There were other Blakes about the same time in the West Indies, whose descendant, a gentleman now resident near Chichester, possesses the sword which Cromwell presented to his ancestor's brother, the Admiral. I have seen it.

In the will of one of the Blakes of Jamaica allusion is made to the family of Burke of Loughrea, in Galway. This connection arose in Barbadoes, where there were many Burkes, from Galway, amongst whom, the names Bridget and Honora were remarkably prevalent. Such coincidences are apt to confuse a subject: I mean of names in certain localities with the same elsewhere. Governor Barwick mentions in his will (recorded in Barbadoes) his cousin, "Mr. Nicholas Blake." I beg to enclose my card for INA.

SPAL.

ARCHERY PROVERBS: DRAWING THE LONG

BOW.

(2nd S. xi. 349.)

This proverb is certainly not "derived" from the dictum quoted-"Rhetoric is like the long bow," &c.-which, I think, is old Coke's or Lord Bacon's; but, obviously, having no reference to the above proverbial sarcasm.

Numerous figurative expressions in all languages indicate the dominant pursuits of the respective nations: ours abounds in habitual phrases testifying to our engrossing avocations in all times, a classified list of which would be very interesting, and I suggest the subject to the learned correspondents of "N. & Q."

There was a time — in the fourteenth centurywhen a Frenchman, Gaston de Foix, said of our ancestors, "Of bows I know not much, but who would know more, let him go to England, for that is truly their business." Will this ever be truly said of us with regard to our now favourite weapon-the rifle? I hope so. However, in the olden time, archery, as the dominant pursuit, gave figures of speech to the language with the very pith of wisdom or Saxon sarcasm. If you made an enemy's machinations recoil upon himself, you "outshot a man in his own bow." If you are a cautious man, "Always have two strings to your bow," and "Get the shaft-hand of your adversaries," or "Draw not thy bow before thy arrow be fixed." Of course if you can "Kill two birds with one shaft," so much the better. Never "shoot wide of the mark" that is, don't make a foolish guess on a subject you know nothing about. Of useless, silly conversation, our ancestors said-"The fool's bolt is soon shot;" and if a man evidently exaggerated, he was said to "draw a long bow."

it was said that he "had a famous bow, but it was up at the Castle." Vain military and other boasters were the many who "talked of Robin Hood, but who never shot his bow."

As it is quite true that no man is a prophet in his own country, it is probable that there may be "many a good bow besides one in Chester famous for its archery. From recent observation, I think the French Chasseurs à pied may say that to our Riflemen. "A word to the wise," &c. "An archer is known by his aim, and not by his arrows; that is, if you are not answerable for your materials, at least show your skill in the modus operandi; or, at all events, don't depend entirely upon your tool. I fancy this is exactly what good old Brown Bess may say at the present moment-gloriously pointing to her victories, which bore our flag triumphant from Egypt to Paris. A. STEINMETZ.

THE SALTONSTALL FAMILY AND THAT OF COPWOOD.

(2nd S. xi. 409. 434.)

A pedigree of Saltonstall is printed in Clutterbuck's History of Hertfordshire, vol. iii. p. 362., commencing with Sir Richard Saltonstall, Lord Mayor of London in 1597-8, who was knighted during his mayoralty on the 30th of April, and buried at South Ókenden in Essex in 1601. Three of his sons were knights, Sir Samuel (knighted 1603), Sir Peter (knighted 1605), and Sir Richard (knighted 1603). The latter Sir Richard, dying Dec. 11, 1609, left a son and heir, also Sir Richard, then aged twenty-three (Morant's Essex, i. 101); and it appears that James I. made two Sir Richard Saltonstalls (besides the knights of 1603), on the 6th Dec. 1617, and the 23 Nov. 1618, both at Newmarket. Sir Samuel Saltonstall is barely mentioned in Clutterbuck's pedigree, without notice of his marriage or issue. The arms of Saltonstall were, Or, a bend between two eagles displayed sable; and a carving in panel lately removed from an old house in Aldgate appeared so closely to resemble them, that when an engraving of it was published last year in the Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archæological Society, Part iii. p. 375., there was supposed to be little doubt that it commemorated this family. It has, however, since been ascertained, on the authority of the Harleian MS. 1463, that the coat is that of an earlier London family, named Copwood, of which the blason is as follows: Argent, a pile issuant from the dexter chief point sable, fimbriated engrailed gules, between two eagles displayed of the last (otherwise vert). The Copwoods were also of Totteridge in Hertfordshire, but are unnoticed by Clutterbuck, except that in his pedigree of Brocket, of Brocket Hall, he shows that William Copwood of Totteridge, married Jane,

