men may walk," their laws declared, as their consciences persuade them, every one in the name of his God." They believed that "men could be better converted by love than by force," and on the seal of the colony was engraved an anchor with the appropriate motto, “Amor Vincet Omnia."

Winthrop records, July 26, 1647, how these commissioners were sent to Warwick, Rhode Island, to require satisfaction for supposed damages to Indian property from some in those parts, who were accused of eating up all the Indians' corn with their cattle. Mr. Coggeshall, and other Rhode Island magistrates, forbade the Massachusetts appraisers to intermeddle, asserting that Warwick was not within the jurisdiction of the latter colony, whereupon "the men returned and did nothing." "Neither did Mr. Coggeshall and the other magistrates pay any attention to a second warrant." John Coggeshall died at Newport, aged fifty-six, November 27, 1647, the year of the above occurrence, so that we find him to the last firmly defending what he regarded as the liberty and rights of the people of his colony. He was buried in the Coggeshall burying-ground on the west side of Coggeshall avenue. Some of his descendants

have distinguished themselves in military and civil life.

NOTE.-The following works are quoted or referred to in this article: Winthrop's Journal,' Mather's 'Magnalia,' Ellis' 'Life Ann Hutchinson,' in Spark's Library; Bancroft's 'United States,' 'Memorial History of Boston,' Hildreth's United States,' Turner's 'Settlers of Aquidneck, Arnold's 'Rhode Island,' Sheffield's 'City of Newport,' Savage's 'Genealogical Dictionary,' Newport Historical Magazine, 'New England Genealogical Register,' Belknap's 'American Biography,' 'Life and Letters of John Winthrop,' Welde's 'Rise, Reign and Ruin,' 'Simple Cobbler of Agawam', Johnson's 'Wonder Working Providence,' Callender's 'Sermon,' Fuller's Worthies of England,' 'Lives Duke and Duchess of Newcastle,' 'Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson,' 'D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature,' Adams's 'Emancipation of Massachusetts,' Magazine American History.

For some important dates and facts in regard to John Coggeshall, the writer is indebted to Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, U. S. A.

MARY D. STEELE.

says the major, "of our success in the total reduction of Canada, and that we were going to bring off the French garrison at Detroit, who were included in the capitulation. I held out a belt and told them I would take my brothers by the hand and carry them to Detroit to see the truth of what I had said. They retired and held a council, and promised an answer the next morning. That evening we smoked the calumet, or pipe of peace, all the Indians smoking by turns out of the same pipe. The peace thus concluded, we went to rest, but kept good guards, a little distrusting their sincerity. The Indians gave their answer early in the morning, and said their young warriors should go with me, while the old ones staid to hunt for their wives and children. I gave them ammunition at their request, and a string of wampum in testimony of my approbation, and charged them to send some of their sachems, or chiefs, with the party who drove the oxen along shore; and they promised to spread the news and prevent any annoyance from their hunters."*

Major Rogers and his rangers were then fairly on what is now Ohio soil. No body of soldiers under the British flag had ever before set foot on this territory; none had ever before moved so far to the westward. They passed "Sandusky lake," as the bay was still called, on the nineteenth of November, encamping near a small stream some distance beyond. From this point Lieutenant Brehm was sent with a letter to Captain Belètre, the French command

*One of the Ottawa chiefs was Pontiac, who had several conferences with Rogers. But of these hereafter.

ant at Detroit, informing him that Rogers was approaching with English troops to take "possession of Detroit and such other posts" as were "in that district," all of which "now belong to the king of Great Britain." Belètre was also informed that the major had with him the Marquis de Vaudreuil's letters to him directed, for his guidance on the occasion.

At the mouth of Portage river, in what is now Ottawa county, Rogers found several Huron sachems who told him “that a body of four hundred Indian warriors was collected at the entrance into the great strait," in order to obstruct his passage; and that Monsieur Belètre "had excited them to defend their country;" that they were messengers to know the major's business, and to know if the person he had sent forward had reported the truth that Canada was reduced. Rogers, of course, confirmed the account, and that the fort at Detroit was given up by the French governor.

On the twenty-third of November Rogers reached Cedar Point, in what is now Lucas county, Ohio, at the entrance of Maumee bay, where he made a camp, meeting here some of the Indian messengers to whom he had spoken two days previous. They informed him their warriors had gone up to Monsieur Belètre, who, they said, was a strong man and intended to fight him. At a camp made on the twenty-fourth, about twenty-four miles on the way from Cedar Point, sixty Indians came to the English, congratulating Rogers on his arrival in their country, and offered themselves as an escort to Detroit, whence they had just come. They gave information that Lieutenant Brehm was confined by

Beletre and that the latter "had set up a high flag staff with a wooden effigy of a man's head on the top and upon that a crow;" that the crow represented Belètre, the man's head, Rogers, and that the meaning of the whole was that he (Belètre) would scratch out the major's brains. But the Indians told him, as they said, that the reverse would be the true explanation of the sign-Rogers would scratch out his brains!

