Admitted into the Union 1861

UTAH.

The simple device adopted for this ter ritory 18 sufficiently expressive, and requires no lengthened explanation of what t is intended to symbolize. The beehive, in all ages, has been regarded as the emblem of industry, and the position in which it is here represented, as resting on a substantial foundation, implies that it is the certain harbinger of success in every important undertaking. The representations of vegetation in the background, imply that these productions of the soil are to be obtained by well-applied skill and industry, and upon these are the people to rely for a prosperous future. Perhaps, if we take into consider ation the social condition of the original settlers of this territory, the bee hive may be regarded as significant of the unity of interests at that ime predominant. The dates at the top and bottom indicate the first formation of a territorial government.

NEBRASKA

SOVEREIGNTY

This seal displays the characteristics of the settlers who have adopted this territory as their future home. Representatives of the two principal classes of people (agricultural and mechanical) are seen in the act of upholding the Constitution, over which the American flag is gathered, in token of its care and protection. The steamboat, seen in the distance on the right, indicates that the State possesses many resources for extensive commerce, which may be materially aided by rail roads and other internal improvements, which are shadowed out on the left plow and the anvil re emblems of the immense agricultural ano mineral advantages which abound in every direction, and whose developement is certain to secure for this territory an eminent degree o wealth and prosperity. The motto, "Popular Sovereignty." expresses the will of the people to govern themselves, and is only the embodiment of a sentiment almost universally prevalent.

The

foreground two muskets crossed, with Admitted to the Uzion June 20, the cap of liberty lying upon them at the point of crossing. In the centre is a shield bearing the inscription June 20, 1863 (the date of the admission of the State). The shield is supported on the right, by a miner with his pick on his shoulder indicative of the mineral wealth of the State, and on the left by an agriculturist, who is a woodsman as well; he has his axe resting on one arm, while the other hand grasps the plow. A stalk of maize, and a grape-vine, indicate the staple productions of the State, and on the right a blacksmith's anvil and hammer, and some hogsheads and bales, show its devotion to the mechanic arts and to commerce. A circlet surrounding the seal bears the legend, "STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA," and between two stars is the motto, Montani semper liberi, Mountaineers are always freemen.

EXPLANATION OF LAW TERMS

A.

ABANDONMENT.-The relinquishment of a claim or privilege. The voluntary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a particular relation, as a wife, husband, or child. In marine insurance, the relinquishment of all the property saved from loss by shipwreck, capture, or other peril stated in the policy. ABATE. To enter or intrude into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir or devisee takes possession. To throw down,

ABET.-One who encourages, instigates or counsels another to commit a crime, or assist in a criminal act.

ABDUCTION. The taking away of a child, or wife, by fraud, persuasion or open violence.

ABSCOND.-To go away, or conceal one's self, to avoid the serving of a process or notice.

ACCEPTANCE.-An agreeing to the act or contract of another, by some act which binds the person in law.

ACCESSION.-A mode of acquiring property by which the owner receives addition by growth, or by labor, and has a right to the part added.

ACCESSORY.-One guilty of an offense, not principally, but by participation. An accessory before the fact is one, who though absent, yet procures, counsels or commands another to commit a felony; after the fact, when one knowing of the felony assists, comforts, or conceals the criminal.

ACCRETION. The increase of property by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right of another; generally, gain of land by the washing up of sand or soil from the sea, or a river.

ACCRUE. To increase; to augment; proceed or spring from; as increase profit added to the principal.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.-A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to give it legal vitality; as, the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. ACTION.-A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of law; a claim made before a tribunal. right of action; as, the law gives an action for every claim. AD INQUIRENDUM.-A judicial writ; commanding inquiry to be made of anything relating to a cause.

Α

ADDITION.-A title annexed to a man's name, to show his rank,

occupation, or place of residence, as John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.

AD LITEM.-For the suit. A court has the power to appoint a guardian for the suit for one who needs assistance.

ADJOURNMENT.-Putting off, or postponing until another day. ADMINISTRATOR.-A man who manages or settles the estate of ar intestate, or of a testator where there is no competent execu tor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority.

ADMIRALTY, COURT OF.-A court having cognizance of questions arising out of maritime affairs, and of crimes committed on the high-seas.

ADULTERY.-The voluntary sexual intercourse of a married person with one of the opposite sex.

ADVANCEMENT.-Settlement on a wife or child, or jointure. That which a person has received from a person living in anticipation of what he might receive by inheritance.

ADVERSE POSSESSIONS.-That kind of continued occupation and enjoyment of real estate which indicates an assertion of right on the part of the person maintaining it.

ADVOCATE. One who pleads the cause of another. Advocates are the same as counsel.

AFFIDAVIT.-A statement in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized person. It is always made ex parte, and without cross-examination, and in this differs from a Deposition.

AFFINITY. In civil law, the relationship in which each of the parties married stands to the kindred of the other, and which is of three kinds: 1. Direct, that subsisting between a husband and his wife's relatives, or between a wife and her husband's relatives. 2. Secondary, between the husband and his wife's relatives by marriage. 3. Collateral, between the husband and the relations of his wife's relatives.

AFFIRM. To make affirmation; to make a solemn promise, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath; which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath.

AGENT.-One intrusted with the business of another; an attorney. AGENCY.-The office of an agent. Having charge of the business of another.

ALIAS. A second or further writ which is issued after the first writ has expired without effect. Another name; an assumed

name.

ALIBI. In another place; elsewhere. When a person on trial for crime, shows that he was in another place at the time when the act was committed, he is said to prove an Alibi; hence, the plea, or defense under which this proof is made.

ALIEN.-One born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, and not naturalized.

ALIMONY.-An allowance made to a wife out of her husband's estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or separation from him.

ALLEGIANCE. The faithful obe lience which every citizen owes his country. Fidelity and attachment to the government. ALLUVION. The gradual increase of earth on a shore, or a bank of a river, by the force of water, as by a current or by waves. The owner of the land thus augmented has a right to the alluvial earth.

AMBIGUITY.-Doubtfulness or uncertainty; want of particularity of signification of language in a written instrument.

ANCESTOR.-In law, one who preceded another in the possession of property; one from whom an inheritance is derived;-the correlative of heir. ANNUITY.—A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance. An annuity upon land is termed a land charge. ANTE-NUPTIAL.-A settlement or agreement made before marriage. APPEAL.-The removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior court or judge for re-examination or review. A sum mons to answer to a charge.

APPRAISEMENT.-To set a value or estimate the worth of a particular article. A valuation.

APPRENTICE.-One who is bound by indentures to serve a mechanic, or other person for a certain period.

APPROPRIATION.-The serving or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation, sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living. The application of the payment of a sum of money, by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due.

APPROVER.-In English law, one who being indicted of treason or felony, confesses himself guilty, and takes an oath to reveal all he knows respecting the crime charged, and all engaged with him. This is technically called turning State's evidence. APPURTENANCES.-That which belongs to something else; in common and legal acceptation, something belonging to another thing, as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way; a right of common to pasture an out-house, barn, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage. ARRAIGN.--To call a prisoner to the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. ARRAY.-To set in order, as a jury, for trial of a cause, calling them one by one.

ARREST.-To take, seize or apprehend by authority of law; as, to arrest a person for debt, or for a crime.