[Taylor v. Fomby.] magnetic variation of 24 degrees east." Perryman, in his testimony, states that he ran the line north to the bank of the Tallapoosa river, at a magnetic variation of 6 degrees east, the same variation as that indicated on the field notes by which the United States survey was made. The evidence tended to show that Perryman's survey was made by and according to the monuments and landmarks as were indicated on the field notes by which the original survey was made by the government. It also tended to show that Jones, in his survey, did not discover these natural landmarks, and he was guided more by courses and distances. It was further shown that one Joseph Curry, a county surveyor, ran this line in 1856, without the aid of field notes, but set the compass so as to make the line run to meet the line exactly opposite the same section line at the north bank of the Tallapoosa river, and that the line Curry ran was the same as the one run by Perryman. The line run by Perryman was considerably west of the one run by Jones, and defendant built his fence on the line run by Jones and took possession of the land lying west of the fence. Plaintiff's witnesses testified, that more than forty years ago, a fence had been built along the Curry line, through the cleared land, (a part of the land between the owners on each side of the line having been cleared and a part being still in the woods), and had been used for a great part of the time since, by the owners of the land on each side of the line as the dividing line between said section; that said line had been so recognized by them, and that plaintiff had been in possession of the land sued for before March, 1896, for about thirty years. To each of the questions calling for this testimony, the defendant separately objected, and upon the court's overruling each of their objections and allowing the questions to be answered, and the testimony to go to the jury, the defendant separately excepted to each of such rulings. These rulings, respectively, constitute the grounds for the 1st, 2d and 3d assignments of error. After the court had admitted such testimony, it instructed the jury that they could only look to it, if true, as a circumstance to be considered by them, together with all the other evidence in the cause in determining [Taylor v. Fomby.] whether the true line had been run by the United States surveyors. Upon the introduction of all the evidence the court in its oral charge instructed the jury that "the magnetic variation of the needle from the true meridian had no bearing or influence in the case." To this part of the court's oral charge the defendant separately excepted. The giving of this instruction constituted the basis of the 4th assignment of error. The defendant also separately excepted to the court's refusal to give each of the following charges requested by him (1.) "If the jury believe the evidence, you will find for the defendant. (2.) "The magnetic variation since the original Government survey of the line in question, has been and is now from an easterly to a westerly direction, and that if surveyor Perryman run the line without regard to this variation, then you must find for the defendant." There were verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. The defendant appeals, and assigns as error the several rulings of the trial court to which exceptions were reserved. STELL BLAKE, for appellant.-The evidence allowed to be introduced by the plaintiff as to the building of the fence along the line in question, and the possession by the plaintiff of the land inclosed by such fence, was hearsay, and, therefore, inadmissible.-1 Greenl. on Evidence, § 448; Payne v. Crawford, 102 Ala. 399. The court's instruction to the jury that the magnetic variation of the needle from the true meridian had no bearing or influence in the case was erroneous, since it invaded the province of the jury and ignored the evidence introduced in the case.-11 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, note 2, p. 238; Nelson v. Shelby Manfg. Co., 96 Ala. 517. The United States statutes make the field notes the primary and best evidence of boundary.-Rev. Stat. U. S., § 2396. And in surveying by field notes, courses and distances must be ascertained with reference to the magnetic meridian.—2 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 502, 508; Tiedeman on Real Property, §§ 831, 832, 839; Gillespie's Land Surveying, p. 189; Bryan v. Beckley, 12 Amer. Dec. 276; Home Protec. of N. Ala. v. Whidden, [Taylor v. Fomby.] 103 Ala. 204. Therefore the first charge requested by the defendant should have been given. 3. The court takes judicial notice of the magnetic variation of the needle from the true meridian, and also of the surveys of the land of Alabama.-12 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 196; Knabe v. Burden, 88 Ala. 436. J. W. OLIVER, contra.-In this case, where the loca tion of the line was in dispute, evidence for the plaintiff that she had been in possession of the land up to the Curry and Perryman line, was clearly admissible to aid the jury in determining where the true line ran. The court, in its charge limited the effect of the evidence to this; besides the appellant did not ask any written charge limiting the effect of the evidence.-Boardman v. Reed, 6 Peters 341; Tiedeman on Real Property, 832; Budd v. Brooke, 43 Amer. Dec. 321; Heaton v. Hodges, 30 Amer. Dec. 731. HARALSON, J.