The letter from Vaudreuil and the capitulation, when shown Belètre, were sufficient. Detroit, on the twenty-ninth of November, was given up. The Canadian militia were called together and disarmed. The French garrison, at the time of the surrender, consisted of three officers and thirty-five privates; there were also seventeen English prisoners in the fort. The French soldiers were sent to Philadelphia; thence they returned to France. "The inhabitants seein very happy at the change of government," wrote Campell, on the second of December, "but they are in great want of everything." "The fort," added the captain, "is much better than we expected. It is one of the best stockades I have seen, but the commandant's house and what belongs to the king are in bad repair." A lieutenant and ensign were sent with twenty men to bring the French troops from Fort Miami, at the head of the Maumee, and from Fort Weatanon, upon the Wabash. "I ordered," says Rogers, "that, if possible, a party should subsist at the former [fort] this winter, and give the earliest notice at Detroit of the enemy's motions in the

country of the Illinois." At a Shawanese town on the Ohio a few French soldiers

had stopped after the destruction of Fort Duquesne, and had since remained there.* These were sent for, a Mr. McGee and a French officer being dispatched for that purpose. The words of Rogers are: "I sent Mr. McGee, with a French officer, for the French troops at the Shawanese town on the Ohio." What the result of this was is unknown. It is probable the force moved down the Ohio, where was a fort called Massac or Massiac. What was surrendered to the English west of Niagara were the posts of Detroit and Michilimackinac and the posts and places dependent on these. While, therefore, it included a Shawanese town on the Ohio,and Fort Weatanon upon the Wabash, it did not take in the Illinois and Vincennes. As provisions were scarce, Rogers directed Captain Brewer to repair with the greatest part of the rangers to Niagara, detaining in Detroit a lieutenant and thirty-seven men, whom he expected to proceed north with. But the forts above Detroit-Michilimackinac, St. Marie at the "Sault," Green Bay, and St. Joseph of Lake Michigan-owing to the lateness of the season, could not be summoned.

Leaving Captain Campbell with his company in command of Detroit, Rogers, on the twenty-third of December, having previously "made a treaty with the several

* Post, in his second journal of 1758, in speaking of the destruction of Fort Duquesne, immediately before the arrival of General Forbes, says: "The French had demolished and burnt the place entirely, and went off; ... the commander is gone with two hundred men to Venango, and the rest [are] gone

down the [Ohio] river in bateaux to the Lower

Shawanese town, with an intention of building a fort there." It is therefore highly probable that a detachment stopped at the mouth of the Scioto.

tribes of Indians living in the neighboring country," started for Pittsburgh with the few rangers he had left, marching around the west end of Lake Erie. On the second of January, 1761, he arrived at Sandusky bay-" Lake Sandusky," as the major calls it. He had reached the Wyandot town of Sunyendeand, where he "halted to refresh." On the third, after traveling in a southeasterly direction nearly eight miles, he reached the head of what is now known as Cold creek, in Margaretta township, Erie county, where was a small Wyandot town of only ten houses. "There is," wrote Rogers, "a remarkable fine spring at this place, rising out of the side of a small hill with such force that it boils above the ground in a column three feet high. I imagine it discharges ten hogsheads of water in a minute."*

Taking, from the Wyandot town, a southeasterly course, Rogers, on the sev enth, came to an Indian village called at that time "the Mingo Cabins "—afterward "Mohican John's town," in the present township of Mohican, Ashland county, O. "There were," says the major, "but two or three Indians in the place; the rest were hunting. These Indians have plenty of cows, horses, hogs, etc." The eighth was spent there" to mend," wrote Rogers, "our moccasins and kill deer, the provisions I brought from Detroit being entirely expended. I went a hunting with ten of the rangers, and by ten o'clock got more venison than we had occasion for."

* For a further description of this spring and the changes since made in it in utilizing its waters, see W. W. Williams' History of the Fire Lands, comprising Huron and Erie Counties, Ohio' (1879), p. 499.

On the thirteenth what is now called the Tuscarawas river was reached, at a point opposite the mouth of Sandy creek, where there was a Delaware Indian village known as "Beaver Town," from one of the Delaware chiefs called Beaver.† It was afterward usually spoken of as "the Tuscarawas town," or simply "Tuscarawas," being situated in what is now Lawrence township, Tuscarawas county, Ohio. "There are," wrote the major, "about three thousand acres of cleared ground around this place. The number of warriors is about one hundred and eighty." Fort Pitt was reached on the twenty-third

—or,

or, rather, the Alleghany river opposite. From this point Rogers dispatched his party of rangers, under a lieutenant, to Albany, while he took "the common road to Philadelphia," from Pittsburgh, going thence to New York, "where," says he, "after this long, fatiguing tour, I arrived on the fourteenth of February, 1761."

When, on the eighth of September, 1760, articles of capitulation were signed surrendering Canada to the English, it was stipulated that the savages or Indian allies of his most Christian majesty, the king of France, should be maintained on the lands they then inhabited, and if they chose to remain there they should not be molested on any pretense whatsoever, for having carried arms and served that sovereign. Besides this, it would be, of course, the true policy of the British to conciliate, as soon as possible, the Indians of the westmake treaties with them and bestow presents with a liberal hand. To this end Sir William Johnson, on the fifth of July,

In cotemporaneous accounts he was usually styled "King Beaver."