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schools. For parochial schools the figures are: 18, or 1.8 per cent, 9 or 10 grades; 234, or 23.3 per cent, 8 grades; 296, or 29.5 per cent, 7 grades; 247, or 24.6 per cent, 6 grades; 208, or 20.8 per cent, 5 grades. Of the public-school children, 901, or 66.1 per cent, were 14 years old, and the remainder (462), 15 years old. In the parochial schools, 820, or 81.7 per cent, left school at 14, and 183, or 18.3 per cent, were 15. Of those who received work certificates, 1,117 were girls, and 1,249 were boys.

Cincinnati investigations show that retardation is twice as great among working children as among school children. Of children in school, 3.9 per cent are ahead of grade, as compared with only 1.2 per cent of public-school children at work; 66.7 per cent of children in school are normal, as opposed to only 31.5 per cent of publicschool children at work; only 29.4 per cent of children in the schools are retarded, as against 67.3 per cent of those public-school children who are at work. "The employment of young children is like the felling of young trees-an outrage upon nature.”

Rochester, N. Y.-The child-labor bureau of Rochester reports. 2,316 work permits issued in 1912 to children between 14 and 16 years of age. There were refused 996 permits, refusal being based on the following grounds: For defects of eyes, ears, nose, and throat, 126; for defects in teeth, 494; for miscellaneous defects, 59; for under age, 72; for no evidence of age (birth not recorded), 155; for insufficient education, 90.

XI. HYGIENIC DRESS FOR HIGH-SCHOOL GIRLS.

Dr. L. F. Fuld, of New York, exhibited a suggested hygienic costume for high-school girls as follows:

Gymnastic costume: A one-piece slip, without belt or waist, coming over the shoulders with two shoulder straps and buttoning down the front under one of several large box plaits. Worn with a washable guimpe.

Undergarment: A combination undergarment of nainsook, fitted at the hips, bifurcated, and with a very wide flare at the knees. Combines in a single garment all the advantages of a petticoat, closed drawers, open drawers, and corset cover.

Stocking girdle: Not worn on the iliac crests, but so fitted that it crosses the sacrum in the back and slants down on top of the trochanter, buckling over the pubic bones in front. Entire freedom from pressure on organs of body.

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XII. PLAYGROUNDS.

Oakland, Cal.-Oakland's playgrounds are managed by a board of playground directors, appointed by the mayor. In 1912 there were 15 playgrounds maintained; 9 playgrounds were supervised; 22 supervisors were employed; and the attendance during June, July, and August was 253,757. For the fiscal year 1911-12 an attendance of 482,486 is reported. There was expended for maintenance during the year $18.885 and for improvements $21,605, and the annual average cost of maintenance per person attending playgrounds was computed at 4 cents. The playground activities include: Boy scouts, dramatics, evening entertainments, folk dancing, gardening, industrial work, lectures, pageants, story-telling, singing, baseball, basketball, volley ball, track and field events, manual training, sand box and apparatus, kindergarten games, swimming, summer camps, selfgovernment.

Cincinnati, Ohio.-There are 31 school playgrounds, with apparatus, and 10 after-school playgrounds. From April 14 to October 30, 1912, the attendance was 137,000, and the cost of operation $2,650, or a cost per pupil of 2 cents. Six playgrounds were open for vacation grounds June 23 to August 31, 1912, and the attendance was 132,000, with a maintenance cost of $5,650, or 4.2 cents per pupil.

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INDEX.

Accidents, prevention. 90.

Air washing, experiments, 31-32.

Alaska, school children, improving hygienic conditions, 84-86.

Alexander Dallas Bache School. Philadelphia, vitalizing school children, 38.
American Home Economies Association, and school feeding, 105.

American Museum of Natural History, cooperation in teaching hygiene and
sanitation, 79–80.

Architecture, open-air schools, 35-38.

Athletics, and health, discussion. 70-74; for elementary school boys, 73-74;
school, medical standpoint. 72-73; supervision, elementary schools, New York
City, 112-113.

Athletics and "overathletics," opinions of eminent physicians, 111–112.

Ayres, L. P., and retardation of pupils, 22.

Backward children, and syphilis, 21.

Balliet, T. W., Points of attack in sex education, 61.

