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manded by Colonel Nicholas, with instructions to take possession of the province. When this arrived before New Amsterdam, the place was without defence, and although Governor Stuyvesant endeavored to rouse the people to resistance, it was in vain, and consequently he was obliged to surrender it to the English. The government of England was from this time, October, 1664, acknowledged over the whole territory of New Netherlands, the capital receiving the name of New York, and Fort Orange that of Albany.

12. From this period the province of New Netherlands, henceforth called New York, remained in the hands of the English, except that in 1673, during a war between England and Holland, the latter captured the city of New York, but it was restored, on the return of peace, the next year. The government was carried on by a succession of governors, who, for the most part, conducted in the most arbitrary manner.

13. The first governor, being appointed by the Duke of York, to whom the province belonged, was Colonel Nicholas. In 1674 the noted Sir Edmond Andros, afterward the tyrant of New England, became governor. During the several wars which took place between France and England from 1690 to 1763, the northern colonies, lying along the Canadian borders, were involved in the most serious calamities. The savages, to a great extent, took part with the enemy, and, to the inevitable miseries of war, added the barbarities of Indian strife.

14. In these conflicts, New York took a leading part, and suffered her share of the common burden, as will be hereafter noticed. The province, however, steadily advanced in numbers, wealth, and civilization.

15. There is one melancholy page in the later history of New York, which must not be omitted. In the year 1741, there being many negro slaves in the colony, a rumor became current that some of these had combined to burn the city of New York, and make one of their number governor.

16. The subject was investigated by the magistrates, and, as there were plenty of witnesses, there were no less than thirty of these persons executed, some being burned at the stake. After the excitement of the public mind had passed away, it was generally believed that what has since been called in history the Negro Plot, had no real foundation, and that the whole proceeded from mere delusion.

11. What of the expedition sent under the command of Colonel Nicholas? 12. From 13. Who was the what period did the government continue in the hands of the Euglish? first governor under the Duke of York? Who succeeded Nicholas in 1674? What of the wars between the French and English between 1690 and 176! 14. What part did New York take in these wars? 15, 16. What of the Negro Plot?

SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY.

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CHAPTER XLIV.

History of New Jersey from its first settlement to the Revolution.

1. THE territory comprising the present state of New Jersey formed part of the Dutch province of New Netherlands. In 1623, a small fort, which bore the name of Nassau, was built on the eastern side of the Delaware, but was soon abandoned. About the same time a few families established themselves at Bergen, and also on the present site of Jersey City.

2. Soon after the province of New Netherlands came into the hands of the English, the territory of New Jersey, having been transferred to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, by the Duke of York, was organized as a separate province, under its present name. A liberal government was adopted, and in 1665, Philip Carteret arrived, and became the first governor.

3. A small settlement had been made the year previous at Elizabethtown by emigrants from Long Island; here the new governor fixed his residence, and hence it became the seat of government. This set tlement at Elizabethtown in 1664, is regarded as the first regular and permanent colonization of the state.

4. The new colony enjoyed many advantages denied to some other northern settlements: the climate was mild, and the government liberal, while the Indians, having been humbled by the Dutch, gave little occasion of uneasiness. Under these circumstances, many emigrants from New England and New York, mingled with a few others of various nations, soon arrived, and thus for a series of years the colony advanced in prosperity.

5. At length, however, difficulties of various kinds arose. In 1673, the Dutch, as we have already stated, recovered the province of New Netherlands, and with it the territory of New Jersey; these, however, were restored the next year. In 1676, the province having passed to new proprietors, was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey.

6. In 1685, the Duke of York became king of England under the title of James II., and, utterly disregarding his former pledges, in 1688

CHAP. XLIV.-1. Of what did New Jersey form a part? What of Nassau? What settlements at Bergen and Jersey City? 2. To whom did the Duke of York grant the territory of New Jersey? Who became governor? 3. What of Elizabethtown? 4. What advantages did the colony of New Jersey possess? What was the effect of these advan. tages? 5. What difficulties arose in New Jersey in 1673? What took place in 1676)

6. What of the Duke of York in 1685?

assumed the government of both the Jerseys, placing them under the control of Sir Edmond Andros, whom he had already made governor of New York and New England.

7. The revolution in England put an end to this state of things, but left New Jersey for a number of years in a very unsettled and disorganized state. In 1702 the proprietors resigned their claims, to the crown of England, and it became a royal province, being united, however, to New York. In this condition it continued till 1738, when it became a separate province, and so continued till the Revolution.

CHAPTER XLV.

Ilistory of Delaware.-Design of Gustavus Adolphus.Settlement on Christiana Creek.-Founding of the Swedish Colony.-Its Conquest by the Dutch.-Other events.

1. THE celebrated Gus-ta'-vus A-dol'-phus, king of Swe'-den, had formed the plan of establishing colonies in America, and as early as 1626, under his auspices, a trading company was formed, designed to promote this object. The king was, however, absorbed in the German war, and died on the field of Lut'-zen, in 1632, without having effected the scheme which he had at heart.

