For sale of adulterated wine as thus defined or for misbranding of other grades of wine a fine of $100 to $1,000 or imprisonment 30 days to 6 months, or both, may be inflicted, and in addition a penalty of 50 cents for each gallon sold or manufactured. (86 Ohio Laws, p. 96, 1889, as amended by 88 Ohio Laws, p. 231; compare Rev. Stats., sec. 7081.)

Maple sugar and sirup.-No person shall manufacture or sell as maple sugar or sirup any article which is not pure maple sugar or sirup. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell as sugar or as sirup any article made of maple sugar or sirup mixed with other ingredients. (Laws of 1898, ch. 194.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk.—The law prohibits the sale of milk to which any foreign substance has been added or milk from diseased cows. Skimmed milk may be sold only from cans conspicuously marked as such with letters not less than 1 inch long. Milk containing less than 12 per cent of solids or 3 per cent of fat is deemed adulterated, except during May and June, when the standard is 11 per cent of solids. Penalty, $50 to $200 for first offense; for subsequent offenses higher penalties are imposed. (86 Ohio Laws, p. 229, 1889, as amended by 92 Ohio Laws, p. 149.)

Canned goods.-Every can of fruit or vegetables must be marked with the name of the packer or dealer, and with an indication of the grade or quality. All scaked goods or goods put up from products dried before canning shall be marked "soaked" in letters not less than two-line pica size. Penalty, not less than $50 for dealers and not less than $500 nor more than $1,000 for manufacturers. (82 Ohio Laws, p. 163, 1885, as amended by 83 Ohio Laws, pp. 10, 73.)

Imitation butter and cheese.-No person shall manufacture or sell any article in imitation of butter or cheese not produced from pure milk or cream, nor shall any person compound with or add to milk, cream, or butter any acid or other deleterious substances or any foreign fats. Oleomargarine may be sold in a separate form in such manner as will advise the consumer of its real character, and free from coloring matter.

Imitations of butter or cheese must have marked on each package, in capital letters not less than five-line pica size, the true name of the article and the name of each ingredient. Each purchaser must be furnished a label of a similar character. The words "butter," "creamery." or "dairy" shall not be used on any package containing an imitation product.

Dealers in imitation butter or cheese must keep conspicuously posted a notice to that effect. Keepers of hotels, boarding houses, etc., who use or serve these imitations must also display a conspicuous notice of the fact.

Various penalties of fine and imprisonment are imposed for the violation of these laws. (83 Ohio Laws, p. 178, 1886; as amended by 84 Ohio Laws, p. 182; 85 Ohio Laws, p. 74; also 87 Ohio Laws, p. 51, 1890; and 91 Ohio Laws, p. 274, 1894, as amended by 92 Ohio Laws, p. 93.)

Cheese. It is unlawful to sell any article as cheese not made exclusively of milk or cream, or containing fats or oils not produced from milk or cream, unless the words "filled cheese" are marked in letters not less than 1 inch long on each cheese. Cheese made from milk but containing less than 20 per cent of butter fat shall be similarly marked "skimmed cheese." Each retail purchaser of filled or skimmed cheese must be given a label with its proper name. In addition the exposed contents of every opened parcel of such cheese must be conspicuously marked. Dealers in filled or skimmed cheese must have a conspicuous sign, to the effect that these articles are sold, posted in each place of business or on each vehicle used for sale or delivery. Hotel and restaurant keepers serving these articles must notify their guests of their character. It is also unlawful to sell to any person asking for cheese any other than pure cheese containing more than 20 per cent of butter fat.

Every manufacturer of full milk cheese may brand it as such with the date of manufacture. The food and dairy commissioner shall issue to cheese manufacturers a uniform stencil with the words "Ohio State full cream cheese,” and a number for each factory. Various penalties, fine and imprisonment, are imposed for violations of these provisions. (92 Ohio Laws, p. 51, 1896, as amended by 93 Ohio Laws, p. 89.)

