apply also in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Nevada, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin-twenty-five in number. In some states a limitation is "if they manifest a tendency to corrupt the morals of youth," or morals generally.

"Articles and instruments of immoral use or purpose" are denounced, but no specific purpose or object of such is set out, in the laws of Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Isand and Utah. In Maryland "obscene and indecent" books are mentioned, and "obscene" matters in South Carolina, with no more specific designation. In Ontario the law very widely includes the assertion or warranty of the offender, as the language is "any article intended or represented as a means of preventing conception or causing abortion." To make prosecutions more easy, Idaho provides that the complaint need not set out any portion of the language alleged to have been unlawfully used. To aid in capture of contraband articles, instruments and literature or other things, search warrants or seizure, or both, are authorized in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho and Nevada,

Where advice or information as to abortion is forbidden, though some states, as Minnesota and New York, carefully discriminate against "unlawful abortion," others, as Kansas and Iowa, say, "procuring abortion," with no intimation that such could, in any case, be lawful. Kansas, however, in another statute-as to manslaughter of a woman pregnant or her child-excepts "when it shall be necessary to save the life of the mother," and thus inferentially distinguishes acts as of two classes.

While some statutes are word for word alike in several states, most of them vary in scope. Among the forbidden acts, in connection with articles, instruments, books, papers, etc., are to "exhibit" (United States law and Colorado); "bring into the state" (Alabama); "import" (Hawaii); "buy," "sell," "lend," "keep for sale," "have in possession," (Iowa); "have in possession with intent to sell," "have possession with or without intent to sell" (Indiana); "advertise," "distribute" (New York); "manufacture," (Missouri, New York); "has possession with intent to utter or expose to view or to sell," "for gratuitous distribution" (in Ohio, drug or nostrum; in Kansas, literature); "conveying notice, hint or reference to," under "real or fictitious name" (Rhode

Island); "give information orally" (New York, Minnesota, Indiana); "write, compose, or publish" (notice or advertisement, in Arizona); "manifesting a tendency to the corruption of the morals of youth or of morals generally," (Hawaii); "cautions females against its use when in pregnancy" (Ohio); "drug or nostrum purporting to be exclusively for the use of females" (Ohio). To meet the ingenuity of evasive devices, New Jersey includes all persons "who shall in any manner, by recommendation against its use or otherwise give or cause to be given, or aid in giving any information, how or where any of the (literature, instruments, medicines, etc.) may be had or seen or bought or sold." Whatever is prohibited directly to anyone is usually expanded in terms to include aiding in any way toward the forbidden end.

A few exceptions from the sweeping provisions are incorporated. In Ontario the offense must be "knowingly, without lawful excuse or justification;" in New Jersey, "without just cause." In some states the law provides that it "shall not be construed to affect teaching in medical colleges" (Colorado, Indiana, Ohio); "nor standard medical books" (Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Ohio); "nor the practice of regular practitioners of medicine and druggists (Colorado) in their legitimate business" (Ohio); "nor works of scientific character, or on anatomy, surgery or obstetrics" (Kentucky); "article or instrument used or applied by physicians is not indecent." In Connecti

cut possession of the things forbidden is unlawful "unless with intent to aid in their suppression or in enforcing the provisions" of the law.

Almost everything denounced under any of these laws is nonmailable under the laws of the United States, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and New York. Delivery of such to express or railroad companies is forbidden by the United States, Illinois, Indiana and New York. Besides forbidding the deposit of such matters in the mails, Colorado adds "or with any person."

From the foregoing it may be seen that no general principle runs through the statutes of all the states, etc. As with laws everywhere that impinge upon sex matters in any way, there is more of tabu and superstition in the choice and chance, the selection and caprice, the inclusions and exclusions of these several enactments than any clear, broad, well-defined principle or purpose underlying them. Without such principle, well-defined and generally accepted, the various laws must remain largely haphazard and capricious.

ABSTRACT OF THE CRIMINAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE SEVERAL STATES THEREOF, AND CANADA,

RELATING TO BIRTH CONTROL

UNITED STATES. Every obscene, lewd, or lascivious, and every filthy book, pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print, or other publication of an indecent character, and every article or thing designed, adapted, or intended for preventing conception or producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral use and every article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing which is advertised or described in a manner calculated to lead another to use or apply it for preventing conception or producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose and every written or printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind giving information directly or indirectly, where, or how, or from whom, or by what means any of the hereinbefore-mentioned matters, articles, or things may be obtained or made, or where or by whom any act or operation of any kind for the procuring or producing of abortion. will be done or performed, or how or by what means conception may be prevented or abortion produced, whether sealed or unsealed; and every letter, packet, or package, or other mail matter containing any filthy, vile, or indecent thing, device, or substance; and every paper, writing, advertisement, or representation that any article, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing may, or can be, used or applied for preventing conception or producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose; and every description calculated to induce or incite a person to so use or apply any such articles, instrument, substance, drug, medicine, or thing, is hereby declared to be nonmailable matter and shall not be conveyed in the mails or delivered from any postoffice or by any letter carrier. Whoever shall knowingly deposit, or cause to be deposited for mailing or delivery, anything declared by this section to be nonmailable, or shall knowingly take, or cause the same to be taken, from the mails for the purpose of circulating or disposing thereof, or of aiding in the circulation or disposition thereof, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.-Act of Congress, March 4, 1909, sec. 211; 35 Statutes at Large, p. 1129; Criminal Code of the United States.

