Nor unless there has been an open | Forbade navigation during the winter
184 months
169
See Actions at Civil Law. Contracts at
the Civil Law.
denial of justice
The sovereign whose subjects are On the subject of ex post facto laws
complained of must be applied to
in the first instance
185
Various treaties on this subject ibid.
Opinion of the English jurists
Precautions taken in France to pre-
vent letters of reprisal being granted
without sufficient cause
Punishment in case such have been
obtained on false pretences
The right of granting letters of repri-
sal belongs to the sovereign alone,
and cannot be delegated
Reprisals may be granted for a debt,
as well as for an injury done by ac-
tual violence
May be granted to a resident alien, as
well as to a subject
May be enforced on the delinquent's
property in the country of the sove-
reign who granted them
But it must be done by legal means,
and not manu forti
ibid.
Unless there is danger in delay ibid.
SAFE CONDUCT
No protection out of the place for
which it is granted
One who resides in an enemy's coun-
try, under a safe conduct from the
sovereign, may sue and be sued
ibid.
But cannot be sued where he is not
allowed to sue
See Alien Enemy.
In close seas, or within the extent of
the jurisdiction of the sovereign of
the coast, to be given precisely in
such manner as that sovereign re-
quires
an enemy of the Roman people, See Ancient writers on Maritime Law.
who was not a regularly enlisted
The Romans, however, adopted the
law of Solon, permitting private as- SECURITIES OF PRIVATEERS
sociations for the purpose of plun- Not responsible beyond the amount
der, quære?
of their bonds or stipulations 149