OREGON.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Adulterated foods.—It is unlawful to sell or expose for sale any adulterated food, drink, medicine, or fertilizer, unless it is plainly marked to establish its true character. In any public dining or eating room where adulterated foods or drinks are

used the bill of fare must state the fact, or, if no bill of fare is used, printed notice must be conspicuously posted.

An article of food, drink, or medicine is deemed to be adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injuriously affect its quality or strength; if any inferior or cheaper substance has been substituted in it; if a valuable constituent has been abstracted from it; if it is in imitation of or sold under the name of another article; if it is colored, coated, polished, or powdered whereby it is made to appear better than it really is; if it falls below the standards prescribed by the law for dairy products and vinegar, or, in the case of jellies, jams, and fruit sauce, if it contains any other ingredients than pure food substances.

Vinegar.-Apple cider vinegar must be made of nothing else than absolute apple cider, have an acidity of not less than 4.5 per cent of absolute acetic acid, and contain 2 per cent of cider vinegar solids.

Dairy and food commissioner.-The enforcement of the pure-food laws is intrusted to the dairy and food commissioner, who has authority to appoint one deputy in each county. The commissioner and his agents have access to all places used in the manufacture, production, and sale of any foods, medicines, and fertilizers, and authority to open packages and to require samples.

Penalties.-For violating any of the provisions of the Oregon food law, including those relating to dairy products and their imitations, the legal penalty is a fine of $25 to $100, or imprisonment from 30 days to 6 months. (Laws of 1899, pp. 46–49.) Candy.-It is a misdemeanor to manufacture or sell confectionery adulterated with terra alba, barytes, talc, or other mineral substance, or with poisonous colors or flavors or other injurious ingredients. Penalty, not exceeding $100, or imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, and forfeiture of the adulterated candy. (Laws of 1899, p. 45.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Dairy products.-The following standards are prescribed for dairy products: Milk must contain 3 per cent of butter fat, 9 per cent of other solids, and not more than 88 per cent of water, and have a specific gravity of 1.038 after_the cream has been removed. Cream must contain 20 per cent of butter fat. Condensed milk must be made only from pure milk. Cheese must have 40 per cent of butter fat. Butter must not have more than 14 per cent of water.

Milk drawn from cows within 15 days before or 5 days after parturition, or from cows fed on unwholesome food, is deemed impure and unwholesome. Cows kept in stables for dairy purposes must be allowed at least 800 cubic feet of air space each, and must not be confined closer together than 6 feet, if facing each other, unless there is an air-tight partition between them. The stables must be well ventilated and kept in good condition. If any dairy is found in a filthy or unhealthy condition the proprietor may be required to put it in good condition, and in case of his failure to do so within 3 days, the dairy and food commissioner may have the work done at the proprietor's expense.

It is unlawful to use the boxes or brands of any creamery or dairyman for the purpose of selling the butter of any other creamery or dairyman. (Laws of 1899, pp. 47, 49.)

Imitation butter and cheese.-Every person who sells oleomargarine or other imitation dairy product is required to keep a sale book in which shall be shown the amounts sold and the names and addresses of the purchasers, and which shall be open to the inspection of the State dairy officials at all times. Every manufacturer of butter or cheese for sale in quantities exceeding 25 pounds a week, must report annually to the dairy and food commissioner the number of pounds of milk used in the manufacture of each, and the number of pounds of butter and cheese made and sold; but the amounts made shall not be published if the maker requests otherwise. (Ibid., pp. 49, 50.)

Process and tub butter.-It is unlawful to expose for sale reworked or mixed butter, unless it is plainly marked "process butter," or to expose for sale tub or packed butter remolded in prints, rolls, or squares, unless it is plainly marked tub butter." It is unlawful to mark reworked, mixed, packed, or remolded butter with the stamp of any creamery, or with the words "creamery butter." (Ibid., p. 46.)