-The 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th assignments of error are without merit. That boundaries may be proved by hearsay, and by the long acquiescence of parties in a designated boundary as being the true one, is not to be questioned. Landmarks very frequently are of perishable materials, which soon decay or are destroyed. It is important, therefore, that hearsay, if pertinent and material to the issues between the parties, should be received to establish ancient boundaries.Boardman v. Reed, 6 Peters (U. S.) 341. It is also well settled, that if one of two adjacent landowners extend his fence so as to embrace within his inclosure lands belonging to his neighbor, in ignorance of the true boundary line between them, and with no intention of claiming such extended area, but intending to claim adversely only to the real and true boundary line, wherever it may be, such possession will not be adverse or hostile to the true owner. But if the fence is believed to be the true line, and the claim of ownership is to the fence, even though the established division is erroneous, a different rule will apply, as has been held; for, in such case, there is a clear intention to claim to the fence as the true line, and the possession does not originate in an admitted possibility of a mistake.-Alexander v. Wheeler, 69 Ala. 340; Bernstein v. Humes, 75 Ala. 244; s. c. 72 Ala. 556. [Taylor v. Fomby.] The evidence admitted tended to show without dispute, that the plaintiff had been in possession of the disputed premises for about thirty years; that a fence had been built for a part of the way, upon a line established by a survey made by Joseph Curry, a county surveyor, in 1856; that the owners of the land in section 9, had recognized the Curry line as the true line; that said line had been recognized by the owners on each side of the line, as the dividing line between each section, up to the time of the Jones survey in March, 1896, a period of about forty years. After a witness had so testified, the court explained to the jury, that they could only look to this testimony, if true, as a circumstance to be considered by them, together with all the other evidence in the cause, as determining where the true line had been run by the United States surveyors. This explanation placed the evidence admitted, certainly, on unassailable grounds. 2. The first charge requested by defendant, was properly refused. The two surveys by Jones and Perryman, both introduced in evidence to show where the line surveyed by the United States government ran, were in conflict, and the evidence in the cause was altogether such as ought to have been submitted to the jury, as was done. 3. As to the second charge, we may appropriately repeat what has been so well said by Mr. Freeman, in his notes to the case of Heaton v. Hodges, 14 Me. 66, reported in 30 Am. Dec. 731: "As a result of the general rule already referred to, that where different parts of the description in a deed or patent conflict, those particulars which are most stable and certain, and least liable to be mistaken, are to prevail, it has been the established rule of construction, that a description of boundaries by known and visible natural and artificial monuments or landmarks, is generally to be preferred to a description by courses and distances and other measurements. A principle of law, so well and so long settled, does not require the citation of authorities to support it." As illustrative of the various applications of this rule, numerous authorities are appended. The learned annotator makes the further statement of the rule, that "courses and distances are the next most certain items of description, after calls for monuments. natural or artificial, to which alone they yield.—Chad [Taylor v. Fomby.] burne v. Mason, 48 Me. 389. In the absence of calls for monuments, therefore, or if the monuments called for can not be found, the courses and distances control quantity, and all other less definite terms of description." In establishing an original line of survey, according to the field notes used in such survey; attention is given, therefore, first to calls for natural or artificial monuments, and if these are not to be found, to courses and distances, with the variation of the needle from the true meridian as indicated for the original survey on the field notes. Perryman ran his line by the natural monuments indicated, and by coincident courses and distances indicated, and established it by the monuments. Curry ran his line without field notes, by setting "the compass [as is stated] so as to make the line run to meet the line exactly opposite the same section line at the north bank of the Tallapoosa river," and his line coincided with Perryman's. Jones professed to run his line by calls on field notes, the same as used by Perryman. The general rule is that all disputes as to the boundaries of land are governed by the United States surveys, unless there is some statute of the State to the contrary; and the United States statutes make the field notes and plats of the original surveyor the primary and controlling evidence of boundary.-Tiedeman on Real Property, § 832; 24 Am. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 1002. In this State, the lines of sections and subdivisions thereof, are to be located by the original government survey.-Code of 1886, § 84, sub-divs. 13, 14, 15, and § 832. In these surveys, north and south lines are to be run, according to the true meridian, (U. S. Stat. § 2395); and it has been held, that where the lines are obvious, they must be followed, though made on an assumed or wrong magnetic variation.-Bonney v. McLeod, 38 Miss. 393. And, it is only when lost lines and corners are to be renewed, due allowance must be made for the variation of the magnetic needle from the true meridian.-Bryan v. Beckley, 12 Am. Dec. 276; Budd v. Brooke, 3 Gill, 198; s. c. 43 Am. Dec. 321. In the latter case it is said: "In changing the course to gratify a call, the line is run accordingly, either to east or to the west, without regard to the fact, whether, from the date of the original survey to the time of the location of the line, and variation of the needle has been to the east or to the west," |