comprises the whole work of these women assistants. In addition to this they record their observations, reduce the co-ordinates of objects examined, identify the objects photographed with the stars in various catalogues, and finally check the results by a direct comparison of the chart with the photograph. The "Draper Memorial Catalogue" (published in the Harvard College Observatory Annals, Vol. xxvii.) is a catalogue of the spectra of 10,400 stars (involving the measurement of 28,266 spectra) giving positions for the year 1900. Yet ample as this printed catalogue is, it by no means contains all the records made in preparing it. The copy which went to the printer was naturally less full than the manuscript records. Three catalogues were made, in fact, before the copy was sent to press; and the printed catalogue contains only about one-tenth of the records used in preparing it.

Besides the "Draper Memorial" work, four other Harvard Observatory investigations have been published with the aid of the women assistants.

I. The catalogue of 1,000 stars within 1° of the North Pole (of these only forty are in other catalogues.)

2. A study of the Pleiades. This group will probably always be used by astronomers as a test and means of comparison with the work of their predecessors. The Harvard Observatory aim is to furnish a measure of photographic brightness of a portion of the stars in this group, so that the results reached by other observers may be reduced to a uniform scale.

Trails of equatorial stars. Here the object is to determine the photographic intensity of all bright stars within two degrees of the equator

4. The enumeration of all the nebulæ photographed in a given portion of the sky. This investigation shows the probability of a marked addition to the number of known nebula. Photography has already greatly increased the limits of the nebulæ in Orion. A few years ago, Prof. W. H. Pickering found this nebulous region to include the sword handle, and more lately it has been found to include a wide area extending north and south from this.

Several subsidiary investigations similar to those already begun in the "Draper Memorial" work, will be undertaken at the Harvard

Observatory when the Bruce telescope is completed. This telescope has been provided at the cost of $50,000, by Miss C. W. Bruce of New York. This photographic telescope, with a focal length of eleven feet, will have an objective of about twenty-four inches, and the object glass will be a compound lens of the style known as "portrait lens." This telescope will furnish a large amount of material, and will photograph stars of the seventeenth magnitude or fainter. As the lenses are now in the hands of the Clarks for polishing, it will doubtless be mounted within a year. Miss Bruce, who has a deep interest in astronomy, has made more than one substantial gift to encourage workers in this science. The sum of $6,000 was lately expended by her in awards to various astronomers who had achieved distinction. Mrs. Draper, too, in addition to the large amount of money expended by her on the "Draper Memorial," has founded the Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences, to be awarded for distinction in solar physics.

Although in practical astronomy the field for woman's work is a wide one, the number of paid positions for workers in this field is naturally limited. Yet the success of the Harvard experiment of training a corps of women assistants has been so marked, that it is to be hoped that other observatories may follow this example. As the resources of the various observatories are increased by the liberality of the people interested, like Mrs. Draper and Miss Bruce, in encouraging the development of astronomy, it may not be too much to expect to see larger numbers of women among the observatory assistants. Not all women are capable of working in this field, for the work demands special mental qualities. Mrs. Fleming has an eye remarkably keen in making measurements, a mind unusually alert in observing, and an executive ability so marked that it has gone far toward insuring the success of the "Draper Memorial " work. Mrs. Fleming is a native of Dundee, Scotland, where she taught for five years, and passed successful examinations in this capacity. Her father had strong scientific tastes, and was the first man in Dundee to take a practical interest in introducing the daguerreotype process into that city. Miss Maury, also, has marked scientific ability. She is a granddaughter of that Lieutenant Maury whose meteorological work has been of infinite value to seamen

on the Atlantic; she is a neice of Dr. Henry Draper, and before coming to Cambridge was graduated from Vassar College.

Mrs. Fleming's brief reports of discoveries made by her are sent to the Astronomischen Nachrichten, and other astronomical journals, over the simple signature, "M. Fleming;" but her work is wellknown to astronomers as that of a woman. The extent to which it is appreciated may be judged by an extract from a review which appeared last October in The Observatory, the regular publication issued at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England:

"It would be difficult to say too much in praise of the zeal and skill with which the great work (the catalogue) has been accomplished. The name of Mrs. Fleming is already well known to the world as that of a brilliant discoverer, but the present volume shows that she can do real hard work as well."

Of the "Draper Memorial," it may be said that no scientific man ever had a nobler memorial than this. The catalogue itself is unique. In the words of a recent review above quoted:

"Hitherto catalogues have been made of the positions and geometrical characteristics of nebulæ; but a general index to the physical nature of 10,000 objects is a novelty of the first importance, and cannot well fail of its avowed object."

WOMEN IN PHILANTHROPY, CHURCH WORK, HOME

MISSIONS AND

CHARITIES.

"For one woman who affronts her kind

By wicked passions and remorseless hate,
A thousand make amends in age and youth,
By heavenly pity, by sweet sympathy,
By patient kindness, by enduring truth,
By love supremest in adversity."

WOMAN has always been the leader in philanthropic and Christian enterprises. The doors of benevolent effort have always opened at her approach. Brief mention only can be made in this volume of some of the most important charities started and guided by her helping hand.

Miss Frances E. Willard, whose name has become almost synonomous with the word philanthropy, states with convincing facts the "Progress of Woman."

Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, tells the pathetic and patriotic story of "The Work of Women during the War."

Mrs. Amelia S. Quinton, relates with authoritative information the "Work of Women for the Indians."

Mrs. J. C. Croly, describes the "Women's Clubs of America," revealing the surprising growth of this movement; and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster presents the "Influence of Women in American Politics," with vigorous force.

Miss Grace H. Dodge, gives an admirable exposition of "Working Girls' Clubs," and Mrs. Frances J. Barnes, contributes interesting details of the work of "Young Women's Christian Temperance Societies.

Mrs.

In connection with notes of Church Work, Missions, Hospitals, and other charities, Sarah Dubois furnishes a brief sketch of Mrs. Doremus, "The Mother of Missions," and Miss L. Elizabeth Price vividly outlines the unselfish ministrations of Dorothea Dix. Charles Henrotin touches upon salient points of character in her sketches of two women of the West, and in this Department of the Souvenir statistics of various lines of philanthropic work are briefly stated.