PENNSYLVANIA.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Dairy and food commissioner.-The State board of agriculture is to appoint biennially a dairy and food commissioner, whose salary shall be $2.000. With the approval of the board, he may appoint assistants, agents, chemists, and experts. These officers are to enforce all the laws relating to foods. They have the right

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to enter premises where articles of food or drugs are manufactured or sold, and to open packages and take samples. (Laws of 1893, ch. 96; Laws of 1895, ch. 457.) Adulteration of food.-The adulteration of any article of food or the sale of such adulterated articles is prohibited. Food is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injure its quality or strength; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if any valuable constituent has been taken from it; if it is an imitation; if it contains diseased or decomposed animal or vegetable matter; if it is colored or otherwise made to appear better than it really is, or if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or ingredient injurious to health. Mixtures or compounds recognized as ordinary articles of food or drink may be sold if not injurious to health, and if distinctly labeled as such.

Every person manufacturing or selling any article of food shall furnish any one interested and tendering payment a sample for analysis. Penalty for violation, $50 to $100, or imprisonment not over 30 to 90 days, or both, with costs of inspection and analysis. (Laws of 1895, ch. 233.)

Adulterated drugs.-Pennsylvania has a separate and detailed law prohibiting the adulteration of drugs. A drug is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to lower its character; if any substance has been abstracted from it; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if it is an imitation; if it fails to correspond to the recognized standard of the United States Pharmacopoeia or certain other enumerated standard works.

The State pharmaceutical examining board is empowered to employ a chemist to examine samples and to enforce the law. (Laws of 1897, p. 85.)

Unwholesome foods.—It is a misdemeanor to sell tainted or unwholesome food or the flesh of any calf killed under the age of 3 weeks. (Pepper and Lewis's Digest, 1894, p. 2876.)

Vinegar. It is unlawful to sell as cider vinegar any vinegar which is not made exclusively from pure apple juice, or which contains less than 1.5 per cent of cider vinegar solids. All vinegar shall be made wholly from the fruit or grain from which it is represented to be made, and shall contain not less than 4 per cent of absolute acetic acid. Vinegar made by fermentation shall be branded as such; vinegar made by distillation shall be branded “distilled vinegar" and shall be free from added coloring matter. Fermented vinegar shall contain 1.5 per cent of solids. All vinegar shall be free from poisonous or injurious ingredients, and each package shall be distinctly marked with the name and residence of the manufacturer. The dairy and food commissioner is to enforce the law.

Penalty for first offense, $50 to $100, or imprisonment 10 to 30 days, or both; subsequent offenses, $100 and imprisonment 30 days. (Laws of 1897, ch. 140.) Candy. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell candy adulterated with terra alba, barytes, or other mineral substance, or with colors or flavors or other ingredients injurious to health. Penalty, $50 to $100. No action shall be maintained for the value of any candy or confectionery adulterated in violation of law. (Laws, of 1887, p. 157.)

Lard:-The law prohibits the manufacture or sale of any article in imitation of lard, not produced from pure fat of swine, under the label "pure," "refined," or 'family," or unless each package is labeled "compound lard" in letters not less than one-half inch long. Penalty, $50 for first offense; $100 for subsequent offenses. (Laws of 1891, ch. 186.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. The law prohibits the sale of impure, adulterated, or unwholesome milk, or the adulteration of milk. Milk produced from cows fed on distillery_waste or on any substance in a state of putrefaction is deemed unwholesome. No person shall deal in milk in any town or city of more than 1,000 inhabitants without having each vehicle conspicuously marked with his name and the place whence the milk is obtained. Penalty for violation, not more than $20. (Laws of 1878, ch. 183.)

It is also unlawful to sell milk or cream to which has been added boracic acid or salicylic acid, or any other injurious substance for the purpose of artificially coloring it. Penalty, $50 to $100, or imprisonment not over 60 days, or both. (Laws of 1897, p. 142.)

A special law prohibits the furnishing to any creamery or cheese factory of adulterated, impure, or skimmed milk, or milk that is tainted or partially sour. (Laws of 1881, ch. 116.)

