. Those adverbs which answer to the question How much? are called adverbs of quantity.

FIRST COURSE.

What is an adverb of place? Of quantity?

SECOND COURSE.

Of how many subdivisions will adverbs of manner admit? Repeat them. When are the adverbs why, wherefore, where, whether, whence whereto, and whereunto used as interrogatives? What subdivisions do the adverbs of place admit of?