daughter of John Brocket, Esq., Sheriff of Hertfordshire and Essex in 1531. Sir James Hawes, Lord Mayor in 1574, married Audrey, daughter of John Copwood, as shown in the Harl. MS. 1463, fol. 6. J. G. N.

The name of Thomas Saltonstall appears in "A List of the Names of the Inhabitants of Barbados in the year 1638, who then possessed more than ten acres of land." The estate bore the name "Saltonstall," and was situate a mile or two below Speight's Town (see Ligon's Map.) Wye Saltonstall (son of Sir Samuel) was the author of "Poems of Ben Johnson, Junior, being a Miscellanie of Seriousness, Wit, Mirth, and Mysterie," 1672; also "Ovid's Heroicall Epistles," englished by W. S., with two title pages; one engraved and dated 1637; the other printed, and dated 1639. At the conclusion of the preface, the work is formally

"dedicated to the vertuous Ladies and Gentlewomen of England," and signed "Wye Saltonstall." ROBERT REECE.

A DESCENDANT will find a pedigree of Saltonstall of Yorkshire in Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis, by Whitaker, 1816, p. 236. Hunter, in South Yorkshire, vol. i. p. 327., states that the manor of Bentley (near Doncaster), is said to have been purchased by Sir Samuel Saltonstall in 6 James; but in a foot-note, the author observes "Perhaps one of the two Sir Richard Saltonstalls, uncle and nephew, is the person meant. The former was Lord Mayor of London, 1595; the latter of Huntwick, a justice of the peace, 1 Charles I., but afterwards went with his children to New England."

Huntwick is in the parish of Wragby, co. York. The family did not appear at the Visitation of Yorkshire by Dugdale, 1665. Probably the visitations of London, about the period of Sir Samuel Saltonstall's connexion with the city (to be seen at the College of Arms), will disclose some information respecting the family and origin of the knight.

C. J.

PUNISHMENT OF DEATH BY BURNING (1st S. ii. 260. &c.; 2nd S. xi. 445. &c.) In connexion with a subject not unfrequently discussed in your pages, I send you the following narrative of the execution of a woman by burning before Newgate, from the Fashionable Magazine for June, 1786, a very short-lived publication. Her name was Phoebe Harris, and she suffered for " terfeiting the coin called shillings." The day's proceedings commenced by the hanging of six male prisoners, at half-past eight in the morning:

coun

"About a quarter of an hour after the platform had dropped, the female convict was led by two officers of justice from Newgate to a stake fixed in the ground between the scaffold and the pump. The stake was about eleven feet high, and near the top of it was inserted a

curved piece of iron, to which the end of the halter was tied. The prisoner stood on a low stool: which, after taken away, she was suspended by the neck, her feet the ordinary had prayed with her a short time, being being scarcely more than twelve or fourteen inches from the pavement. Soon after all signs of life had ceased, two cartloads of faggots were placed round her, and set on fire. The flames presently burning the halter, the convict fell a few inches, and was then sustained by an iron chain passed over her chest, and affixed to the stake. Some scattered remains of the body were perceptible in the fire at half-past ten o'clock."

"Phoebe Harris," we are told, "was a well-made little pale complexion, and not disagreeable features." woman, something more than thirty years of age, of a

Her husband's father and mother, it seems, had both been found guilty of coining some years before, and the former hung.