Imitation butter.-The manufacture or sale of any product, in imitation of yellow butter, containing fat, oil, or oleaginous substance not produced from milk or cream, is prohibited. The manufacture or sale of oleomargarine or butterine free from coloration, and in such manner as will advise the consumer of its real

character is permitted if it be marked " oleomargarine" or "butterine" on the outside of each tub or package in a conspicuous place. Every retail package must have a wrapper plainly stamped.

Every manufacturer or dealer in imitation butter must obtain a license from the dairy and food commissioner. The annual license fees are: Manufacturer, $1,000; wholesaler, $500; retailer, $100; restaurant or hotel, $50; boarding house, $10. Every manufacturer is also to procure from the dairy and food commissioner a sign or signs clearly setting forth that he manufactures or sells oleomargarine or butterine, which shall be hung in a conspicuous place.

Penalty, $100 and costs, including expenses of inspection and analysis, recoverable by civil action. Violation of the act is also a misdemeanor, the penalty being a fine of $100 to $500 for the first offense, and fine or imprisonment, or both, for any subsequent offense. (Laws of 1899, No. 136.)

Process butter.-Butter produced by melting and by emulsion or other process, commonly known as "boiled" or "process" butter, must be plainly labeled "renovated butter" in conspicuous letters on wrappers of prints or rolls, on the top and two sides of receptacles, or on a placard attached to the mass in case of uncovered butter. The dairy and food commissioner is charged with the enforcement of the law.

Penalty, $25 to $100 and costs, including expense of inspection and analysis, recoverable by an action. Violation of the act is also a misdemeanor, for which the penalty is not more than $100, or imprisonment for not more than 30 days, or both, for the first offense, and $100 fine and imprisonment for 30 days for every subsequent offense. (Laws of 1899, No. 121.)

Cheese. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell cheese not the legitimate product of pure milk or cream, or into which foreign fats or substances have been introduced. Cheese containing not less than 32 per cent of butter fat shall be branded "full cream;" cheese containing 24 per cent, three-fourths cream; 16 per cent, "half cream; 8 per cent, "one-fourth cream;" less than 8 per cent, "skimmed cheese." The dairy and food commissioner is to enforce the law. (Laws of 1897, ch. 164.)

Dairy products in State institutions. It is unlawful to use imitation butter or cheese in any charitable or penal institution. (Laws of 1893, ch. 112.)

RHODE ISLAND.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Adulterated food.-Any person who shall adulterate an article of food or drink, or shall sell such adulterated article, shall be imprisoned not exceeding 6 months or fined not exceeding $200. (General Laws, 1896, ch. 282.)

Unwholesome food.-The sale of diseased or unwholesome provisions without making their character known to the buyer is punishable by imprisonment not over 6 months or fine not over $200. (Ibid.)

The law prohibits the killing for sale or the sale of the flesh of any calf less than 4 weeks old. Penalty, not over $20. (Ibid.)

Adulteration of liquors.-It is unlawful to sell adulterated spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or liquors of a quality inferior to what they are represented to be. A special provision with higher penalty prohibits the sale of liquors adulterated with injurious ingredients. Adulterated liquors shall be forfeited to the State. The governor shall annually appoint a State assayer of liquors to analyze liquors on the application of the prosecuting officers. (General Laws, ch. 151.)

Vinegar.-It is unlawful to sell as cider vinegar any article not made exclusively from apple cider, or cider vinegar containing less than 2 per cent of cider-vinegar solids. All vinegar shall have an acidity equal to 4.5 per cent of acetic acid, and shall be free from artificial coloring matter. Inspectors of milk and other local officers are given power to enforce the law. A fee of 25 cents shall be paid by the owner for each barrel of vinegar inspected. Penalty, not over $100. (General Laws, 1896, ch. 148.)