Battleships, discarded, recommended as hospitals for tuberculous children, 8. 40.
Boston, athletics for elementary schoolboys, 73-74; malnutrition among school
children, 49; medical inspection of schools, 94; oral hygiene, free clinic, 100;
public schools, teaching hygiene, 74-75; school feeding, 106.

Bradford, England, school feeding, 106.

Brainerd, W. H., The ideal school site, 33-35.

Brannan, J. W., on ventilation and recirculation, 30.

Bryant, L. S., School feeding, 47.

Buffalo, medical inspection of schools, 94-95; school nurse, 99; venereal disease,
108.

Buffalo Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis, work, 108.

Burke, G. F., Methods of spreading the oral hygiene propaganda, 41–42.
Burnham, W. H., Mental hygiene in the school, 68–70.

Cabot, Hugh, Education versus punishment as a remedy for social evils, 59–61.
Chicago, department of child study and educational research, work, 109–110;
malnutrition among school children, 49; open-air schools, 105; public schools,
teaching sex hygiene, 107; school feeding, 106-107.

Child labor, Cincinnati, 113-114; Rochester, 114.

Child life, and school hygiene, 14-15.

Children, accidents to, prevention, 90; defective, and syphilis, 21; factors pre-
venting normal growth, 17-19; mental and physical hygiene, 15; mentally
defective, psychological clinics, 110.

Children, school. Sec School children.

Church, The, and sex hygiene, 53.

Cincinnati, child labor, 113-114; medical inspection of schools, 95-96; open-air
school, 104-105; oral hygiene, 100-101; playgrounds, 115; school feeding, 106.
Classrooms, open-air schools, 36-37.

Cleveland, public schools, oral hygiene, 101–102.

Coat rooms, open-air schools, 37.

College of the City of New York, protection of student health, 75-77.

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Denison, Elsa, How women's clubs can aid the hygiene movement, 87-SS.

Dental caries, control in school children, 42-44.

Dental clinics, development, 10.

Dental hygiene, relation to mental efficiency, 103.

Detroit, exceptional children, cases examined, 110; medical inspection of
schools, 96; oral hygiene, propaganda, 42, 102.

DeWitt Clinton High School, New York City, student control of school sani-
tation and hygiene, 81-84.

Diet, child, instruction to mothers, 14.

Diseases, school children, 20-21, 23; venereal effects, 51-52.

Dow, M. A.. Accident prevention as relating to child welfare, 90.

Dresslar, F. B., and literature of school hygiene, 12–13.

Ebersole, W. G., Objects of the National Mouth Hygiene Association, 40-41.

Eliot, C. W., Public opinion and sex hygiene, 51-57.

Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund, Chicago, Ill., and open-air schools, 104.
England and Wales, medical inspection of schools, 15.

Eugenics and sex hygiene, 55-56.

Exceptional children, psychological clinics, 108-110.

Eyesight, conservation, 44-46; defective, 19, 46.

Feebleminded, diagnosis, 67; education, 110; improved classification, 65-66;
reproduction, 56; sterilization, 21.

Feeding, school, history and present status of movement, 47-51, 105–107.

Ferrell, J. A., Intestinal parasites and the rural school, 91–93.

Food, importance of proper, 18.

Foster, W. T., The social emergency, 57-59.

Garrett, L. B., Some methods of teaching sex hygiene, 63-64.

Gesell, Arnold, Child classification and child hygiene, 64-66.

Girard College, Philadelphia, care of boys' teeth, 103.

Girls, high school, hygienic dress, 114.

Goler, G. W., Medical inspection in Rochester, 24.

Gram, F. C., The school and vital statistics, 89-90.

Grant, Sir James, School hygiene and child life, 14-15.

Gulick, Luther H., Ventilation and recirculation, 30-31.

Hamilton, William, Improving hygienic conditions among the native school
children of Alaska, 84-86.

Hanson, W. C., Medical inspection in Massachusetts, etc., 26-28.

Hearing, defective, effect on schoolroom activities, 19.

High-school girls, hygienic dress, 114.

Hookworm disease, prevalence in the South, 91–93.

Horace Mann School, New York City, open-air class, 103–104.

Hospital, New York City, ventilation, 30.

Hunter, G. W., An experiment in student control of school sanitation and
hygiene, 81-84.

Hygiene, oral.

See Oral hygiene.

Hygiene, school, teaching, 74-87.

Immigration, and medical inspection, 65.

International Congress on School Hygiene, resolutions on open-air schools,

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