history. bancroft's history of the united states. opie on lying. andrews' and stoddard's latin grammar. locke's essay on the human understanding. stewart's intellectual philosophy. RULES FOR THE USE OF ITALICS. RULE 1. When an author wishes for any purpose to make a word, phrase, or sentence emphatic, it is usually italicised; as, "Truth is the daughter of time." "I did not say a better soldier. RULE 2. A word, phrase, or sentence, is printed in capitals when it is desirable to make it more distinctive than if it were italicised; as, OBSERVATION and EXPERIMENT constitute the basis of the science of mechanics. RULE 3. When a sentence italicised contains a word or phrase which it is desirable to distinguish from others, it should be written in capitals or Roman letters; as, one great means of the student's success is perseverance. To find the surface of a .REGULAR SOLID. RULE 4. Words used as such, should be italicised; as, "The relative that represents both persons and things." REM. In the common English version of the Bible, the words not found in the original are italicised; as, "For who maketh thee to differ from others?" RULE 5. When words and phrases from foreign languages are introduced into English, they should be italicised; as, "They went en masse to the fair;" "This is an argument à priori.” SECOND COURSE. What is the first rule for the use of Italics? What, the second? What, the third? What, the fourth? What, the fifth? What is the substance of the remark under the fourth rule? RULE 6. In writing, the words to be italicised, should be underlined; as, "Man is influenced by hopes as well as fears." SYLLABLES AND WORDS. 15. A syllable is one or more letters enounced by a single impulse of the voice, and forms either a whole word or only a part of it; as, man, manners, good, goodness. § 16. Words are the medium of expressing thought and feeling, and may contain one or more syllables; as hope, happiness. § 17. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable; of two, a dissylable; of three, a trissyllable; of four or more, a polysyllable. § 18. There are two kinds of words, primitive and derivative. § 19. A primitive word is one that cannot be reduced to a simpler form; as, man, tree. 20. A derivative word is derived from a simpler word; as, manhood, greatness. § 21. Words are simple and compound. § 22. A simple word is not united with another word; as, youth, love, boy. $23. A compound word is composed of two or more simple words; as, watchman, hopeless. § 24. Those words that are uniformly compounded are consolidated; as, schoolmaster, scholarship, penmanship. Those that are occasionally united are joined with a hyphen; as, spelling-book, singing-school. FIRST COURSE. What is a syllable? What are words? What is a word of one syllable called? of two? of three? of four or more? How many kinds of words are there? What are primitive words? What, derivatives? What other division has words? What is a simple word? What, a compound? What are consolidated compounds? SECOND COURSE. What is the sixth rule for the use of italics? DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. § 25. Every word has as many syllables as separate vowels and diphthongs. A correct division is attained, therefore, when the consonants are united with their proper vowels and diphthongs. RULES FOR THE DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. RULE 1. When a consonant occurs between two vowels, it should be joined with the latter syllable; as, desire, reform, renounce. Exc. In compound words the consonant is joined with the former syllable; as, uneven, unoccupied. RULE 2. Two consonants occurring together, adapted to begin a syllable, should not be separated; as, rifle, noble, gracious. RULE 3. Two consonants occurring between two vowels and not adapted to begin a syllable, should be separated; as, efficient, ebbing, error, utmost. RULE 4. Three consonants occurring in the middle of a word adapted to begin a word, the preceding vowel being long, should not be separated; as, describe, dethrone. But when the preceding vowel is short, one of the consonants should be joined with it; as, distrust, entangle, contract. RULE 5. If three or more consonants, not adapted to begin a word, FIRST COURSE. How many syllables have all words? SECOND COURSE. What is the first rule for the division of words into syllables? What, the second? What, the third? What, the fourth? What, the fifth ? occur between two vowels, those that can properly begin a syllable belong to the latter, the rest to the former syllable; as, abbreviate, congress, transgress. RULE 6. Two vowels coming together, and not being diphthongs, should be divided into separate syllables; as, denial, society. RULE 7. Compound words should be divided into the simple words of which they are composed; as, undergo, oversee. RULE 8. Grammatical and other particular terminations are generally separated from the principal word; as, teachest, teaching, teacher, greater, falsehood. A word at the end of a line may be divided if neceesary, but a syllable never should be divided. SPELLING. § 26. Spelling is expressing words by their proper letters. REM. This subject is attended with much difficulty and uncertainty, because all do not regard the same standard and the same rules of orthography. Different lexicographers and authors sometimes spell the same word differently, and many words are not spelled according to the analogy of similar words. A correct knowledge of spelling must, therefore, be acquired principally from the spelling-book and dictionary, and from a strict attention in reading. The following general rules may render some assistance to the scholar in acquiring a knowledge of this subject. What is spelling? FIRST COURSE. SECOND COURSE. What is the sixth rule for the division of words into syllables? What, the seventh? What, the eighth? What, the ninth ? RULES FOR SPELLING. RULE 1. Monosyllables ending with f, l, or s, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant; as, staff, mill, pass; except of, if, is, has, yes, was, gas, his, this, us and thus. False Orthography. A staf is often a support to the aged. But the chaf he will burn with fire unquenchable. The mil was swept away by the flood. Newton was a man of wisdom. There is little attained in any pursuit iff there be no vigorous effort. Washington distinguished himself ass a patriot. The nature of man iss complex. The winter hass been very mild. Troy wass. Hydrogen gass. Are you studying the natural honor that he especially regards. uss not be deceived by flattery. passeth away. sciences? Yess. It is hiss Thiss life iss uncertain. Let Thuss the glory of the world RULE 2. When words end with any other consonant than ƒ, l, or s, the final letter is not doubled; as, war, penmanship; except add, ebb, odd, egg, inn, err, burr, purr, butt, buzz, and some proper names. False Orthography. The seas Warr is a great scourge to man. A thingg cannot be and not be att the same time. Superior scholarshipp is attained onlyy by greatt effortt. James was an od child. dayy. The crocodile is produced An in in Persia is similar to a tavern in America. To er is human. eb and floww once eachh from an eg. RULE 3. Y final, preceded by a consonant, is changed into i before an additional syllable; as, happy, happier; easy, easier. SECOND COURSE. What is the first rule for spelling? What, the second? What, the |