This execution by burning was probably one of the latest, the punishment having been changed to hanging by the statute 30 Geo. III. c. 48. in 1790. It must be confessed that the details throw some light on the frightful suggestion so quietly made by Blackstone (4 Com. 377.) of "there being very few instances, and those accidental and by negligence, of any person's being embowelled or burned, till previously deprived of sensation I. C. XNS. by strangling."

PRESIDENT LINCOLN (2nd S. xi. 389.) — It appears from the History of Hingham, Ú. S., that that there were six families of this surname, who all came from Hingham and Wymondham, Norfolk, England; viz. Thomas Lincoln, weaver; Thomas Lincoln, cooper; Thomas Lincoln, jun., miller; Stephen Lincoln and Thomas Lincoln, husbandmen; and Samuel Lincoln, who came from old Hingham and settled in the new, or Ameriall of whom bore scriptural surnames, appears the can Hingham. Amongst his numerous descendants, name of Abraham Lincoln, of whom the author of the History, Solomon Lincoln, jun., writes: "Abraham Lincoln resided at Worcester, filled sellor of this Commonwealth.' many public offices, and among them that of counGeneral Lincoln was descended from the cooper. The History of Hingham was published in 1827.

Fulham.

W. H. LAMMIN.

HORSE-SHOE (2nd S. xi. 469.)—The Latin for horse-shoe, in classical authors, consists of two words. Pliny (xxxiii. 49.) records of Poppæa, the Empress of Nero: "jumentis suis soleas ex auro induere.” And of the Emperor, Suetonius writes, "soleis mularum argenteis," when proceeding on his royal progresses. I think Tacitus uses the words "equi solea ferrea," but cannot hit upon the passage. J. L.

The Latin word is solea; and they were made of gold, silver, copper, and iron. Homer speaks of the xаλкómodas (Il. viii. 41.; xiii. 23.) Suetonius of the silver (Nero, 30.), "Nunquam minus

"Ferream ut soleam tenaci in voragine mula." Camels were shod with undressed leather (Arist. Hist. Animal., ii. 1.). The first instance of nails in horse-shoes is furnished by one of a horse buried with Childeric I., who died in 481, which was fastened with nine nails (see Archæologia, iii. 35.). It is clear, from Xenophon, that the horse was not shod in his time ; the expression, περιχηλῶσαι σιδήρῳ (Eq. iv. 4.), having reference to the paving of his stable, not to his shoe. T. J. BUCKTON. EARLIEST NAVY LISTS (2nd S. xi. 450.)-There is in the Library of the Army and Navy Club a small volume containing a number of small pamphlets, entitled Steel's Original and Correct List of the Royal Navy, the first dated and said to be corrected to 7th May, 1781. It consists of twelve pages of names of vessels alphabetically arranged, with the captains' name against them (where known), and has numerous manuscript additions. The number of guns is also given, and the description of the vessel as to build.

These lists are advertised on the fly-leaf to appear monthly, and the price stated to be six

pence.

The volume contains a number of these, but the dates are not consecutive, and the next we have is corrected to 31st December, 1781, and is said to be "Improved," which it most certainly is, as it contains 25 pages, gives a list of the stations of the vessels, of the ships lost, and enemy's ships taken during the war; also a list of the navy agents.

This is the earliest Navy List I have ever met with, and am much inclined to believe it is the first. The very unimportant character of the first one of this set, and its gradual increase in size and information brings me to this conclusion, and another and I might almost say, stronger reason also presents itself.

We have the first Army List that appeared, bearing date 1740, printed by order of the Commons, and it is quite probable that no private speculator would venture upon any lists of that character, with the then existing difficulty in obtaining official information.

JAS. CLIFFORD KETTLEY, Lib. ATTORNEYS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY (2nd S. xi. 368.)—I beg to inform QUERENS that I once had occasion to inquire for the ancient rolls or records of attorneys, and upon being referred to the office at Carlton Ride, Pall Mall, I was informed that there was nothing there earlier than 1700. At the Petty Bag Office, adjoining the

C. J.

REFORM BILL, 1831 (2nd S. xi. 469.) — G. will find Lord Brougham's speech of the 7th Oct. 1831, in the collected edition of his speeches, 4 vols. 8vo., published by A. and C. Black, Edinburgh, 1838; vol. ii. pp. 559–630. W. H.

