carry, carriest; merry, merriest; except before ing, y is retained, that it may not be doubled; as, study, studying; carry, carrying. When words end with ie, the e is dropped, and i is changed into y; as, lie, lying; die, dying. False Orthography. John was happyer than his brother James. It is easyer to tell what we shall do than to do it. An Elephant often carryes heavy burthens upon his back. The boys are studiing. The birds are fling. I saw a drunkard liing in the street. "By faith, Isaac, when he was diing, blessed both the sons of Jacob." Heb. xi. 21. RULE 4. When y final is preceded by a vowel, it is not changed upon assuming an additional letter or syllable; as, toy, toys; alloy, alloying; except lay, say, pay, from which are formed laid, said, paid; and their compounds unlaid, unsaid, unpaid, etc. False Orthography. Children are delighted with tois. Ye vallies rise. The wais of virtue are pleasant. Monkeis in some respects resemble a human being. Pray alwais. RULE 5. When monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, end with a single consonant preceded by a vowel, their final consonant is doubled before an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as, job, jobber; begin, beginning; thin, thinnish; general, generally. But "x final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled." False Orthography. Error is often commited inadvertently. A father regreted deeply the loss of his son. The fear of the Lord is the beginadmited to stations of respecta ing of wisdom. Many are bility and honor who possess neither worth nor desert. He pened a few lines as a sample of his style of writing. SECOND COURSE. What is the fourth rule for spelling? What, the fifth? RULE 6. When a final consonant is preceded by a diphthong, or when the accent is on the preceding syllable, it should not be doubled before an additional syllable; as, toil, toiling; offer, offering; visit, visited. False Orthography. Toilling I cry, sweet spirit, come! The heathen worship their idols with offerrings. We visitted the museum. The prolixxity of his discourse was tedious. He grovelled in the dirt. RULE 7. Final e is usually omitted before an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as, note, notable; rove, roving; except when words end with le and ge; the e is retained before able or ous to preserve the soft sound of e and g; as, charge, chargeable; peace, peaceable; outrage, outrageous. False Orthography. He was a noteable man. Judas was a noteable character. This is a loveing child. Man is usually hopeing for the better. Many are chargable with crimes. A peacable temper is of great value. RULE 8. When words end with any double letter and take ness, less, ly, or ful, after them, the letter is preserved doubled; as, hopeless, hopelessness; success, successful. Except fulfil, in which one / is omitted. False Orthography. In order to be succesful we must be energetic and persevering; for the hopelesness of despair accomplishes nothing. He acknowledged his error fuly and entirely. He fullfilled to the very letter, all that he had promised. RULE 9. E final is usually retained before additional syllables be SECOND COURSE. What is the sixth rule for spelling? What, the seventh? What, the eighth? What, the ninth? ginning with a consonant; as, paleness, guileless, closely, peaceful; except in a few words; as, due, duly; awe, awful; judge, judgment lodge, lodgment. False Orthography. His features soon assumed the palness of death. His heart was perfectly guilless. He was closly pursued to his peacful home. Harrison was duely elected President. He suffered the aweful penalty of the law as a judgment for his crimes. The flood swept away the lodgement of wood which had accumulated in the stream. RULE 10. When words end with ie, the e is dropped, and the i is changed into y before an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as, die, dying; tie, tying; lie, lying. False Orthography. He was in a dieing situation. Having bound him to the tree by tieing him with cords, he left him, so that the poor man passed the whole night in this position without lieing down. RULE 11. When ing or ish is added to words ending with e silent, the e is usually omitted; as, trace, tracing; blue, bluish. False Orthography. After traceing a circle around the coals, he threw some fine powders upon the fire, from which a blueish flame immediately arose several feet in height. RULE 12. Compound words generally retain the orthography of the simple words of which they are composed; as, glasshouse, thereby, hereafter; except in permanent compounds the words full and all generally drop one l; as, already, wel, fare. In compounds connected by a hyphen, the double letter is retained; as, all-wise. SECOND COURSE. What is the tenth rule for spelling? What, the eleventh? What, the twelfth ? False Orthography. "He who lives in a glashouse should not throw stones." He went to court and therby gained his cause. We know not what will be herafter, and yet, already we may judge something of the future wellfare of this country from past experiThe al-wise Providence rules over all things. ence. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. § 27. Etymology teaches the derivation of words, their classification and inflections. REMARK 1. Etymology explains how one word is derived from another; as, from teach, are derived teacher, teachest, teacheth, taught, teaching. From great, are derived greater, greatest, and greatness. REM. 2. Etymology, scientifically viewed, explains the origin and meaning of words, their composition, and decomposition, and their application to things according to the laws of nature and mind. It may be extended not only to the derivation of one word from another, but to the manner of deriving English words from foreign languages. This, however, is the business of the lexicographer and not of the philologist. REM. 3. Etymology teaches also the proper method of classifying words. The object of the classification of words, is practical convenience. The only true principle of classification is the meaning of words according to present use, and not according to their primitive meaning or combinations. Most of the words in the English language express different senses, according to their construction in sentences. Thus, but is used as an adversative conjunction when it denotes opposition; as a preposition when it is used in the sense of except; and as an adverb, when it is used in the sense of only. The noun love, denotes a FIRST COURSE. What does Etymology teach? SECOND COURSE. State the substance of the first remark. Of the second. Of the simple feeling; but when used as a verb, it denotes the exercise of the feeling of love. A different position of words in a sentence, gives them different meanings. REM. 4. Etymology refers to the inflections of words. By inflections are meant the changes which are produced on the termination of words to express their different relations to one another; as, name, names; great, greater; she, hers; friend, friends. REM. 5. The English language is derived chiefly from the Danish, Celtic, Gothic, and Saxon; "but in its progressive stages of refinement, it has been greatly enriched by accessions from the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian and German languages. § 28. The different classes of words are called parts of speech. 29. There are ten parts of speech in English ;— Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection. • REMARK. Words should be classified and parsed according to their constructive meaning. A word whose meaning accords with the definition given to a noun, should be parsed as such. One which accords with the definition of a verb, should be parsed as such, etc., without being governed strictly by its form. PARTS OF SPEECH. The Article. An article is a word placed before nouns, to limit or define their meaning. The Noun. A noun is the name of any object of thought, material or immaterial. FIRST COURSE. What are the different classes of words called? How many parts of speech are there? Name them. SECOND COURSE. State the substance of the fourth remark. Of the fifth. On what principle are words classified? |