TOTAL PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON.

The following table shows the production of pig iron in the United States as far as has been recorded. The statistics for 1854 and all succeeding years were collected by the American Iron and Steel Association; those for 1810, 1840, and 1850 are census figures; those for the other years are largely estimates by early statisticians.

Production of pig iron in the United States, 1810–1909, in long tons.

In the following table are given the average monthly prices of the principal kinds of pig iron for 1908 and 1909:

Average monthly prices per ton of pig iron, 1908 and 1909, by months and kinds.

PRODUCTION OF STEEL BY STATES AND KINDS.

The year 1908 marked an epoch in steel making, as during this year the production of open-hearth steel passed that of Bessemer steel.

The records of the year 1909 show that, although the production of Bessemer steel greatly surpassed that of 1908, the decline in the output of this variety of steel apparently has begun, for it fell below that of any other year since 1904.

The following table shows the production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings in the leading States from 1905 to 1909, inclusive:

Production of Bessemer ingots and castings, 1905-1909, by States, in long tons.

In the following table is given the production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings in the leading States from 1905 to 1909, inclusive: Production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings, 1905–1909, by States, in long tons.

The following table gives the production, by States, of basic and acid open-hearth steel ingots and castings in 1909:

Production of basic and acid open-hearth steel ingots and castings in 1909, by States, in

long tons.

The following table gives the production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in 1908 and 1909:

Production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in 1908 and 1909, by States, in long tons.

The statistics of the production of various kinds of steel, so far as has been recorded, are given in the following table. The first steel produced in this country was probably made in Connecticut in 1728 by Samuel Higley and Joseph Dewey. Crucible steel was first successfully produced in the United States in 1832 at the works of William and John H. Garrard, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Bessemer steel was first made in this country in September, 1864, by William F. Durfee at an experimental plant at Wyandotte, Mich., and openhearth steel in 1864 by the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company at Trenton, N. J.

Production of steel in the United States, 1810-1909, in long tons.

Production of steel in the United States, 1810–1909, in long tons—Continued.

ALABAMA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Various reports.

Anon. Iron and zinc in southeastern Virginia: Eng. and Min. Jour., November 7, 1908, p. 908.

ARCHER, G. F. Future of Adirondack iron: Sibley Jour. Eng., June, 1908.

BOYD, C. R. The mineral wealth of southwestern Virginia: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 5, 1877, pp. 81-92; vol. 8, 1880, pp. 338-348.

Resources of southwest Virginia, New York, 1881, 321 pp.

The economic geology of the Bristol and Big Stone Gap section of Tennessee and Virginia: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 15, 1887, pp. 114-141.

Middlesboro, Ky.: Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 49, 1890, pp. 171-173. BOWRON, W. M. The origin of Clinton red fossil ore in Lookout Mountain, Alabama: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 36, 1905, pp. 587-604.

BURCHARD, E. F. The iron ores of the Brookwood district, Alabama: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 260, 1905, pp. 321-334.

The Clinton or red ores of the Birmingham district, Alabama: Bull. U. S.

Geol. Survey No. 315, 1907, pp. 130–151.

The brown iron ores of the Russellville district, Alabama: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 315, 1907, pp. 152–160.

The Clinton iron ore deposits in Alabama: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 39, 1908, pp. 997-1055.

Tonnage estimates of Clinton iron ore in the Chattanooga district of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 380, 1909, pp. 169-187. BURCHARD, E. F., BUTTS, CHARLES, and ECKEL, E. C.: Iron ores, fuels, and fluxes of the Birmingham district, Alabama: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 400, 1909. BUTTS, CHARLES. Economic geology of the Kittanning and Rural Valley quadran- ́ gles, Pennsylvania: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 279, 1906, pp. 171–174. CAMPBELL, J. L. The Virginias, Staunton, Va., 1880-1885, 6 vols. CATLETT, C. A new theory of the genesis of brown hematite ores and a new source of sulphur supply. (Discussion of paper by H. M. Chance): Bi-mo. Bull. No. 24, Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 1908.

Iron ores of the Potsdam formation in the valley of Virginia: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 29, 1899, pp. 308–317.

CHANCE, H. M. The Rich Patch iron tract, Virginia: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 29, 1900, pp. 210-223.