CATS (2nd S. xi. 307. 437.)—I well remember a male cat, known all over his neighbourhood by the name and fame of "Roger; a large and handsome fellow he was; and, albeit as grave as an archbishop, a mighty hunter of rabbits. He was authenticated in our family as having been kittened in the year of their settling in Worcester, 1760, though I knew him only in his patriarchal days. To everybody's regret, and to my especial grief, Roger died of old age in 1787, his twentyseventh year.

To this authentic record of a time-honoured puss, let me add the not less veracious story of a young one. In the same house, and while we were hardly out of mourning for Roger, one of our lady cats - we had seldom so few as half-adozen-increased her family; and a kitten was in due time sent, carefully basketed, to a friend at the furthest extremity of the town, at least three miles' distance. Madame Mère made an awful tapage on discovering the abduction, but disappeared in the course of the evening. When the street door was first opened next morning, in she composedly walked with the lost one in her mouth, and replaced it on her own particular cushion. How she traced her progeny, or how she made her way to and from its new dwellingplace, must be explained by deeper knowledge than mine in the mysteries of animal instinct.

The taste for door-mats (p. 307.), an article insipid enough in dry weather, and in wet more succulent than savoury-is equally beyond my Cat-ena rationalis. I wish that H. FISKINELL would do me a bit of botany, and say whether Nemophylla (p. 437.) is the scientific term for Valerian, whereon the quadrupedal Garibaldi would roll and revel as vigorously as his bipedal namesake disported himself in Naples. To conclude: "the kneading action of the paws" is not an "eccentricity"; it is as natural an expression as purring. CARABAS.

CANDACE (2nd S. xi. 468.)- The only authority I can find in verse, for the Latin pronunciation of this name, is Joannes Baptista Spagnoli Mantuanus, who wrote at the end of the fifteenth

century:

"Atque apud Eunuchum Reginæ Candăcis actos; " making the penultimate short, which is conformable to Lempriere, Labbe, and Ainsworth. The

"This great but unhappy man (Roger Mortimer, Earl of March), left issue four sons; viz. Edmund his eldest son (who had not the title of Earl of March, his father's attainder being not reversed in his time); 2. Sir Roger; 3. Sir Geffrey, Lord of Cowyth; and John, slain in a tournament at Shrewsbury. And seven daughters; viz. Katherine, wife of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick; Joan, married to James, Lord Audley; Agnes, to Lawrence de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke; Margaret, to Thomas, son and heir of Maurice, Lord Berkeley; Maude, to John, the son and heir of John de Cherleton, Lord of Powys; Blanche, to Peter de Grandison; and Beatrix, first to Edward, son and heir to Thomas of Brotherton, Earl Marshal of England, and afterwards to Sir

Thomas de Braose."

MR. CROMEK will here see, in answer to his second Query, that Catherine Mortimer, Countess of Warwick, was the eldest daughter of the said Roger Mortimer. JOHN WILLIAMS.

Arno's Court.

Roger Mortimer "married Joane, daughter and heyre of Peter Jamuile, Lord of Mede, Vaucolour, and Trime in Ireland, and had issue, Edmond Mortimer, knighted at the coronation of King Edward the Third, with his brother, Sir Roger Mortimer and Geffrey Mortimer, Lord of Cowich; John, the fourth sonne of this Roger, was slaine at a justing at Shrewsbury; Katherine, the eldest daughter, was married to Thomas Beauchamp, Earle of Warwicke; Joane, married to James, Lord Audley; Agnes, married to Lawrence Hastings, Earle of Pembroke; Margaret, married to Thomas, sonne and heyre of Maurice, Lord Berkeley; Mauld, married to Sir John Charlton, Lord of Powis; Blanch, wife to Peter, Lord Grandison; and Beatrix, the seaventh daughter, was married, first to Edward, sonne and heire of Thomas of Brotherton, Earle of Norfolke, and after to Thomas Brews.". -A Discoverie of Errours, p. 325. By Augustine Vincent, &c. 1622.

