attaches to every form of taxation, and must be left to adjust itself under the natural law of supply and demand. If the revenue were raised by taxation of "income" the passing of the usual dividend in any concern which furnished the means of living to others, would leave them in an equal plight and for which it is clear no exceptional legislation could provoke a remedy. The principle seems to be well established that the more concrete the method in which municipal taxation is levied, the more certainly does it diffuse itself, and hence the levying of it on real estate is universally recognized as the best. Akin to the difficulties surrounding the object of taxation are those which meet us in determining the mode of levying on it. The first principle which naturally presents itself is that every foot of land within the limits of a city should contribute pro rata to the expenditure entailed therein; but we are immediately confronted with the objection that the expenditure is not spread over the whole in equal ratio, and, therefore, such a method would be unjust. The next in order is that every lot in the city should contribute pro rata with its frontage, and this method has many arguments in its favor, especially as the benefits enjoyed and the expenditure required by a lot of any given frontage is the same, whether that lot be 50 or 100 feet in depth; but when we recollect that the nature of that expenditure is vastly more valuable in the centers of trade and residence than it is in the outlying districts, it is manifest that a uniform rate would be unjust, and any system which would call for different rates for the different localities of a city must be dismissed. But it is equally obvious that the value of all lots of land within a city is regulated by their proximity to these same centers, and consequently a system which imposes a uniform rate upon all, based upon the actual value of each, seems to be open to fewer objections than any other method. These views are obviously based upon the assumption that the direct benefits from taxation accrue largely to real estate, and that it should therefore bear the burden of municipal taxation; and upon the further assumption that the primary object of the system is to encourage business by relieving it so far as possible from the embargo of special taxation. INDEX OF PARTS I-V. [Fictitious Dealings in Farm Products: Tobacco Trade; Farm Labor; Laws Regarding Agricultural Ohio State University, students at Western States, general beneficial results.. Wisconsin University, students at Agricultural education. (See Education, agricultural.) Agricultural products (see also Antioption bill; Futures, Options): Fictitious dealings in- Investigation by Fifty-second Congress Prices, effect on... Regulation by taxing power. Testimony on.. Options and futures, not over 30 per cent sold through. Value of.... Agricultural societies: Local- Page. 111 164 79 79 113 115 112-113 79 79 79 79 114 79 1-50 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12 24 9-22, 36-50 26 26 152 153 156 159 160 161 162 163-164 166 168-169 170 172 173-174 176 178 180 183 185 186 188 190 195 204 153 162 163 Agriculture: Conditions, investigated by Senate Committee on Agriculture Alabama: Digest of agricultural laws.... Personnel and general conditions of farm labor in.. Relative efficiency of farm labor in....... Antioption bills. ( (See also Futures, Options.) Abuse of taxing power.. Attempted in Fifty-third Congress. Commerce, no restriction upon.. Constitutionality denied Discussion by Fifty-second Congress. Favored... General discussion of. General objects of. Hearing before House Committee on Agriculture.. Report of House Committee on Agriculture.... Argentina, tobacco trade with United States, etc. Digest of agricultural laws. Farm labor in.................. Arkansas: Digest of agricultural laws.. Personnel and general conditions of farm labor in.. Bees: Digest of State laws- California.. Colorado Michigan Nebraska New York.. Utah.. Washington Beets, sugar: Bounties- New York Washington.. Exemptions to promote- Arizona Wisconsin. 9, 36-50 11 150 94-95 79 25 9 27 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36 1-50 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 22-36 11, 16, 17, 18, 20 2-3 5 53-54 151-152 80, 106 152 95 59-60 60 36 151-152 154 155 171 176-177 182 197 201 203 164 171 175 182 201 152 203-204 204 172 203-204 56 36 Bird v. Halsey, record of suit.. Boards of Agriculture, State (see also Commissioners of agriculture, Depart- ments of agriculture): Digest of laws regarding- Colorado Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana. Kansas Massachusetts. Michigan Missouri. Nebraska New Hampshire. North Dakota Oregon Pennsylvania. Rhode Island Vermont Virginia. West Virginia.. Wisconsin Boards of trade: Bucket shops, opposition to... Manipulate the price of wheat.... Board of transportation, Nebraska, powers and duties of.. "Bonanza farms," breaking up of.. Brazil, tobacco trade with United States, etc. British Africa, tobacco trade with United States, etc British colonies, tobacco trade with United States, etc. Brosius (M. C.), antioption bill introduced by... Bucket shops: Boards of trade, why opposed by Suppression advocated..... California: Agricultural conditions. Digest of agricultural laws.. Elevators and warehouses, laws regarding. Call (Senator), remarks on antioption bill. Calls (speculative term): Defined.... Merely gambling transactions. Canada: Tobacco trade with United States, etc. Farm wages, 1890-1899. Carter (Senator), amendment to antioption bill.. Central American States, tobacco trade with United States, etc Page. 69-70 154 155-156 157 160 161 163 168 170 173 176 177 177-178 183 184-185 185-186 188 189-190 191 197 198 201 202 22 26 221-224 74, 85, 133 53 60 60 22 16, 18 110 210 108-110 31, 36 15, 42 16, 17 60 117-118 7 54 33 10, 19 19 53 59 107, 108, 110 85 80 83 11 78 5 28 52 |