care endows whatever happy man will deign to use her treasures;" i. e. nature's care endows the or that happy man who will deign, etc. "Let him take whichever course he will;" i. e. let him take the or that course which he will.

REM. 12. Who, whoever, whoso, whosoever, whatever and whatsoever, are sometimes indefinite pronouns; as, "I know who is coming." Here who means what person. "The cause is unjust, whoever may pursue it;" i. e. whatever person may pursue it. "Whatever gravity may be, it is plain that it acts every moment of time;" i. e. whatever thing gravity may be, etc.

REM. 13. Whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever, are sometimes indefinite adjectives; as, "Whichever way you take, you will be pursued:" whichever means the same as whichsoever. 66 Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report." Phil. iv. 8.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

109. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions, and relate to some noun, pronoun, sentence or part of a sentence contained in the answer to the question, as their subsequents; as, Who is he? John.

REMARK. The noun, pronoun, sentence or part of a sentence, is called the subsequent because it follows the interrogative.

110. The interrogative pronouns are who, which, what, whose and whom.

REMARK. What is used only in the nominative and objective cases; who and which are declined as other pronouns.

FIRST COURSE.

What are interrogative pronouns? Name them.

SECOND COURSE.

Are who, whoever, whoso, whosoever, whatever and whatsoever ever indefinite pronouns? Are whichever, whichsoever, whatever and whatsoever ever indefinite adjectives? What is the meaning of subsequent? In what cases is what used?

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

§ 111. Indefinite pronouns are such as denote persons or things generally, without indicating a particular individual.

§ 112. The indefinite pronouns are some, one, any, other, another, all, such, none, both and same.

REMARK 1. The indefinite pronouns are not modified like personal pronouns by declension, number and person; except one, other and another. One is used in the possessive case; as, "One's person is to be protected by law." It is also used in the plural; as, "I have commanded my sanctified ones, and I have called my mighty ones." "The great ones of the earth."

REM. 2. Other is used in both numbers, and is regularly declined. It is often opposed to one; as, "All rational or

deductive evidence is derived from one or the other of these two sources." Another is composed of the indefinite article an, which etymologically means one, and other, and denotes one other. It is often used as a substitute; as, "Let another praise thee, and not thine own mouth." It sometimes is used in the possessive case; as, "Attend to thine own concerns and not to another's." One and other when contrasted sometimes represent plural nouns, and require a plural verb; as, "The reason why the one are ordinarily taken for real qualities, and the other only for bare powers, seems to be."—Locke.

REM. 3. One another and each other are reciprocal indefinite pronouns, and answer to the Greek reciprocal allelon.

REM. 4. One and another are used together to distribute a plural number collectively denoted by an antecedent noun or pronoun among the several individuals constituting that number; as, "Let us love one another." Many men contend with one another, without any real cause.'

REM. 5. Each and other are generally used when only two

FIRST COURSE.

What are indefinite pronouns? Name them.

SECOND COURSE.

Are the indefinite pronouns modified? How is other used? What are one another and each other? When are one and another used together? How are each and other used?

persons or things are referred to; as, “David and Jonathan loved each other with uncommon affection." Sometimes, however, they refer to more than two individuals, according to good writers.

REM. 6. All is often used as a substitute either in the singular or plural number; as, "All that come into the tent, and all that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days." Num. xix. 14.

REM. 7. Such is frequently used as a substitute, and in the singular or plural number; as, "Objects of importance must be portrayed by objects of importance; such as have grace, by things graceful.' -Camp. Rhet. "Jubal was the father of such as dwelt in tents."

REM. 8. None is often used as a substitute and is equivalent to the Latin term nequis, i. e. no one. It is used by good writers both in the singular and plural; as, "None (i. e. no person) is so deaf as he that will not hear."

"Ye shall lie down, and none (i. e. no“ person or persons) shall make you afraid." Lev. xxvi. 6. "None (i. e. no productions) of their productions are extant."