W. S.

LA FÊTE DE LA RAISON (2nd S. xi. 407.) Some account of a person said to have been the Goddess of Reason is given in The Visitor for 1847, p. 53., in the form of an extract from the Christian Guardian, and she is there stated to have been a relative of the then Archbishop of Canterbury, and Speaker of the House of Commons.

S. O. OFFICIAL DRESS (2nd S. xi. 350.) — In many cases DR. FRASER is undoubtedly correct in supposing that what is now an official dress was the ordinary dress of some former period.

Such, for instance, is clearly the case with the full-bottomed wigs worn by the judges and others. The round wig, till lately worn by bishops, was at one time the usual head-dress of clergymen of any standing; witness old portraits and the prints of Dr. Syntax. In other cases, what is now worn, is a mere symbolism of the original article of dress.

This is the case with respect to the bands of clergymen and lawyers, and the gorget till recently borne by officers in the army when on duty.

I offer these observations not as containing anything new, but for the purpose of illustrating the sort of interest that attaches to the subject; and if DR. FRASER would pursue the investigation, I have no doubt that he would receive from your learned correspondents, much information and assistance. NINEVEH.

QUOTATION (2nd S. xi. 330.)-From the Dunciad, book iv. line 187.::-

"May you, my Cam, and Isis, preach it long,

The RIGHT DIVINE of Kings to govern wrong.'" The second line is marked with inverted commas, but I doubt whether this was done to indicate a quotation. It appears to be rather a mode of punctuation, not unusually adopted by Pope, as in the following instance, from the Essay on Man, Ep. iv.:

"Know thou this truth (enough for Man to know), 'Virtue alone is Happiness below.'"

YERAC.

THE VIKINGS (2nd S. xi. 50.) - Your correspondent S. K. P., who inquired respecting the derivation and meaning of the word vikings, and to whom you replied, would probably be gratified by a perusal of the Oxford Prize Poem for this year, the subject being The Vikings. The poem was heard with great favour when recited at the Commemoration. J. MACRAY.

Oxford.

HENCHMAN (2nd S. xi. 269.) — There is a still nearer approach to the original form of this name in a family still residing near Salisbury, the Hinxmans of Durnford, whose arms, to be seen on a monument to the memory of a member of the family, are, I believe, identical with those by your correspondent DR. HITCHMAN of Liverpool, proving the common ancestry of the several variations of the name. Hinchman will also be found in Burke's Armory. The family of Hinxman are no doubt descended from Dr. Henchman, who was created Bishop of Salisbury in 1660. One or two similar variations in the orthography of proper names will be found in Byles for Boyle, bearing arms nearly identical, and Grimes and Graham, which also bear evident traces of common origin in the coat armour assigned to each, as a comparison of the names will show in Burke's

Armory, or similar work. Others may no doubt be readily found, but I write from memory only, the instances adduced being as remarkable for affinity as any. HENRY W. S. TAYLOR. TULIPANTS (2nd S. xi. 410.) — Tulipant, tulip, and turban would seem to be the same word. The word turban is found written turbant, turibant, turbat, and tolibant; and is derived from the Per sic dólband, lit. hull- cover- or case-band; but the more appropriate word is sarband, i. e. "headband." In Turcic it is also called sarik. I have read somewhere that a squadron of Turks in fez gives one the idea of a bed of tulips. Cf. Cotgrave, "Tulipan;" Ménage, "Tulipe; " Voss. Vit. Serm., p. 307.; Meursius; Leunclav., Hist. Muss.; Bustuc, Ambass. de Turq.; and Bodæus on Theophr., p. 1171. Ŕ. S. CHARNOCK.