ECKEL, E. C. The Clinton hematite (in New York): Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 79, 1905, pp. 897-898:

Limonite deposits of eastern New York and western New England. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 260, 1905, pp. 335–342.

The Clinton or red ores of northern Alabama: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 285, 1906, pp. 172–179.

The Oriskany and Clinton iron ores of Virginia: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 285, 1906, pp. 183–189.

.

Gray hematites of eastern Alabama: Iron Trade Rev., August 6, 1908. Clinton or red ores of Georgia: Iron Trade Rev., January 7, 1909. GRASTY, J. S. The gray ores of Alabama: Manufacturers' Record, vol. 50, 1906, PP. 550-553.

HARDER, E. C. The iron ores of the Appalachian region in Virginia: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 380, 1909, pp. 215-254.

HAUSMANN, F. W. Brown ore mining in the Russellville district: Stevens Inst. Indicator, January, 1908.

HAYES, C. W. Geological relations of the iron ores in the Cartersville district, Georgia: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 30, 1910, pp. 403-419.

HAYES, C. W., and ECKEL, E. C. Iron ores of the Cartersville district, Georgia: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 213, 1903, pp. 233–242.

HIGGINS, E. Iron operations of the Bitmingham district: Eng. and Min. Jour., November 28, 1908.

Iron operations in northeastern Alabama: Eng. and Min. Jour., Dec. 5, 1908. Stripping Clinton iron ore in New York State: Eng. and Min. Jour., December 12, 1908.

1909.

Iron operations in the Chattanooga district: Eng. and Min. Jour., January 2, HOLDEN, R. J. The brown ores of the New River-Cripple Creek district, Virginia: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 285, 1906, pp. 190-193.

Iron: Mineral Resources of Virginia, 1907, p. 402.

HOPKINS, T. C. Cambro-Silurian limonite ores of Pennsylvania: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 2, 1900, pp. 475-502.

HUNGERFORD, W. S. Mining in soft ore bodies at Low Moor: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 17, 1889, pp. 103-107.

JOHNSON, B. L. Notes on the history and geology of Iron Mine Hill, Cumberland, Rhode Island: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 25, January, 1908.

JOHNSON, J. E., Jr. Origin of the Oriskany limonites (Virginia): Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 76, August 15, 1903, pp. 231-232.

KEITH, A. Iron ore deposits of the Cranberry district, North Carolina-Tennessee: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 213, 1903, pp. 243-246.

KELLY, WILLIAM. The Clinton iron-ore deposits of Stone Valley, Huntingdon County, Pa.: Bi-mo. Bull. No. 25, Am. Inst. Min. Eng., 1909.

KEMP, J. F. The geology of the magnetites near Port Henry, N. Y., and especially those of Mineville: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 27, 1897, pp. 146–203.

The titaniferous iron ores of the Adirondacks (New York): Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, 1899, pp. 277-422.

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Various parts.

KINDLE, E. M. The iron ores of Bath County, Ky.: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 285, 1906, pp. 180-182.

KÜMMEL, H. B. Iron ore in New Jersey: Eng. and Min. Jour., June 13, 1908.

LESLEY, J. P., and D'INVILLIERS, E. V., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Ann. Rept., 1887, pp. 491-570.

LYMAN, B. S. Geology of the Low Moor, Va., iron ores: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 14, 1886, pp. 801-809.

MCCALLIE, S. W. Preliminary report on the iron ores of Georgia: Bull. Georgia Geol. Survey No. 10, 1909, p. 190.

Report on the fossil iron ores of Georgia: Bull. Georgia Geol. Survey No. 17. MCCREATH, A. S., and D'INVILLIERS, E. V. Mineral resources of the upper Cumberland Valley of southeastern Kentucky and southwestern Virginia, Louisville, 1902, 152 PP.

MOORE, P. N. Kentucky Geol. Survey, vol. C.

Report on the iron ores in the vicinity of Cumberland Gap: Rept. Kentucky Geol. Survey, new ser., vol. 4, 1878, pp. 241-254.

Report on Bath and Fleming counties, Ky.: Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1886. MORGAN, D. F. The native ores of Jackson County, Ohio: Iron Trade Rev., February 13, 1908.