Whoever shall sell, lend, give away, or in any manner exhibit, or offer to sell, lend, give away, or in any manner exhibit, or shall otherwise publish or offer to publish in any manner, or shall have in his possession for any such purpose, any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article* whatever, for the prevention of conception, or for causing unlawful abortion, or shall advertise the same for sale, or shall write or print, or cause to be written or printed, any card, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind, stating when, where, how, or of whom, or by what means, any of the articles above-mentioned can be purchased or obtained,

*A similar statute of Colorado here has "instrument" also.

or shall manufacture, draw, or print, or in anywise make any of such articles, shall be fined not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Ib., sec. 312, p. 1149.

Whoever shall bring or cause to be brought into the United States or any place subject to the jurisdiction thereof, from any foreign country, or shall therein knowingly deposit or cause to be deposited with any express company or other common carrier, for carriage from one state, territory, or district of the United States, or place non-contiguous to, but subject to the jurisdiction thereof, to any other state, territory, or district of the United States, or place non-contiguous to, but subject to the jurisdiction thereof, or from any place in or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States through a foreign country to any place in or subject to the jurisdiction thereof, or from any place in or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to a foreign country, any obscene, lewd, or lascivous, or any filthy book, pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print, or other matter of indecent character, or any drug, medicine, article, or thing designed, adapted, or intended for preventing conception, or producing abortion, or for any indecent or immoral use, or any written or printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind giving information, directly or indirectly, where, how, or of whom, or by what means any of the hereinbe fore-mentioned articles, matters or things may be obtained or made; or whoever shall knowingly take or cause to be taken from such express company or other common carrier any matter or thing the depositing of which for carriage is herein made unlawful, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Ib., 245, p. 1138.

ALABAMA. "Any person who brings or causes to be brought into this state, for sale, or advertises, or prints, or sells, or offers to sell, or receives subscriptions for any indecent or obscene book, pamphlet, print, picture, or paper, must, on conviction be fined" ($50 to $1,000).-Act of December 3, 1884; Section 7428, Code of 1907, Alabama.

ALASKA. (Alaska does not seem to have any laws upon the subject of Birth Control, or that can be construed as such.)

ARIZONA. Every person who writes, composes, prints, publishes, sells, distributes, or keeps for sale, gives or loans to any person, or exhibits any obscene or indecent writing, paper, or book, etc., or writes, composes, or publishes any notice or advertisement of any such .. is guilty of a misdemeanor . . . (such) may be seized and destroyed.-Section 313, Revised Statutes of Arizona of 1913.

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Every person who wilfully writes, composes, or publishes any notice or advertisement, or any medicine or means for producing or facilitating miscarriage or abortion, or for the prevention of conception, or who offers. his services by any notice, advertisement or otherwise, to assist in the accomplishment of any such purpose is guilty of a misdemeanor.-Sec. 318, Rev. Stat. Arizona, 1913. Cp., California, § 317; Montana, § 8399. ARKANSAS. The sale, circulation, or attempted circulation, etc., of obscene, vulgar and indecent papers, books and periodicals, in which are

*Idaho, in a similar statute, omits "writes, composes."

illustrated any indecent or vulgar pictures, is forbidden.-Sec. 2099, Kirby's Digest of Statutes of Arkansas, 1916.

Every person publicly exhibiting any obscene or indecent picture or figures shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor.-Sec. 2103, ibid.

CALIFORNIA. Penal Code of California, 1915, section 311, is similar to Arizona, § 313, and was enacted February 14, 1872. The act was amended by "Code Amendments, 1873-4" by omitting "or any notice or advertisement for producing or facilitating miscarriage."

Sec. 317, Code Amendments, 1873-4, is the same as § 318 of Arizona, except that violation of the act is made a felony.

CANAL ZONE. Penal Code 1904, sec. 213. Every person who wilfully writes, composes or publishes any notice or advertisement of any medicine, or means for producing or facilitating a miscarriage or abortion, or for the prevention of conception, or who offers his services by any notice, advertisement, or otherwise, to assist in the accomplishment of any such purpose is guilty of a felony.

Section 228 is similar to section 313 of Arizona, with a further summary provision in section 230, like section 373 of South Dakota.

COLORADO. Whoever exhibits, lends, gives away, sells or offers to . or in any manner publishes or offers to publish, or has in his possession for any such purpose, any obscene, lewd or indecent or lascivious book, pamphlet, circular, paper, drawing, print, picture, advertisement, writing, circular, or other representation, figure or image . . . for procuring abortion, or for self-pollution, or for preventing conception (then follows language similar to U. S. Criminal Code, § 312, and a penalty of $20 to $2,000, or one month to one year prison, or both, and a further limitation that the law shall be) "not construed to affect teaching in regularly chartered medical colleges, or the publication and sale of standard medical books, or the practice of regular practitioners of medicine or druggists in their legitimate business."-Act of 1885, p. 172, section one; section 1778 Revised Statutes of Colorado, 1908.

Sec. 1779, ib., makes it a crime to deposit in the mails or with any person any of the things denounced in sec. 1777.

Sec. 1780 authorizes search for such forbidden matter with a search warrant for authority, and the destruction of the material when found.

CONNECTICUT. Every person who shall buy, sell, advertise, give, lend, offer or show, or have in his possession with intent to sell, etc. containing obscene, indecent or impure language, or any picture, of like character, or any article or instrument of indecent or immoral use or purpose, unless with intent to aid in their suppression or in enforcing the provisions hereof, etc. (punishable by sentence of not over two years, or fine up to $1,000, or both).-General Statutes of Connecticut, 1902, section 1325; Gen. Stat., 1918, section 6397.

Every person who shall use any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception, shall be fined not less than $50, or imprisoned not less than 60 days nor more than one year, or both.— Gen. Stat., 1902, Connecticut, section 1327; Gen. Stat., 1918, section 6399. DELAWARE. Whoever prints, etc., a book, etc., taining any obscene or indecent picture of any description tending to corrup

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