Candy. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell candy adulterated with terra alba, barytes, or other substances, or with colors or flavors or other ingredients injurious to health. (Laws of 1896, ch. 350.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. The law prohibits the sale of milk adulterated with any foreign substance, or of milk produced from cows fed upon distillery waste or other unwholesome substances, or from diseased cows. Skimmed milk may be sold only from cans distinctly marked as such in letters not less than 1 inch high. The milk standard

is 12 per cent of milk solids and 21 per cent of butter fat. Penalty for violation, $20 for the first offense, and $20 and imprisonment for 10 days for subsequent offenses.

Local authorities are empowered to appoint milk inspectors. Every inspector shall record the name and place of office of each person engaged in the sale of milk, and he has power to enter any place where milk is kept or sold and take samples. In doing so he shall deliver one sealed sample to the owner. Milk dealers must have their names and places of business conspicuously placed upon all vehicles used for delivering milk. (General Laws, ch. 147, secs. 3-8.) Imitation butter.-It is unlawful to manufacture or sell any article in imitation of butter not made exclusively from milk or cream, or any article into which melted butter has been introduced, unless each package be distinctly stamped with the word "oleomargarine" in letters at least one-half inch long, and unless each retail sale be accompanied by a similar label. Penalty, not over $100, onehalf to go to complainant. (General Laws, 1896, ch. 146, sec. 4.)

SOUTH CAROLINA.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Adulteration of foods.-The adulteration of any article of food or of any drug or the sale of such adulterated articles is prohibited. A drug is deemed adulterated if it differs in strength or purity from the standard fixed by the United States Pharmacopoeia or of such other pharmacopoeia or standard work as recognizes the article, or if its strength or purity falls below the professed standard under which it is sold. Food is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injure its quality or strength; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if any valuable constituent has been taken from it; if it is an imitation; if it contains diseased or decomposed animal or vegetable matter; if it is colored or otherwise made to appear better than it really is; or if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or ingredient injurious to health. Mixtures or compounds recognized as ordinary articles of food or drink may be sold if not injurious to health, and if distinctly labeled as such, with the names of the ingredients.

The State board of health may from time to time declare certain articles exempt from the provisions of the law. It may also prescribe the limits of variability permissible in any article.

Enforcement.-The State board of health shall enforce the law and may appoint inspectors, analysts, and chemists for that purpose. The board shall take necessary measures to facilitate carrying out the law. Every manufacturer or dealer in food shall furnish to any officer of the board tendering its value a sample of any article for analysis. Penalty, for violation, not over $50, or imprisonment not over 15 days, for the first offense, with higher penalties for subsequent offenses. (Acts of 1898, ch. 504.)

Adulterated liquors.-The general pure food law includes, as a special definition under adulteration, spirituous or fermented liquors containing any ingredient not normal or healthful, or liquors not conforming to the standard required by the laws of the State. (Ibid.)

Candy. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell candy adulterated with terra alba, barytes, or other substances, or with colors or flavors or other ingredients injurious to health. Penalty, $50 to $100. (Acts of 1896, ch. 95.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. It is unlawful to sell impure, unwholesome, adulterated, or skimmed milk, or milk from which the strippings have been withheld, or milk from diseased cows. The milk standard is 3 per cent of butter fat and 8 per cent of other solids. Penalty, $10 to $100, one-half to go to the informer. (Acts of 1896, ch. 96.) Imitation butter and cheese.—It is unlawful to sell any imitation of butter or cheese as genuine. No person shall coat or color with annatto, or otherwise, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese, or shall mix foreign fats with butter or cheese, or otherwise cause it to resemble yellow butter or cheese. No person shall sell imitation butter or cheese made in violation of the law. Persons lawfully manufacturing these imitations must mark each package on the top and side substitute for butter" or "substitute for cheese," in letters not less than 1 inch long, and no person shall have in possession except for family use any substitute not so marked. Hotel and restaurant keepers using these substitutes must keep a notice conspicuously posted to that effect. Penalty for violation, $10 to $100, one-half to go to the informer. (Acts of 1896, ch. 96.)