WINKLEY FAMILY (2nd S. xi. 317.)- May I ask your correspondent J. E. C. if he can give me any information as to the parentage of Walter and William Winkley (brothers), the former having resided at Lutton, Lincolnshire, in 1702, and the latter (a yeoman) in the same place, from 1709 till 1742, the registers of that parish and the neighbourhood having failed to supply the information ?

Although I have evidence that members of the family resided at Cowbit, from 1610 till 1700 and later, the registers supply no entry of the name prior to 1700. W.

THE UNBURIED AMBASSADORS (2nd S. viii. 500., &c.)-Paul Hentzner, in his description of Westminster Abbey, mentions the tomb of Henry V., and says:

"Near this lies the coffin of Catherine, unburied, and to be opened by any one that pleases. On the outside is this inscription:

"Fair Catherine is at length united to her Lord.
A.D. 1437. Shun idleness.""

Pepys, in his Diary, Feb. 23rd, 1668-9, mentions the sight of the body of the Queen in an open coffin, and says he was told the body was taken up when Henry VII.'s Chapel was built. It is mentioned as late as Dart's time. Could this be the origin of the story of the unburied Ambassadors? A. A.

Poets' Corner.

THE COLONNADE PILLARS OF CARLTON HOUSE (2nd S. xi. 406.)—J. G. N. will find them the ornament and support of one of the orangeries in Kew Gardens, concerning which I refer to the Guide Book. While on this subject, let me notice that the last relics of Old Clarendon House are disappearing from Piccadilly. One of the two wellknown pilasters, at the entrance to Three Kings' Yard, has been carried away in the destruction of the Old Gloucester Coffee House. Walking the other day through Egham to Virginia Water, I saw in the front wall over a beer-shop in that

town, two large carved medallions; one representing Æneas and Anchises; the other, Hector and Andromache. As far as I could examine them from the ground, they are very beautiful; but I do not at all believe the solemn assurance made to me that they were relics of Chertsey Abbey. I was further told they were carved, but they had a suspicious look of being "cast." Does any account

of them exist? There are two relics of ancient structures which have had a diverse fate. Out of the stones of Old London Bridge was erected Alderman Harmer's house at Erith. From the stones of that old House of Detention, the Bastille, was built the bridge which crosses the Seine, opposite the "Chambre des Deputés." J. DORAN.

HOURS (2nd S. xi. 307. 417.)-All the sundials I have ever seen represent hours of a length stand how they could be made to do so by the not "varying with the season," nor do I undershadow of a fixed gnomon, which advances 15° of revolution round the earth. the circle in the 24th part of the sun's apparent

Theoretically at least an instrument might be falling on a shaded plane. This spot would, of constructed like a "meridian," with a spot of light

course, become more distant from the south as the sun's altitude diminished with the season, and vice versâ ; so that some 183 or 4 arcs might be drawn, which of course would differ in length as the sun was longer above the horizon, and it would be easy to divide each of these into 12 equal parts. I do not, however, see how practically any hole could be made that would show the spot for more than a short time, and also with sufficient distinctness; more holes than one might, however, be made.

In comparatively low latitudes, however, the difference in the day's length is comparatively insignificant; and, as they had not attempted chronometers, the ancients probably got on well enough by setting their clocks or clepsydras every evening, as the modern Romans and Neapolitans used (till lately at all events) to set their watches when they heard the Ave Maria bell! They then began their day half an hour after sunset, I believe, and counted 24 hours, calling the Ave Maria time, Le venti-tre. J. P. O.

It appears that in Japan the day is still reckoned from sunrise to sunset, and the hours are consequently of unequal length. See Oliphant's Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission, vol. ii. p. 218.

LUMEN.

SPARROW-HAWK AND ROBIN (2nd S. xi. 426.) — A hawk, disabled from taking his prey in the way nature has taught him to take it, and at the same time well fed, will probably feel no desire to attack small birds. The sparrow when full-grown is a "hard-billed" bird, feeding on seeds and grain, and therefore unable to share the hawk's