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the act of the man, and not his character or habits. place the participle before the noun man, and this new position gives it a descriptive meaning. In this position, it describes the habits and character of the man. The common definition of a participle is adapted to the participial adjective, and the name of the latter shows that it partakes of the nature of a verb, and also of an adjective.

REM. 2. Participles retain essentially the meaning of their verbs, and like them they are either active transitive or active intransitive, passive or neuter.

155. There are three kinds of participles; the present, the perfect, and the compound perfect; as, loving, loved, having loved.

§ 156. The present participle denotes a progressive present action or state. When derived from an active or neuter verb, it is formed by annexing ing to the first form of the verb, when it does not end with e; as, hold, holding; yield, yielding. But when it has final e, the present participle is generally formed by dropping e and annexing ing; as, love, loving; make, making.

Ex. 1. Verbs ending with the diphthong ee, do not drop e; as, see, seeing; flee, fleeing.

Ex. 2. The neuter verb be retains its final e in forming the present participle; as, be, being.

Ex. 3. Dye, to color, retains its final e to distinguish its present participle dyeing, from dying, the participle of die. In singeing, from singe, e is retained to distinguish it from singing, the participle of sing.

REMARK 1. The present participle of a passive verb, is composed of the present participle of the verb be and the perfect participle of an active-transitive verb; as, being loved; being finished.

FIRST COURSE.

How many kinds of participles are there? Name them. What is a present participle? How is it formed? What is the first exception ? Second Third ?

SECOND COURSE.

Do participles retain the meaning of their verbs? Of what is the present participle of a passive verb composed?

REM. 2. The present participle, by its position in the sen tence, sometimes acquires partially the nature of an adjective, and by consequence is called a participial adjective. A bowing wall; a yielding child.

REM. 3. By construction the present participle partially acquires the nature of a noun, and by consequence is called a participial noun; as, "In keeping the commandments, there is great reward." When it acquires the meaning of a noun, it admits the definite article the; as, "The burning of London in 1666." When construed as a participial noun, it admits the plural form; as, "The overflowings of the Nile;" "He seeth all his doings." This use of the participle, however, is not considered elegant, nor is it usual.

REM. 4. The participle sometimes becomes a noun by annexing ness to it; as, willing, willingness.

REM. 5. The present participle sometimes becomes an adverb by annexing ly to it; as, smiling, smilingly; amusing, amusingly; longing, longingly.

REM. 6. The present participle sometimes denotes a past action or state, when it follows a principal verb in the past tense; as, "I saw a man walking" "I saw the trees waving." But when it follows an auxiliary verb it is usually joined with it to form a verb; as, "He was walking;” “John was studying."

§ 157. The perfect participle denotes an action or state entirely past, and when derived from regular verbs, it is formed by annexing to the verb ed, or d only when the verb ends with e.

REMARK 1. When this participle is derived from an active transitive verb, it is annexed to the auxiliary be and its variations to form the passive verb. But when it is derived from an active intransitive, or neuter verb, it cannot be thus annexed and used in the passive sense.

FIRST COURSE.

What is a perfect participle?

SECOND COURSE.

How may the present participle partially acquire the nature of an adjective? How does the present participle partially acquire the nature of anoun? In what other way may the participle sometimes become a noun? How may the present participle sometimes become an adverb? When may a present participle denote a past action or state?

REM. 2. This participle when placed before a noun in construction often acquires partially the nature of an adjective, and hence it is called a participial adjective; as, “a ruined man;" a concentrated plot."

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REM. 3. Sometimes the perfect participle acquires the meaning of an adverb, by annexing ly; as, deservedly, promotedly, conceitedly.

§ 158. The compound perfect participle denotes a past action or state that occurred before another past action or state; as, “Having finished my business, I returned home."

REMARK. When this participle is active or neuter, it is formed by prefixing the present participle having to the perfect participle of active or neuter verbs; as, having loved, having been. When it is passive, it is formed by prefixing having been, to the perfect participle of an active transitive verb; as, having been loved.

§ 159. All modes have not the same number of tenses. The indicative has six tenses.

The subjunctive has six tenses.
The imperative has one tense.

The infinitive has two tenses.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

§ 160. In this treatise, verbs are declined in two ways, affirmatively and interrogatively.

Declension of Auxiliaries, affirmatively.

INDICATIVE MODE.

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Define a compound perfect participle. Have all modes the same number of tenses? In how many ways are verbs declined? Decline may, present tense.

SECOND COURSE.

How may the present participle acquire the nature of an adverb ? How is the compound perfect participle formed?

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Decline might, present tense. Can. Could. Should. Would.

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REMARK 1.` Will, used as a principal verb, is declined regularly; as, I will, thou willest, he will, etc.

REM. 2. Must has no change of termination.

§ 161. Conjugation of the regular active verb Love,

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Decline shall, present tense. Will. Conjugate the verb love. Decline the verb love through all the modes and tenses, with the auxiliaries.

SECOND COURSE.

How is will declined when it is a principal verb ? Has must a change of termination?

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