which may be taken as typical of the newer psychologicalpedagogical work:

1. Conducts a psychological clinic for the Pittsburgh district, for the examination and classification of backward, feeble-minded. epileptic, insane, speech-defective, sense-deprivative, and precocious individuals.

2. Advises parents, teachers, or attendants as to the proper mental, pedagogical, hygienic, and institutional treatment and disposition of the cases examined.

3. Refers examined cases requiring expert dental or medical treatment to dispensaries and hospitals.

4. Conducts demonstration clinics at teachers' institutes and at national and international congresses.

5. Offers the following courses to teachers, nurses, social workers, mothers, psychologists, and physicians

(a) Clinical psychology, and the scientific study of mentally exceptional individuals.

(b) The cure and education of the feeble-minded, backward, precocious, etc.

(c) Psycho-educational pathology and educational therapeutics. (d) Manu-mental and occupational work for the backward, feeble-minded, epileptic, and insane.

6. Prepares expert psychological diagnosticians for schools, universities, institutions, juvenile courts, research foundations, and welfare institutions.

7. Issues frequent publications for distribution among physicians, teachers, and social workers.

8. Supports a technical library of books and periodicals.

Chicago, Ill-The department of child study and educational research of Chicago has been in active operation since 1898. The department acts as a bureau of investigations of child life and teaching. “Children requiring special care or special training and problem cases are examined by the department and sent to schools, centers, classes, or divisions where they may receive the necessary hygienic treatment and adaptable education."

The following is a table of cases examined from July 1, 1912, to June 30, 1913:

Tuberculous (not including anemics).

20

Epileptics (most aggravated cases only) ‒‒‒‒‒

21

Children with constitutional depletion, nervous disorders, or particular physical defects----

744

Special cases: Unusually bright children, moral delinquents, mental aberrants--

207

Detroit, Mich.-Of 719 suspected cases examined, 9 were found normal, 354 backward, and 356 mentally defective. The mental defectives were further classified as follows: Moron-high grade 43, middle 100, low 125, a total of 268; imbecile-high grade 38, middle 28, low 19, a total of 85; and idiotic-high 2, middle 1, low 0, a total of 3. The educational recommendations in these 719 cases were: Sent to special rooms, 498; to ungraded rooms, 13; to regular grade rooms, 167; institutional assignment, 41. As to physical defects, 278 had none; 68 showed defective eyes; 13, defective hearing; 164, nasal defects; 129, throat affection; and 265 had defective teeth.

New York, N. Y.-The following is the organization of the work for mentally defective children:

1. Suspected cases are proposed by the school principal, parent, physician, or court official.

2. Two reports are secured: (a) Showing race, nationality, health condition, school history, special tastes, peculiarities, habits, behavior; (b) social-service report, economic status of the family, heredity.

3. Examinations are made by staff physicians and members of the advisory board: Anatomical-the stigmata of degeneration; physiological disease or defect; psychical-native and acquired ability; developmental history-prenatal, postnatal.

4. Disposition of cases: (a) To hospital, dispensary, or convalescent home; (b) to religious society, religious organization, or Children's Aid Society; (c) educational-to outdoor school, school for deaf, class for blind, vocational school, regrading in regular school, ungraded class.

Vineland (N. J.) Training School. The Vineland Training School, Vineland, N. J., is a State school which demonstrates the educability of the various grades of feeble-minded children. The school has 344 children who are the wards of the State of New Jersey, 18 private pupils from New Jersey, and 28 private pupils from other States. The central idea of the work is thus expressed:

The true education and training for boys and girls of backward and feeble minds is to teach them what they ought to know and can make use of when they become men and women in years.

VIII. THE SCHOOL BUILDING AND THE JANITOR.

Schoolhouse construction.-According to the Child-welfare Exhibit Committee, only one State has complete regulation by law of schoolhouse construction. The following degrees of regulation are noted: Complete regulation-Ohio; moderate degree of regulation-Utah, South Dakota, North Dakota, Kansas, Louisiana, Indiana, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine; deficient regulations-Washington, California, Arizona, Montana, Colorado, Iowa, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, West Virginia, New Hampshire. The remaining 20 States are entirely without regulations.

School cleaning.-An investigation of the question, "How often do cities in the United States wash their schoolroom floors?" revealed the following: Of 856 investigated, 11 wash them daily; 55 every 2 to 7 days; 243 cities every 2 to 4 weeks; 156 cities every 2 or 3 months; 148 cities, once in 5 months; 82 cities, once a year; 51 cities, never. Janitor service.-Under the caption, "Health habits educate more than health maxims," the American Academy of Medicine urges the importance of systematic, standardized janitor service. The academy declares that the so-called "school diseases "-anemia, catarrh, and nervous disorders-are invited by dusty, overheated, arid, or stagnant air. The school housekeeper is responsible for the health of hundreds: the home housekeeper only for a family; why train home housekeepers and not janitors?" asks the academy.

