J

S

t

is common in Homer (e.g. I1. 1. 1 Πηληιάδεω ̓Αχιλῆος) though spondaic endings are also common (e.g. 'Aтpeidav IInλeiwva), yet they rarely consist of a trisyllabic word, and i they do there is no hiatus. It is the regu.

618. alma Venus] For alma cf. 305 n. and recurring epithet of Venus (cf. Lucr. 1. 2) as the giver o. life, but is of course specially applicable to her in her relations to Aeneas.

619. Teucrum] Ajax the brother of Teucer slew himself a in wrath at being refused the arms of Achilles by the Greek s leaders, and when Teucer returned home to his father Telamon in Salamis, being driven away by him for not having avenged his brother, he founded a second Salamis in Cyprus.

621. Beli] A Phoenician word=‘Lord,' found in Scripture as 'Baal' and in 'Beelzebub.'

624. regesque Pelasgi] and the Grecian kings," Agamemnon and Menelaus, who led the Greek host aga Troy.

626. seque ortum...volebat]' and claimed that he sprang from the ancient stock of the Teucri.'

Teucer was the first alled Teucri.

The

king of Troy, whence the Trojans were c Grecian Teucer was the son of Telamon by Hesione a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, and so, as his name implies, really of Trojan origin. For volebat cf. Cic. de Off. 2. 78 se populares

volunt.

628. per multos labores iactatam] tempest - tossed! through many toils'; a concise phrase='having passe. tempest-tossed through many toils.' For iactatam cf. 3.

630. non ignara mali] Litotes: 'not ignoran schooled in.' disco: 'I learn': the present is n than the perfect.

t of'='well

sore modest

roclaim rst a

631-642. Dido leads Aeneas into the palace and a public sacrifice of thanksgiving. Supplies for a few despatched to his comrades on the shore, while for Aenea banquet of royal splendour is prepared.

The use of

The first

631. sic memorat: simul...ducit, simul...] simul...simul here is not the same as at 513. simul connects ducit very closely with memorat; her action almost coincides with her words, so eager is she. The second simul rhetorically repeats the firs. Translate 'So speaks she, and at once leads..., at once...proc. ne sacrifice.' Conington gives 'She speaks and speaking leads the

pra 632. indicit] Cf. 3. 264; 5. 758; the word is a technical one for the proclamation' by the pontifices of a special festival or one the exact date of which was not fixed, cf. Ov. Fast. 1. 659 lux haec indicitur,' inquit | Musa, quid a Fastis non stata era petis?'

634. viginti...centum...centum] The numbers, as is usual with imitators of the true epic style, are exaggerated and conventional.

636. munera laetitiamque dei] '(she sends) gifts and the joy of the god,' i.e. a present of wine which makes glad the heart,' cf. 734 laetitiae Bacchus dator. Abundance of flesh

and wine constitutes the essence of a feast, and the connection between wine and cheerfulness is so established that the phrase is tolerably clear without any special explanation of who the 'god' is.

MS. authority is wholly in favour of dei, but a reading dii ccepted by many editors chiefly on the authority of Gellius, asserts that dei was substituted for it by copyists ignorant the form dii as the genitive of dies. In that case we must render gifts for their enjoyment of the day,' but it is difficult to see what point the addition of dii has and we certainly miss the wine.

639. arte...](there are) coverlets cunningly embroidered and of proud purple.' The vestes are vestes stragulae used for covering the couches on which they reclined. The Phoenicians were not only celebrated for their purple-dyed robes but also for their skill in embroidery, cf. 337 n.

640. ingens...] 'massy silver plate upon the board.' caelataque in auro... drinking-vessels of gold and silver carved in relief, often with figures representing historical or legendary events, were much valued at Rome and are continually referred to see Marquardt p. 680 seq.

643-656. Aeneas sends Achates to the ships for Ascanius, idding him also bring royal ornaments and jewels for Dido. 643. consistere] 'to rest.'

644. rapidum] Predicate he sends him in haste.

of 645. ferat] The subj. of oblique command, after the idea st of bidding which is contained in the preceding line-he despatches Achates (with the commission) to report the news to Ascanius.

d

J

646. omnis...] 'in Ashius all his loving sire's thoughts are centred.'

648. signis auroque] Hendiadys: with figures wrought in gold,' i.e. in gold thread.

649. acantho] The design of the border was copied from the acanthus. The acanthus or bearsfoot had a leaf resembling a bear's claw. 'The picturesque shape of its leaves,' says Kennedy, 'made it a favourite plant with ancient artists, and the Corinthian capital is said to have been imagined by the sculptor Callimachus from seeing its leaves curling above a flower-basket left on a maiden's tomb.'

650. Argivae: Mycenis] Menelaus the husband of Helen was king of Sparta, and it was from there that Paris carried her away to Troy. Homer however speaks of her (Il. 2. 161) as ̓Αργείην Ελένην meaning simply ‘Grecian, and Virgil describes her as coming from Mycenae because that was the city of Agamemnon the leader of the Greek host.

651. peterēt] Virgil, like the other poets, frequently lengthens by ictus the final syllable of the 3rd person sing,, cf. 308 vidēt; 5.853 amittebūt, and elsewhere aberāt, canīt, dabāt, erit, see Nettleship, Excursus to Book 12. For hymenaeos, cf. 6. 623 n.

654. colloque...] and for the neck a collar hung with pearls. According to Marquardt2 703 monile bacatum is a necklet with jewels shaped like a berry (bacae), probably pearls, hanging from it.

655. duplicem...] The words may describe two circlets, one of gold the other of jewels, but more probably Virgil merely means that the 'coronet' was made of gold studded or diversified with jewels.