REM. 9. One and its plural, like personal pronouns, often represent nouns definitely; as, "Imperfect articulations come not so much from bad organs, as from the abuse of good ones.”

REM. 10. Both is sometimes used as a substitute for nouns, sentences, and parts of sentences; as, "Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech, and both of them made a covenant." Gen. xxi. 27. Here both represents Abraham and Abimelech. 'He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate, but he will bear both because he has prepared for both." Here both represents the two parts of sentences, the loss of his rank and the loss of his estate.

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REM. 11. Same is often used as a substitute; as, "For brave and generous ever are the same." Nothing appears so clearly an object of the mind or intellect only, as the future does, since we can find no place for its existence anywhere else. Not but the same, if we consider, is equally true of the past." Here same refers to all that precedes it in the quotation.

SECOND COURSE.

How is all used? Such? None? One? Both? Same?

DEFINITE PRONOUNS.

§ 113. Definite pronouns are such as specify what object is meant.

114. The definite pronouns are this, that, these, those, former and latter. This, these and latter refer to the latter of two nouns; that, those and former to the former; as,

"Self-love and reason to one end aspire,

Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire;

But greedy that (i. e. self-love) its object would devour,

This (i. e. reason) taste the honey and not wound the flower."-Pope. "Sublimity and vehemence are often confounded. The latter (vehemence) being considered a species of the former (sublimity)."-Camp. Rhet.

REMARK 1. Former and latter are sometimes used in the possessive case; as, "It was happy for the state that Fabius continued in the command; the former's phlegm was a check upon the latter's vivacity."

REM. 2. The definite pronouns are sometimes substituted for sentences; as,

Forgive me my foul murder!

That cannot be."— -Shakspeare.

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REM. 3. The definite pronouns that and those are often used for the definite article and a noun; as, His life is that (i. e. the life) of a student." The powers of the mind, like those (i. e. the powers) of the body, are strengthened by exercise." Here that and those represent the preceding nouns,

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 115. Distributive pronouns denote each one of a number, separately considered.

§ 116. The distributive pronouns are each, every

FIRST COURSE.

What are definite pronouns? Repeat them. What do distributive pronouns denote ? Name them.

SECOND COURSE.

How are former and latter used? Are indefinite pronouns ever substituted for sentences? How are the pronouns that and those used ?

either and neither; as, "Each of his brothers is in a favorable situation ;" "I have not heard either of them;" "I have seen neither of them."

REMARK 1. Each may relate to two or more persons or things, and denotes each one of them separately from the others; as, "The prince had a body-guard of a thousand men, each of whom was six feet high;' "The four beasts had each of them six wings.'

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REM. 2. Every denotes every one of a number separately, and is generally used as a distributive adjective followed by a noun or the indefinite pronoun one, to which it belongs. In legal style, however, it is sometimes used as a substitute; as, all and every of them;" every the causes and conditions. REM. 3. Every is sometimes separated from its noun or pronoun by the definite article the and an adjective in the superlative degree; as, "Every the least variation."-Locke. REM. 4. Either may be used as a distributive pronoun, adjective or conjunction, according to its constructive meaning. It is used as a pronoun; as, I shall be satisfied with either of them;" "Either of these books is instructive." For its use as a distributive adjective and conjunction, see § 76 and § 187.

REM. 5. Either is sometimes used for each; as, thieves were crucified, one on either side."

"Two

REM. 6. Neither means not either, from the Saxon word ne-either. This word is also used as a pronoun, adjective, or conjunction. It is used as a pronoun; as, Neither of my friends was there;" "Neither of the offices will suit the candidates."

117. Pronouns, like nouns, have four modifica tions, person, number, gender and case.

REMARK 1. These properties of personal pronouns are gen erally known by their forms, but the relative and interrogative pronouns are determined only by referring to their antecedents or subsequents.

FIRST COURSE.

How are pronouns modified?

SECOND COURSE.

How

To what does each relate? What does every denote? How is either used? When is either used for each? What does neither mean? are these properties of the personal pronouns known?