IX. ATHLETICS.

Athletics and "overathleticism."-Doctors Barach, Savage, and Marks, of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, have made a study of the runners in a regular Marathon race (40 kilometers, 24.85 miles) with regard to the effects of the race on the health of the participants. In this race 55 started, 29 finished. The average time was 3 hours 48 minutes; the best time made, 3 hours 14 minutes. The run included 4 hills, of 510 feet, 310 feet, 120 feet, and 190 feet, respectively. A heavy rain delayed the runners. The ages ranged from 18 to 52 years; more than half were under 23. The average height of the 55 contestants was 5 feet 6.4 inches. The average weight was 140 pounds. There was an average underweight from training of 6.4 pounds as compared to normal 3.6 pounds. Previous experience: Of those who had never run before, 5 out of 6 finished; of those who had run once, 9 out of 15 finished; of those with two runs to their credit, 3 out of 8 finished; of those who had 13011°-13

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run the race more than twice before, 11 out of 20 finished. parently, in Marathon running by this class of athletes, the first race is the best. After they run three times they either quit as failures or continue as survivals of the fittest.

Effects of the race: Blood pressure fell 20 per cent after the finish. The heart-murmur cases showed the greatest fall in pressure. Ten days after the race the blood pressure was lower than before the race. Immediately after the race X-ray examination showed that 11 out of 14 men examined had dilated heart; 2 ran but 11 minutes without dilatation; 1 ran the full distance without dilatation. One week after the race 11 men were examined. In 9 cases the heart was smaller than before the race; in 2 cases hearts were the same as immediately after the race. Diet: Out of 55 entered there were 6 vegetarians, one of whom was disqualified.

From our observation it appears that the athlete most likely to withstand this form of severe exertion is one between 18 and 25 years of age. He will be less than average height, and underweight. He will have a light upper body, a relatively large chest capacity, and well-developed legs. He must have a sound heart, healthy lungs, and a well-developed diaphragm. His training should have continued for nine months or longer. During training he must be temperate in habits and moderate in diet. Our observations show that the greatest injury comes to those who are insufficiently and improperly trained. We are also convinced that the successful running of this race is really beyond the realm of the average amateur athlete.

New York, N. Y.-An elaborate system of supervised sports is a feature of athletics in the elementary schools of New York City. Girls are provided for, as well as boys, the public-schools athletic league having a "girls' branch." The sanctioned athletics for elementary-school girls are: Walking, swimming, folk dancing; relay races-shuttle relay, potato relay, all-up relay, hurdle relay, passball relay, basket-ball throw; team games-end ball, captain ball, basket ball, and punch ball. For high-school girls the list includes also: Ice skating, horseback riding, golf, tennis, general athletics, track and field; indoor baseball, field hockey, basket ball, volley ball, and ring hockey.

The girls' branch of the public-schools athletic league was organized in 1905 with the approval of the board of education. Its announced purpose is to secure for public-school girls sun and outdoor air, wholesome pleasure, recreative exercise. "The lack of these is a menace to their future moral and physical health." The fundamental policies are: (1) Athletics for all girls; (2) athletics within the school and no interschool competition; (3) athletic events in which only teams (not individual girls) take part; (4) athletics chosen and practiced with regard to their suitability for girls, not

merely in imitation of boys' athletics. Methods: (1) Free instruction classes in folk dancing and athletics are conducted for publicschool teachers, who in return organize and conduct girls' athletics after school hours; (2) athletic badges and trophies are offered for(a) interclass competition in team events; (b) completion of prescribed season's record in all-around athletics; (3) the use of all available facilities for outdoor athletics is secured. Results: In the year of organization (1905-6) 328 girls practiced folk dancing and athletics after school, under 38 teachers in 90 schools. In the school year 1911-12, 20,626 girls practiced folk dancing and athletics after school, under 941 teachers in 269 schools.

Public-school boy athletes in New York are classified by weight, not by age, for the following reasons: Anatomic-approximately half the body weight is muscle; physiological-weight is closely correlated with physical age; administrative-it is easier to weigh a boy than to ascertain his correct age; social-every boy gets a fair chance. There are three weight classes: 85 pounds, 115 pounds, and unlimited weight. All boys compete in the jumping events. The longest run for the 85-pound class is 110 yards; for the unlimited weight class, 220 yards. Only heavy-weight boys are allowed to compete in the shot put. To encourage all boys to train in all-around athletics, every boy who attains certain standards of performance is awarded a badge. The New York standards are: For bronze badge, broad jump, 5 feet 9 inches; chinning the bar 4 times: running 60 yards in 83 seconds. For silver badge: Broad jump, 6 feet 6 inches; chinning the bar six times; running 60 yards in 8 seconds and 100 yards in 14 seconds. "There are 200,000 New York City schoolboys engaged in athletics every year."

X. CHILD LABOR.

Cincinnati, Ohio.-The division of child labor reports 2,366 children granted work certificates in 1911-12. The year before, 2.800 such certificates were granted, and in 1909-10 there were 3,348 work certificates issued. As to the nature of the occupations of children who leave school to go to work, 33 per cent went into factories (20 per cent, shoes); 22.5 per cent, errands; 13.5 per cent, stores; 8.7 per cent, sewing; 6.8 per cent, at home; 1.9 per cent, office; 1.1 per cent, housework; 10.5 per cent, miscellaneous. Of the 2,366 children who began work in 1911-12, 39, or 2.9 per cent, had finished 9 or 10 grades of school; 216, or 15.8 per cent, had finished 8 grades; 296, or 21.7 per cent, had finished 7 grades; 387, or 28.4 per cent, 6 grades; and 425, or 31.2 per cent, 5 grades. These are the figures for public