2. After his death, the project was taken up by his minister, and Peter Minuits, the first governor of New Netherlands, but who had been superseded by Wou'-ter Van Twil'-ler, was employed to carry it into effect. In 1638, a small Swedish colony, under the direction of Minuits, arrived, and formed a settlement on Christiana Creek, near the present town of Wilmington, at the same time building a fort for defence.

3. Klieft, the governor of New Netherlands, considered this an encroachment upon his territories, for the Dutch company claimed the whole country from Cape Cod to Cape Henlopen. He therefore sent a remonstrance to the Swedish settlers on Christiana Creek; but, as this was unheeded, he caused Fort Nassau to be built on the eastern bank of the Delaware, as we have already stated, the same being designed as a check upon the Swedes.

What did James II. do in 1688? 7. What effect had the revolution in England? What Occurred in 1702? In 1738?

CHAP. XLV.-1. What of Gustavus Adolphus? 2. When did the Swedish colony under Minuits arrive? Where did they make a settlement? 8. What of Governor Klieft?

SETTLEMENT OF THE CAROLINAS.

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4. They however extended their settlements, until they claimed the territories from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware, near the present city of Trenton, in New Jersey; this colony bearing the name of New Sweden. In 1651, Governor Stuy'-ves-ant, of New Netherlands, built Fort Casimir, where the present town of New Castle stands, within five miles of the Swedish settlement of Christiana.

5. Of this the Swedes obtained possession by stratagem. Greatly excited at the outrage, the home government ordered Stuyvesant to reduce the Swedes to submission. In 1655, he sailed with six hundred men from New Amsterdam, and speedily subdued the colony, as we have related in the history of New York. The inhabitants were kindly treated, but some of them removed to Maryland and Virginia; the governor, Rising, was sent to Europe, and the colony was annexed to New Netherlands.

6. From this period the history of Delaware presents few topics of great interest. Its territory was included in the grant to William Penn, in 1681, and formed part of Pennsylvania till 1691, when it was allowed a separate deputy-governor. It was reunited to Pennsylvania in 1692, but in 1703 it was again separated, having its own legislation, though the same governor presided over both colonies. The ancient forms of the government were preserved through the revolutionary struggle.

CHAPTER XLVI.

Settlement of the Carolinas.

1. THE coast of Carolina was explored in 1563, and named after Charles IX., of France. The first attempt at a settlement, and indeed one of the first ever made within the present limits of the United States, was by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two years before Jamestown was settled, and thirty-five years before the landing at Plymouth.

2. The fleet which brought out the first colonists to Carolina, anchored off the island of Wocokon, the southern point of the chain of islands and sand-bars which form Oc'-ra-coke inlet. From this island, the

4. How did the Swedes extend their settlements? What was the name of the colony? The extent of territory claimed by the Swedes? What fort was built by Governor Stuyvesant in 1631? 5. What of the Swedes in respect to Fort Casimir? What was done by Stuyvesant? 6. What of Delaware and the grant to William Penn? What took place in 1691? In 1692? In 1792? How long was the ancient form of government preserved? CHAP. XLVI.-1. What of the coast of Carolina? First attempt at a settlement?

chief officer of the fleet went to the continent, and, during an absence of eight days, discovered several Indian towns.

3. He next sailed to the Roanoke River, where he landed with one hundred and seven persons, designed to form a colony. After remaining with them a short time, he left them under the care of a Mr. Lane, and returned to England.

4. The selection of a governor for the colonists could not have been more unfortunate. After remaining at the spot about a year, and accomplishing nothing, except to manifest a high degree of selfishness and shake the faith of the natives in all white men, they were taken back to England by Sir Francis Drake, who touched there with a fleet

5. No further attempts were made to settle the country till some time between the years 1640 and 1650, when a few planters from Virginia, under the direction of Governor Berkley, of that province, began a colony in Al'-be-marle county, within the present limits of North Carolina.

6. In 1663, the whole country, from the 30th to the 36th degree of north latitude, and—in the extravagant language of those times—from the Atlantic to the South Sea, was conveyed by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and his associates, with full power to settle and govern it. In 1665, a settlement was made near the mouth of the Clarendon or Cape Fear River, by emigrants from Bar-ba'-does; and Sir James Yeo'-mans was appointed governor.

7. A settlement was made, in 1670, at Port Royal, in South Carolina, by Governor Sayle; and, in 1671, a few persons located themselves at Old Charleston, as it was called, on Ashley River. In 1680, the latter spot was abandoned, and the foundation laid of the present city of Charleston, several miles nearer the sea.

8. Up to that year, 1671, all the various settlements which have here been mentioned went under the general name of Carolina. At this time, however, a division took place, and the northern and southern provinces began to be known by the distinctive names of North and South Carolina.

9. It was not far from this time that, during the administration of Governor Sayle, an attempt was made in South Carolina to reduce to practice the notions, respecting government, of John Locke, the celebrated philosopher. But the plan was opposed with a degree of bitterness which led to its speedy abandonment, and a return to the old form of government.

2. What of the fleet? 3. What of the landing of the colony? 4. The governor? Sir Francis Drake? 5. What of further attempts? 6. Lord Clarendon? What settlement was made? 7. Port Royal? Charleston? 8. Name of the colony? Division of North and South Carolina? 9. What of Locke?

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