ENGINEER OF THE DRAINAGE OF CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK. NEW AND REVISED EDITION. 66 EVERY REPORTED CASE OF FAILURE IN DRAINAGE WHICH WE HAVE INVESTI- ILLUSTRATED. NEW YORK: ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 1911 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, by the O. JUDD CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PRINTED IN U. S. A. NOTE TO FIRST EDITION. In presenting this book to the public the writer desires to say that, having in view the great importance of thorough work in land draining, and believing it advisable to avoid everything which might be construed into an approval of half-way measures, he has purposely taken the most radical view of the whole subject, and has endeavored to emphasize the necessity for the utmost thoroughness in all draining operations, from the first staking of the lines to the final filling-in of the ditches. That it is sometimes necessary, because of limited means, or limited time, or for other good reasons, to drain partially or imperfectly, or with a view only to temporary results, is freely acknowledged. In these cases the occasion for less completeness in the work must determine the extent to which the directions herein laid down are to be disregarded; but it is believed that, even in such cases, the principles on which those directions are founded should be always borne in mind. NEWPORT, R. I., 1867. NOTE TO SECOND EDITION. None of the principles set forth in the First Edition of this book have been modified by later experience. Some of the processes for the execution of the work have, however, been so much improved as to make a revision necessary. NEWPORT, R. I., 1879. NOTE TO THIRD EDITION. It is now twenty years since this book was first written. During this time the extension of the tile drainage of agricultural lands throughout the North and West, and to no little extent throughout the South, has been very great. There are probably more factories for the manufacture of drain tiles in active operation now than there were tile-drained farins in 1866. There has been no modification of methods in practical drainage at all comparable with its extent. The more important changes have been incorporated with the directions given in the various chapters of this work. Some improvements have been introduced since the publication of the Second Edition in 1879. NEWPORT, R. I., 1887. (3) 279546 17. 4.-A map of land with swamps, rocks, springs and trees.............. 6.-Levelling instrument. 66 8.-Map with contour lines. 9.-Wells' Clinometer... 11.-Stone pit and tile-basin for same object..... 12.-Line of saturation between drains.. 13.-Horse-shoe tile.... 14.-Sole-tile.. 15.-Double-sole-tile. 16.-Round tile (or pipe) and collar.. 18.-Three profiles of drains with different inclinations... 50 51 52 53 ............. ................ 54 56 59 60 65 78 80 80 81 92 22.-Set of tools, (from Drainage des Terres Arables). 23.-Outlet secured with masonry and grating, (from the same). ..118 30.-Position of workman, and use of scoop, (from Drainage des Terres 44.-Cheap wooden machine, (from Drainage des Terres Arables). 66 66 50-57.-Boynton's tiles and connections. 66 65.-Opening the ditch and laying the tiles. ......... 181 .182 .184 ..197 from Report of Board of 236 Health, (England). 237 242 .245 .248 249 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I.-LAND TO BE DRAINED, AND THE REASON WHY. CHAPTER II.-HOW DRAINS ACT, AND HOW THEY AFFECT THE SOIL. Characteristics of a well laid tile-drain.-Surface-water and rain-water CHAPTER III.-HOW TO GO TO WORK TO LAY OUT A SYSTEM OF DRAINS. Amateur draining.-Maps.-Levelling instruments.-Outlets and loca- tion of drains.-Main drains.--Spring water.-Fall.-Tiles.-Depth and CHAPTER IV.— -HOW TO MAKE THE DRAINS. Tools.-Marking the lines.-Water-courses.-Outlets.-Silt-Basins.— Opening the ditches.-Grading.-Tile laying.-Connections.-Covering the tile and filling in.-Collecting the water of springs.-Amending the CHAPTER V.-HOW TO TAKE CARE OF DRAINS AND DRAINED LAND. Removing obstructions. -Mistake of substituting large tiles for small CHAPTER VI.-WHAT DRAINING COSTS. Draining, expensive work.-Permanence and lasting effects.-Cheap- ness versus economy. -- Details of cost. (1. Engineering and Su- perintendence.-2. Digging the ditches.-3. Grading the bottoms.- 4. Tiles and tile laying.-5. Covering and filling.-6. Outlets and Silt- |