657-694. Venus, fearful lest Juno should change Dido's feelings towards the Trojans, summons her son Cupid and begs him to aid her design of making Dido fall in love with Aeneas, to which end he is to take upon him the form of Ascanius so that when Dido welcomes him at the banquet, he may use the opportunity to inspire her with passion. Cupid joyfully obeys, while Ascanius wrapt in a magic trance is removed to Idalia.

657. versat] 'keeps turning over (in her mind),''ponders '; but 2.62 versare dolos is 'to practise wiles.'

659. furentem] Proleptic; 'fire to frenzy,' 'kindle to madness,' cf. 70 n.

660. ossibus...] and entwine the fire with her bones': the fire enwraps her bones and winds among them so as to consume them. The bones (and especially the marrow of the bones) were considered the seat of feeling, and love is a fire which feeds on them, cf. 4. 66 est molles flamma medullas; 4. 101.

661. quippe] 'yes, for,' cf. 39 n. ambiguam: 'doubtful,' i.e. which seemed friendly but might prove the opposite, cf. 671. bilingues: 'double-tongued,' i.e. saying one thing and meaning another. It became the fashion at Rome during the Punic wars to attribute 'perfidy' to the Carthaginians (cf. Livy 21. 4. 9 perfidia plus quam Punica; Hor. Od. 4. 4. 49 perfidus Hannibal), and Virgil therefore assigns the same quality to Dido's followers. The word bilinguis refers primarily to the forked tongue of a serpent.

662. urit atrox Iuno] 'angry Juno frets her,' = 'the thought of Juno's anger keeps her uneasy.' Uro is not merely used to express the effect of heat and cold (='burn,' nip') but also of anything which chafes or galls the skin producing a sore, as for instance a heavy burden (Hor. Ep. 1. 13. 6 uret sarcina) or a tight shoe (Hor. Ep. 1. 10. 43); and so here of producing a mental sore.

665. tela Typhoïa] 'the bolts which slew Typhoeus,' but which Love laughs to scorn. Love was frequently represented on ancient works of art breaking a thunderbolt.

667. frater ut...] 'how thy brother Aeneas is tossed...is well known to thee.' iactetur: other instances of this lengthening of ur in verbs before a vowel where the ictus is on the lengthened syllable are 2. 411 obruimūr; 4. 222 adloquitur ; 5. 284 datur. Most MSS. have iacteturque which gives no ineaning.

669. nota] The plural for the sing. in cases like the present (where we use the idiom 'it is well known that...,' 'it is impossible to...,' and the like) is fairly common in Greek, e.g. σχέτλια, δίκαια, ἀδύνατά ἐστιν (cf. Kühner § 366), but very rare in Latin.

doluisti...dolore: 'grieved with my grief.' The repetition emphasises the idea of sympathy, cf. Rom. xii. 15 Rejoice with them that do rejoice and weep with them that weep.'

670. moratur] 'detains,' 'keeps at her side.'

671. vereor quo...] 'I fear the issue of this Junonian welcome she (Juno) will not rest at such a turning-point of fortune.' As Carthage was under the special care of Juno (15), Venus bitterly calls the hospitality offered to Aeneas not 'Carthaginian' but 'Junonian,' thereby clearly showing the danger there was in accepting it. quo se...vertant: cf. the common phrase quod bene vertat 'may it turn out well.'

673. capere...] 'to conquer with guile and compass with fire' the metaphor is from attacking a town.

:

674. ne quo...] 'so that no deity may have power to change her,' i.e. so that Juno may be unable to change her love for Aeneas to hatred.

677. accitu] 'at the summons': similar ablatives of verbal nouns used adverbially are iussu, iniussu, permissu, rogatu.

678. Sidoniam] Tyre was itself founded by Sidon: hence Carthage may be called Sidonian.'

679. pelago et flammis restantia] Pelago and flammis are datives of relation; 'sea and fire' have done their worst, but there are some things left over to sea and fire,' still undestroyed; similar phrases are bello superstes, superesse labori. If a person ate half a goose the remaining half might be said restare, and the person who after eating half had the remainder before him might be put in the dative (dat. incommodi).

Some say that de is supplied before pelago, but this is not Latin.

680. sopitum somno] 'soothed in slumber.' Sopio is practically the same word as somnus=sopnus (TVOs), but the combination of somnus with sopor and sopio is common, the alliteration conveying the idea of repose, cf. 6. 390 somni noctisque soporae; Lucr. 4. 453 suavi devinxit membra sopore | somnus; and in English Ps. cxxi. 4 'shall neither slumber nor sleep.'

super alta Cythera: 'on Cythera's heights.'

682. mediusve occurrere] 'or mar (my schemes) by intervention.'

683. noctem...] for not more (than) one night.' With numerals quam is often omitted after comparatives, especially plus and amplius, e.g. amplius sex menses, amplius triennium, G. 4. 207 neque enim plus septima ducitur aestas.

::

684. falle] 'imitate,' 'counterfeit.' So most editors, but fallere faciem Iuli= 'to assume falsely the appearance of Iulus' is very remarkable Latin, for fallere with acc. is 'to hide,' make to disappear,' not 'make to appear' on the other hand to take from noctem to dolo as a parenthesis, with Deuticke, seems harsh. Probably the strange use of fallo is justifiable because the words immediately following et notos pueri puer indue vultus make its meaning clear.

686. regales inter mensas] 'amid the royal feast.' laticem Lyaeum for Lyaeus used as adj. cf. 4. 552 n.

:

688. fallasque veneno] 'cheat her with poison,' 'poison her unawares': the secret fire' and the 'poison' are the fatal passion for Aeneas with which Cupid is to fill Dido.